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The presence of surface cracks has a great influence on the formation of transient saturated zones, which are one of the main factors affecting the stability of colluvial soil slopes during rainfall. This paper aims to examine how the distribution characteristics, such as depth (h), angle (θ), and location of surface cracks, influence the development of transient saturated zones. For this reason, a series of numerical simulations involving colluvial soil slopes is performed. The results show that the development of transient saturated zones in a slope with a crack and that in an intact slope are quite different. In a cracked slope, rainwater infiltrates into the slope along the crack and forms a transient saturated zone at the crack tip. It is found that the smaller the crack depth is, the easier it is for the transient saturated zone at the crack tip to connect with that in the shallow layer, leading to an increase in the area of the transient saturated zone in the shallow layer. Moreover, the larger the crack angle is, the more easily the transient saturated zone at the crack tip connects with both the transient saturated zone in the shallow layer and the groundwater, forming a transient saturated zone that penetrates the entire colluvium. In addition, the lower the location of the crack along the slope surface is, the shorter the time is for the formation of a transient saturated zone at the crack tip, and the larger the area of the transient saturated zone.

Nanotechnology is an extension of sciences and technologies that deal with particles less than 100 nm. This paper reviews previous studies on how nanomaterials work and what their advantages are in subgrade and pavement engineering. In subgrade engineering, the nanomaterials particles can not only improve the physicochemical and mechanical properties of subgrade soils by filling the voids between soil particles but also promote hydration reaction between cement and ion exchange between soil particles. In pavement engineering, the water stability, rutting resistance, fatigue resistance and optical properties of flexible pavements are enhanced by adding nanomaterials into the asphalt mixture. Nanosilica enhances the interface between cement pastes and aggregates and promotes the pozzolanic reaction of concrete, thus, mechanical properties of concrete pavements are improved. Compared with traditional materials, nanomaterials play a promising role in subgrade and pavement engineering, benefitting from their environmental friendliness, lower environmental disturbance, better price/performance ratio and higher durability.

Nazeris xiaobini Hu & Li, 2015 (Fig. 22) Additional material examined. 3 males, 3 females, ��� China: Hubei, Xianning, Tongshan Hsien, Jiugong Shan: Shilongxia, 29��24���32���N, 114��38���47���E, mixed leaf litter, sifted, 470-500 m, 1.VIII.2016, Hu & Liu leg.���; 1 male, 1 female, ��� Yunzhonghu, 29��24���13���N, 114��40���10���E, mixed leaf litter, sifted, 1200-1250 m, 30.VII.2016, Hu & Liu leg.���. (SNUC). Comment. This species resembles N. trifurcatus Assing, 2013 from Sichuan province in external and male sexual characters, but can be separated by the wider and apically shallowly concave ventral process of the aedeagus in ventral view. Distribution and habitat data. This species is known from Gaotianyan in western Jiangxi and Jiugong Shan in southern Hubei (new province record, Fig. 22). The specimens were collected by sifting decaying leaf litter in mixed forests at altitudes of 470���1250 m., Published as part of Hu, Jia-Yao, Liu, Yi-Xiao & Li, Li-Zhen, 2018, Two new species of Nazeris Fauvel in the Luoxiao Mountain Range, China (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Paederinae), pp. 180-188 in Zootaxa 4370 (2) on page 181, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4370.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/1143933, {"references":["Hu, J. Y. & Li, L. Z. (2015) The Nazeris fauna of the Luoxiao Mountain Range, China. (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Paederinae). Plos One, 10 (7), 1 - 21.","Assing, V. (2013) On the Nazeris fauna of China I. The species of the Qinling Shan, the Daba Shan, and adjacent mountain ranges (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Paederinae). Bonn Zoological Bulletin, 62 (1), 1 - 29."]}

