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The NE Tibet experienced complex and distinct basin developments and uplifts in different areas. However, the reasons for such distinct surface deformation and their relationship to deep crustal geodynamic processes are not well understood. Here, we obtain a crust model of NE Tibet by jointly inverting Rayleigh wave ellipticity and phase velocity. Our results reveal that deep crustal strength contrasts across NE Tibet play an important role in controlling basin development. Extrusion of the significantly weak Qilian crust is obstructed by rigid Alxa block, resulting in deep foreland basin with dramatic topographic step. In contrast, the relatively weak crust of Longzhong absorbs outward extrusion of NE Tibet within a wide transition zone, leading to small intermontane basins. Furthermore, the systematic thinning of basins from north to south around the western Ordos Block demonstrates the tectonic transformation from extension to compression due to expansion of NE Tibet since the late Miocene. Plain Language Summary: In this study, we obtain a high‐resolution model of NE Tibet by jointly inverting Rayleigh wave phase velocity and ellipticity (the radial‐to‐vertical amplitude ratio), which provides complementary constraints to the shallow structure. Our results show a clear correlation between velocity variations in the deep crust and basin structures at the surface. We infer that the extrusion of mechanically weak mid‐to‐lower crust of Qilian is obstructed by the strong Alxa block, leading to the steep topography and deep foreland Hexi Basin. To the east, in contrast, the outward extrusion of Songpan‐Ganzi is absorbed in a wide range by the relatively weak Longzhong region, developing gently sloping topography and small intermontane basins. Furthermore, the significant structural differences of rift basins from north to south around the western Ordos likely result from tectonic regime transformation induced by the continuous expansion of NE Tibet since the late Miocene. Our results improve the understanding of how deep crustal geodynamic processes influence surface uplift and basin developments in the expanding NE Tibet. Key Points: A high‐resolution 3‐D crustal model of NE Tibet is obtained by joint inversion of Rayleigh wave ellipticity and phase dispersionWe infer that deep crust extrusion and strength differences across plateau boundaries control distinct surface deformation in NE TibetThe systematic thinning of basins in west Ordos indicates tectonic regime transformation due to expansion of Tibet since Miocene [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diagnosis of drug‐resistant tuberculosis (TB) by molecular testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug resistance genes is becoming increasingly common clinically. However, M. bovis, as an uncommon pathogen of human TB, may interfere with the test results. A comprehensive understanding of phylogenetically informative mutations in the drug resistance genes of M. bovis is required to distinguish true resistance‐conferring mutations. We analyzed 53 drug resistance genes in 165 M. bovis isolated from humans using whole‐genome sequencing data and found that 98.2% (162/165) of isolates have pyrazinamide intrinsic genotypic resistance, owing to the H57D mutation in the pncA gene. 12.1% (20/165) of M. bovis isolates were resistant to drugs other than pyrazinamide. Furthermore, we discovered 18 phylogenetically informative mutations that differed between M. bovis and the major lineages 1–4 of M. tuberculosis. Additionally, we reported false‐positive ethambutol resistance caused by M. bovis infection due to the phylogenetically informative mutation embB E378A. This study is crucial for gaining insights into the genetic characterization and drug resistance of M. bovis prevalent in humans, as well as contributing to the development of more accurate molecular diagnostic methods and detection tools for drug resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chenghai Fault in the Chuan–Dian block terminates at the northwestern segment of the Red River Fault, and is a significant seismogenic structure. The kinematic evolution of this fault should be closely related to the regional tectonic deformation. However, it is difficult to obtain information on structural deformation of the Chenghai Fault due to the large amount of precipitation and well-developed vegetation. The Chenghai normal faulting may drive drainage reorganization in this region, which provides a new perspective for reconstructing and evaluating the tectonic history. High-resolution digital elevation models (DEM) obtained by remote sensing greatly facilitate the study of drainage evolution and active tectonics. We use two methods (χ-plot and Gilbert metrics) to measure the drainage divide stability based on the ALOS DEM (12.5 m resolution) and further reproduce the drainage evolution process in response to the asymmetric uplift by numerical modeling. The results show that the Chenghai–Jinsha drainage divide, hosted by the footwall block of the Chenghai Fault, is migrating westward (away from the Chenghai Fault) and will continue moving ~2.2–3.5 km to reach a steady state. Its migration is controlled by the Chenghai normal faulting. The Chenghai–Jinsha drainage divide formed close to the Chenghai Fault's surface trace and continues to migrate westward in response to the asymmetric uplift. It only took a few million years for the Chenghai–Jinsha drainage divide to migrate to its current location based on the numerical modeling. The restoration of the drainage reorganization implies that the Chenghai Fault initiated in the Pliocene, which probably results from kinematic reversal along the Red River Fault. