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Immunogenic cell death (ICD), a unique form of cancer cell death, has therapeutic potential in anti-tumour immunotherapy. The aim of this study is to explore the predictive potential of ICD in the prognosis and immunotherapy outcomes of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). RNA sequencing data and clinical information were downloaded from three databases. Unsupervised consistency clustering analysis was used to identify ICD-related clusters and gene clusters. Additionally, the ICD scores were determined using principal component analysis and the Boruta algorithm via dimensionality reduction techniques. Subsequently, three ICD-related clusters and three gene clusters with different prognoses were identified, with differences in specific tumour immune infiltration-related lymphocytes in these clusters. Moreover, the ICD score was well differentiated among patients with GBM, and the ICD score was considered an independent prognostic factor for patients with GBM. Furthermore, two datasets were used for the external validation of ICD scores as predictors of prognosis and immunotherapy outcomes. The validation analysis suggested that patients with high ICD scores had a worse prognosis. Additionally, a higher proportion of patients with high ICD scores were non-responsive to immunotherapy. Thus, the ICD score has the potential as a biomarker to predict the prognosis and immunotherapy outcomes of patients with GBM.

The introduction of nitroamino groups onto a nitrogen-rich heterocyclic skeleton is an efficient method for constructing high-performance energetic compounds. In this work, the nitroamino-functionalized compound 4-(5-amino-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)- N , N ′-dinitro-1 H -pyrazole-3,5-diamine was synthesized in yields of up to 83%. In addition, its energetic salts were also prepared. All these compounds were characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy and, in two cases, by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. In addition, the difference in the reactivities of the three amino groups on the pyrazolyloxadiazole system was analyzed by an average local ionization energy analysis. The hydrazinium salt of the diamine exhibits promising detonation properties and good molecular stability, suggesting it has good application potential. Compared with previous works, this strategy gives an improved isolated yield and provides a promising method for the construction of nitroamino-functionalized 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A coplanar energetic salt (3) was designed and synthesized by protonation and hydrogen bonding assembly. X-ray single crystal diffraction data and theoretical calculations indicate that the incorporation of protons and robust hydrogen bonding is crucial to the planarization of the twisted molecule (1). The planarized energetic salt 3 with layer-by-layer stacking is more insensitive compared to its analogue compound 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen‐centered radicals are versatile synthetic intermediates with the ability to undergo diverse reactions. However, the utility of these reactive species in NN coupling reactions, especially in nitrogen‐rich heterocycles, remains a significant challenge due to the high electronegativity of the nitrogen atoms and the poor molecular stability of high‐nitrogen compounds. In this work, the possibility of NH bond cleavage in different functionalized pyrazoles to produce corresponding nitrogen‐centered radicals was investigated through density functional theory calculations. Based on the calculated results, the NN bridged 4c and 4e were synthesized with expected reaction efficiencies, which were further analyzed by frontier molecular orbital theory. Furthermore, the molecular stability of the synthesized NN bridged bipyrazoles was also studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1,2,4-Triazoles are privileged structural motifs found in many fields, including pharmaceuticals and natural products as well as energetic materials. However, the limited synthetic strategies toward 1,2,4-triazoles have hindered the development of new scaffolds. Herein, we first developed an efficient strategy to construct carboxylate triazoles via a silver oxide catalyzed [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of heterocyclic diazonium (2, 3, 4 or 5) with ethyl 2-isocyanoacetate. Compounds 2a–5a were fully characterized and were used to prepare four nitrogen-rich heat-resistant explosives TTTN (2c), BTTN (3c), DTTN (4c) and ATTN (5c). All of the compounds (2c–5c) have high nitrogen contents of >50%. In addition, compound ATTN (5c) shows good performances (D = 8473 m s−1, P = 25.0 GPa, IS > 40 J, and FS > 360 N) and high thermal stability (Td = 318 °C), which suggests its potential as a heat-resistant explosive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present a new method for converting boundary value problems of impulsive fractional differential equations to integral equations. Applications of this method are given to solve some types of anti-periodic boundary value problems for impulsive fractional differential equations. Firstly by using iterative method, we prove existence and uniqueness of solutions of Cauchy problems of differential equations involving Caputo fractional derivative, Riemann–Liouville and Hadamard fractional derivatives with order q∈(0,1){q\in(0,1)}, see Theorem 2, Theorem 4, Theorem 6 and Theorem 8. Then we obtain exact expression of piecewise continuous solutions of these fractional differential equations see Theorem 1, Theorem 2, Theorem 3 and Theorem 4. Finally, four classes of integral type anti-periodic boundary value problems of singular fractional differential equations with impulse effects are proposed. Sufficient conditions are given for the existence of solutions of these problems. See Theorems 4.1–4.4. We allow the nonlinearity p⁢(t)⁢f⁢(t,x){p(t)f(t,x)} in fractional differential equations to be singular at t=0,1{t=0,1} and be involved a super-linear and sub-linear term. The analysis relies on Schaefer’s fixed point theorem. In order to avoid misleading readers, we correct the results in [28] and [65]. We establish sufficient conditions for the existence of solutions of an anti-periodic boundary value problem for impulsive fractional differential equation. The results in [68] are complemented. The results in [81] are corrected. See Lemma 5.1, Lemma 5.7, Lemma 5.10 and Lemma 5.13.

In this article, we present a new method for converting the boundary value problems for impulsive fractional differential systems involved with the Riemann-Liouville type derivatives to integral systems, some existence results for solutions of a class of boundary value problems for nonlinear impulsive fractional differential systems at resonance case and non-resonance case are established respectively. Our analysis relies on the well known Schauder’s fixed point theorem and coincidence degree theory. Examples are given to illustrate main results. This paper is motivated by [Solvability of multi-point boundary value problem of nonlinear impulsive fractional differential equation at resonance, Electron. J. Qual. Theory Differ. Equ. 89(2011), 1-19], [Existence result for boundary value problem of nonlinear impulsive fractional differential equation at resonance, J, Appl, Math, Comput. 39(2012) 421-443] and [Solvability for a coupled system of fractional differential equations with impulses at resonance, Bound. Value Probl. 2013, 2013: 80].

We study a class of boundary value problems of the impulsive differential equations on whole lines with a non-Carathéodory nonlinearity. Sufficient conditions to guarantee the existence of solutions are established. A new Banach function space X and its relatively compact property of subset of X is proved. An example is given to illustrate the main results.