Nazeris divisus Hu & Li, 2015 (Fig. 22) Additional material examined. 4 males, ��� China: Hunan, Yueyang, Pingjiang County, Fushoushan, 28��28���N, 113��46���E, 1079 m, 30-31.VI.2017, Tang, Jiang, Liu, Hu & Huang leg.���; 1 female, same data, except ��� 15.VII.2016, Jiang & Zhou leg.���. (SNUC). Comment. The species is similar to N. grandis Hu & Li, 2012 from eastern Guangxi province in external characters, but can be separated by the smaller body size, narrower posterior excision of male sternite VIII, and different aedeagal structure. Distribution and habitat data. This species is known from Dawei Shan and Fushou Shan in northeastern Hunan (Fig. 22). The specimens were collected by sifting decaying leaf litter in mixed forests at altitudes of 830��� 1450 m., Published as part of Hu, Jia-Yao, Liu, Yi-Xiao & Li, Li-Zhen, 2018, Two new species of Nazeris Fauvel in the Luoxiao Mountain Range, China (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Paederinae), pp. 180-188 in Zootaxa 4370 (2) on page 181, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4370.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/1143933, {"references":["Hu, J. Y. & Li, L. Z. (2015) The Nazeris fauna of the Luoxiao Mountain Range, China. (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Paederinae). Plos One, 10 (7), 1 - 21."]}

Nazeris yipingae Hu, Liu & Li, sp. n. (Figs 2, 12–16, 22) Type material. Holotype: CHINA: male: " China: W. Jiangxi, Ji'an City, Jinggang Shan, Jingzhu Shan, 26°29′45″N, 114°04′45″E, mixed leaf litter, sifted, 1160 m, 31.VII.2014, Chen, Hu, Lv & Yu leg." (SNUC). Paratypes: 4 males, 3 females, same data as holotype; 1 male, 1 female, same data as holotype except " 2.VIII.2011 ". Description. Body length 5.6–6.2 mm; forebody length 3.2–3.5 mm. Body (Fig. 2) dark brown; antennae and legs yellowish brown. Head (Fig. 12) 1.02–1.05 times as long as wide; punctation dense and coarse, not confluent, and nonumbilicate, interstices without microsculpture; postocular portion approximately twice as long as eye length. Pronotum (Fig. 12) 1.13–1.16 times as long as wide, approximately as long and 0.89–0.91 times as broad as head; punctation as dense and as coarse as that of head; midline with narrow and short impunctate elevation in posteriorly third; interstices without microsculpture. Elytra (Fig. 12) 0.63–0.68 times as long as wide, 0.55–0.59 times as long and as broad as pronotum; punctation as dense and as coarse as that of pronotum; interstices without microsculpture. Abdomen with punctation dense and coarse on tergites III–V, dense and less coarse on tergite VI, moderately dense and fine on tergites VII–VIII; apical third of tergites III–VIII with very fine microsculpture. Male. Sternite VII (Fig. 13) with posterior margin shallowly concave in the middle. Sternite VIII (Fig. 14) with triangular posterior excision. Aedeagus (Figs 15, 16) moderately sclerotized; ventral process long, constricted near middle, apex divided into two dorsally curved branches in ventral view; dorso-lateral apophyses widened in apical half, not reaching apex of ventral process. Comparative notes. The new species is similar to N. inaequalis in general appearance and separated by the following character combination: apical third of tergites III–VIII with very fine microsculpture; ventral process symmetrical and longer in ventral view (Fig. 15), dorso-lateral apophyses longer (Fig. 15). Distribution and habitat data. This species is known only from Jinggang Shan in southwestern Guangxi (Fig. 22). The specimens were collected by sifting leaf litter at an altitude of 1160 m. Etymology. This species is dedicated to Yi-Ping Chen, who collected some of the type specimens.