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Late Quaternary activity characteristics of secondary faults located between the main active faults at the boundaries of large basins are of great significance to the overall understanding of regional seismic hazards. The Wulashan Northern Fault (WNF) is located on the northern side of the Ordos Block, within the Northern Margin Fault Basin in North China, between the Sertengshan Piedmont Fault and Daqingshan Piedmont Fault. Current research on the geometry and kinematics of the WNF needs to be improved. In this study, we aimed to determine the shallow structural characteristics and Late Quaternary activity of the WNF using shallow seismic exploration and composite drilling geological cross-sectional analysis. The results indicate that the WNF is not a single surface fault but multiple branches with a northward-dipping stepped surface distribution. The latest activity of the F1 branch with a maximum coseismic vertical dislocation of 0.9 m occurred before 47.08 ± 3.7 ka B.P. The latest and older activities of the branch of F2 with a maximum coseismic vertical dislocation of 0.96 m and 1.15 m occurred before 73.8 ± 2.8 ka B.P. and 91.2 ± 4.4 ka B.P., respectively. According to a series of empirical relationships between length of surface rupture and magnitude, the maximum potential magnitude of the earthquake was determined to be M = 6.5-7.0. We argue that even though the Late Quaternary activity of the WNF was weaker than that of the other boundary faults of the Hetao Basin, the local urban and rural planning and land and resources construction in the Hetao Basin region should pay attention to the seismic risk of the WNF as an independent section in the future for the effect of secular tectonic loading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cenozoic India‐Asia collision has elevated the Tibetan Plateau and produced large strike‐slip faults in the interior and margins of the plateau, which profoundly influenced drainage reorganization and divide migration in Asia. Recent studies have revealed that the drainage divides between the major rivers in and around the Tibetan Plateau have been migrating for tens of millions of years, due to tectonic and/or climatic disturbance or river capture events. Drainage‐divide stability analysis can provide new, independent insights into the Cenozoic evolution of the river systems. In this study, we focus on the Hanzhong Basin and the adjacent Micang Shan (Shan means Mountain(s)) at the tail of the Qingchuan strike‐slip fault in the outskirts of eastern Tibet. We investigated the stability of the Micang Shan drainage divide, which separates the Han and Jialing rivers (two major tributaries of the Yangtze River), using two methods—χ‐plot and Gilbert metrics. The results show that most segments of the Micang Shan drainage divide are either moving south or stable. We further calculated the predicted stable divide location and identified the abandoned river channels and residual planation surfaces. Based on these analyses, we suggest that (1) the migration of the Micang Shan drainage divide is driven by the tectonic subsidence of the Hanzhong Basin; and (2) the upper reaches of the Han River flowed southward to the Sichuan Basin before basin subsidence. This study supports the hypothesis that the Palaeo‐Middle Yangtze River and its tributaries primarily flowed southward. Moreover, the flow direction of the Middle Yangtze River has been, and still is, transitioning from southward to eastward. The change in river network flow direction is driven by regional block tilting towards the east, surface deformation from strike‐slip faulting, regional extension east of the Tibetan Plateau and/or increased influence from the summer monsoon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lateral movement of drainage divides is co-influenced by tectonics, lithology, and climate, and therefore archives a wealth of geologic and climatic information. Several methods have been proposed to determine the direction of drainage-divide migration. However, how to quantify the migration rate of drainage divides remains challenging. Here, we propose a new approach to calculate the migration rate of drainage divides from high-resolution topographic data. The new method is based on the cross-divide comparison of channel-head parameters, including the critical upstream drainage area and the gradient of channel head, both of which are used to calculate the normalized channel steepness at the channel head. We then apply the new method to an active rift shoulder (Wutai Shan), and a tectonically stable area (a mountain range in the Loess Plateau) in North China, to illustrate the calculation of drainage-divide migration rates. The northward migration rates at the Wutai Shan range from 0.10 to 0.13 mm/yr. The migration rates are approximately zero at the mountain range in the Loess Plateau. This study demonstrates that the migration rate of drainage divides can be determined more accurately once the cross-divide differences in uplift rate are taken into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extended target tracking based on the star‐convex model is a multi‐dimensional nonlinear estimation problem. To approximate the shape of an extended target, the star‐convex model requires a higher‐order Fourier series expansion, which will increase the dimensionality of the extended state, so that the nonlinear filters under Gaussian assumptions cannot converge to the optimal state estimation. In this paper, a novel particle filter algorithm based on Gaussian‐like measurement likelihood (GL) is proposed. As latent variables with high uncertainty in the measurement model, the scattering centres are modelled as a Gaussian‐like probability distribution characterising the target's shape. Then the measurement noise is integrated into the Gaussian‐like probability distribution via Gaussian quadrature to obtain the accurate measurement likelihood. Moreover, particle swarm optimization is employed to reduce computational complexity. It enables particles to move into the vicinity of measurements, thereby increasing the diversity of the particles belonging to the target's shape. The simulation results show that the GL can improve the accuracy of shape estimation under high measurement noise and low measurement rates. Furthermore, the proposed particle filter can track the extended target effectively with an aeroplane‐like shape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]