Nazeris jiaweii Hu, Liu& Li, sp. n. (Figs 3, 17���21, 22) Type material. Holotype: CHINA: male: " China: Hunan Province, Yanling Co., Nanfengmian, 26��18���20���N, 114��00���51���E, mixed forest, leaf litter, wood, sifted, 1730 m, 28.V.2014, Peng, Shen, Yu & Yan" (SNUC). Paratypes: 5 males, 6 females, same data as holotype; 2 males, 4 females, same data, except " 26��18���10���N, 114��00���12���E, 1620 m, 26.V.2014 "; 14 males, 6 females, " China: Hunan Province, Guidong Co., Bamian Shan, 25��59���33���N, 113��42���25���E, mixed forest, leaf litter, wood, sifted, 1510 m, 01.VI.2014, Peng, Shen, Yu & Yan"; 1 male, " China: Hunan Province, Guidong Co., Bamian Shan, 25��58���53���N, 113��42���43���E, mixed forest, shrub, flower, sifted & beating, ca. 1100 m, 04.VI.2014, Peng, Shen, Yu & Yan". Description. Body length 4.2���4.6 mm; forebody length 2.4���2.5 mm. Body (Fig. 3) reddish brown; antennae and legs yellowish brown. Head (Fig. 17) approximately as long as wide; punctation very dense, rather coarse, not confluent, and nonumbilicate, interstices without microsculpture; postocular portion approximately twice as long as eye length. Pronotum (Fig. 17) 1.09���1.12 times as long as wide, 1.01���1.03 times as long and 0.89���0.93 times as broad as head; punctation non-umbilicate, moderately dense and coarse; midline with or without very narrow impunctate elevation in posterior half; interstices without microsculpture. Elytra (Fig. 17) 0.65���0.73 times as long as wide, 0.56���0.63 times as long and 0.94���0.97 times as broad as pronotum; punctation as coarse and as dense as that of pronotum; interstices with fine microsculpture. Abdomen with punctation dense and coarse on tergites III���IV, less dense and finer on tergites V���VI, sparse and fine on tergites VII���VIII; interstices with fine microsculpture. Male. Sternite VII (Fig. 18) with posterior margin shallowly concave in the middle. Sternite VIII (Fig. 19) with triangular posterior excision. Aedeagus (Figs 20, 21) well sclerotized; ventral process short, gradually narrowed apically in ventral view, with pair of wing-like basal laminae ventrally; dorso-lateral apophyses slightly curved, narrowed in apical half and with truncate apex in ventral view, curved ventrally and slightly widened at apex in lateral view, extending beyond apex of ventral process. Comparative notes. This new species is highly similar to N. rufus Hu & Li, 2015 from Luoxiao Mountains in general appearance and separated only by aedeagal characters: apex of the ventral process in lateral view much broader (Fig. 21), dorso-lateral apophyses much narrower in ventral view (Figs 20), and curved ventrally in lateral view (Fig. 21). Distribution and habitat data. This species was found in two adjacent localities in southeastern Hunan (Fig. 22). The specimens were collected by sifting leaf litter at altitudes of 1100���1730 m. Etymology. The species is dedicated to Jia-Wei Shen, who collected some of the type specimens., Published as part of Hu, Jia-Yao, Liu, Yi-Xiao & Li, Li-Zhen, 2018, Two new species of Nazeris Fauvel in the Luoxiao Mountain Range, China (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Paederinae), pp. 180-188 in Zootaxa 4370 (2) on pages 185-187, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4370.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/1143933, {"references":["Hu, J. Y. & Li, L. Z. (2015) The Nazeris fauna of the Luoxiao Mountain Range, China. (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Paederinae). Plos One, 10 (7), 1 - 21."]}

Nazeris rufus Hu & Li, 2015 (Fig. 22) Additional material examined. 4 males, 4 females, ‘ China: Hubei, Xianning, Tongshan Hsien, Jiugong Shan: Yunzhonghu, 29°24′13″N, 114°40′10″E, mixed leaf litter, sifted, 1200-1250 m, 30.VII.2016, Hu & Liu leg.’; 7 males, 3 females, ‘ Tonggubao, 29°23′55″N, 114°39′22″E, pine leaf litter, sifted, 1350-1430 m, 31.VII.2016, Hu & Liu leg.’; 6 males, 5 females, ‘ Tonggubao, 29°23′32″N, 114°39′07″E, bamboo leaf litter, sifted, 1530 m, 2.VIII.2016, Hu & Liu leg.’. (SNUC). Comment. This species resembles N. sadanarii Hu & Li, 2010 from Anhui and Zhejiang province in general appearance, but is distinguished by the relatively denser setae of male sternite VII and by the apically acute ventral process of the aedeagus. Distribution and habitat data. This species has been recorded from Mufu Shan in northeastern Hunan and Jiugong Shan in southern Hubei (new province record, Fig. 22). The specimens were collected by sifting decaying leaf litter in mixed forests at altitudes of 1200–1550 m.

Key to Nazeris species of Luoxiao Mountain Range 1 Head with umbilicate punctation.......................................................................... 2 - Head with non-umbilicate punctation...................................................................... 8 2 Body reddish brown, less than 4.6 mm..................................................................... 3 - Body dark brown, more than 5.0 mm...................................................................... 4 3 Apex of ventral process of the aedeagus with dorsal process in lateral view; dorso-lateral apophyses roundly widened at apex in ventral view (Hu & Li, 2015: 4, Fig. 1D, 1E)..................................... N. luoxiaoshanus Hu & Li, 2015 - Apex of ventral process of the aedeagus simply acute in lateral view; dorso-lateral apophyses triangularly widened at apex in ventral view (Hu & Li, 2015: 5, Fig. 2D, 2E).......................................... N. pengzhongi Hu & Li, 2015 4 Apex of ventral process of the aedeagus divided into two branches in ventral view.................................. 5 - Apex of ventral process of the aedeagus without branches in ventral view......................................... 6 5 Apical branches of ventral process of the aedeagus narrow and straight in ventral view (Hu & Li, 2015: 7, Fig. 3D).......................................................................................... N. divisus Hu & Li, 2015 - Apical branches of ventral process of the aedeagus wide and curved in ventral view (Hu & Li, 2015: 9, Fig. 4D)......................................................................................... N. paradivisus Hu & Li, 2015 6 Ventral process of the aedeagus shallowly concave at apex in ventral view (Hu & Li, 2015: 10, Fig. 5D)................................................................................................... N. xiaobini Hu & Li, 2015 - Ventral process of the aedeagus prominent at apex in ventral view............................................... 7 7 Ventral process of the aedeagus with parallel sides in apical third in ventral view (Hu & Li, 2015: 11, Fig. 6D).......................................................................................... N. congchaoi Hu & Li, 2015 - Ventral process of the aedeagus triangularly widened in apical third in ventral view (Hu & Li, 2015: 13, Fig. 7D).......................................................................................... N. nannani Hu & Li, 2015 8 Abdominal tergites with fine microsculpture................................................................ 9 - Abdominal tergites lacking microsculpture................................................................ 12 9 Body reddish brown, less than 4.7 mm.................................................................... 10 - Body dark brown, more than 5.5 mm..................................................................... 11 10 Ventral process of the aedeagus with acute apex in lateral view; dorso-lateral apophyses distinctly thickened apically in ventral view (Hu & Li, 2015: 14, Fig. 8D, 8E)................................................... N. rufus Hu & Li, 2015 - Ventral process of the aedeagus with broad apex in lateral view (Fig. 21); dorso-lateral apophyses not thickened apically in ventral view (Fig. 20)........................................................... N. jiaweii Hu, Liu & Li, sp. n. 11 Ventral process of the aedeagus distinctly asymmetric, the left apical process much shorter than the right one in ventral view (Assing, 2014: 26, Fig. 58)......................................................... N. inaequalis Assing, 2014 - Ventral process of the aedeagus symmetric (Fig. 15)................................. N. yipingae Hu, Liu & Li, sp. n. 12 Male sternite VII with posterior margin shallowly concave in the middle......................................... 13 - Male sternite VII with posterior margin distinctly prominent in the middle....................................... 14 13 Male sternite VIII with U-shaped posterior excision; apex of ventral process of the aedeagus prominent in ventral view (Hu & Li, 2015: 15, Fig. 9C, 9D)............................................................. N. ziweii Hu & Li, 2015 - Male sternite VIII with broadly triangular posterior excision; apex of ventral process of the aedeagus with V-shaped excision in ventral view (Hu & Li, 2015: 16, Fig. 10C, 10D)..................................... N. daweishanus Hu & Li, 2015 14 Dorso-lateral apophyses of the aedeagus not reaching apex of ventral process (Hu & Li, 2015: 19, Fig. 12D)................................................................................................ N. zekani Hu & Li, 2015 - Dorso-lateral apophyses of the aedeagus extending beyond apex of ventral process................................. 15 15 Ventral process of the aedeagus long, constricted in the middle in ventral view (Assing, 2014: 26, Fig. 66)................................................................................................ N. proiectus Assing, 2014 - Ventral process of the aedeagus short, widened in the middle in ventral view (Hu & Li, 2015: 18, Fig. 11D)............................................................................................. N. prominens Hu & Li, 2015