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Este libro coordinado, parte de un proyecto de investigación de largo alcance, basado en la investigación básica y aplicada enfocada a aportar elementosde análisis y reflexión para la solución de los problemas urbanos en México, así como proponer modelos de desarrollo urbano sustentable considerandola brecha tecnológica y la economía del conocimiento, propuesto dentro de la Red Multidisciplinaria de Investigación en Innovación y Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable (Redmiidus).En esta primera etapa se trató de integrar un estudio de realidades y retos actuales de distintos aspectos urbanos, tales como problemas de transporte, movilidad, construcción excesiva de viviendas y sus efectos en el cambio deuso de suelo, limitantes de la democracia participativa, vulnerabilidad, salud, segundas residencias, observando que existen dos elementos en común que requieren atención: por un lado, la gestión pública y en segundo lugar la sus-tentabilidad. Se presenta un trabajo que da pie a la discusión y a la búsqueda de respuestas que logre aminorar los efectos negativos de las ciudades, no sóloen la población humana, sino también en los ecosistemas y el medio ambiente.

Background: High tibial osteotomy (HTO) is an effective surgical technique that can stop or inhibit the progression of unicompartmental knee osteoarthritis (KOA) to avoid or postpone the need for knee arthroplasty in patients. Whether opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy (OWHTO) is superior to closing-wedge high tibial osteotomy (CWHTO) in treating unicompartmental KOA remains controversial. Methods: Databases (Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and PubMed) were searched from their establishment to July 1, 2018 for randomized controlled trials comparing the application of OWHTO to CWHTO in patients with unicompartmental KOA. The methodological quality of each included study was assessed according to the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions guideline. Review Manager 5.3.5 software (Cochrane Collaboration, Oxford, UK) was used to synthesize the final results. Results: The results will provide useful information about the effectiveness and safety of OWHTO in patients with unicompartmental KOA. Conclusion: The findings of the study will be published in a peer-reviewed journal. PROSPERO registration number: CRD4201811805.

As the seventh member of Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) family, Keratinocyte Growth Factor (KGF or FGF-7) is observed to mediate epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation in a variety of tissues. In this article, such following issues within KGF research were reviewed, as (1) KGF functioning pathways: experimental results demonstrated the paracrine pathway of KGF played main role in mesenchymal-epithelial interactions whereas KGF itself was under the control of a feedback regulation, autocrine provided KGF alternative functioning way particularly in tumourogenesis; (2) KGF in apoptosis: a few of investigations recently illustrated KGF mediated cell survival was based on its mitogenic function via stimulating cell growth, moreover KGF could inhibit the ROS-induced apoptosis through Nrf-2 pathway; (3) KGF during tumourogenesis: high expression of KGF enhanced progression, motility and invasiveness of tumor cells and various cancers, in company with paracrine loop replaced by autocrine loop, meanwhile KGF clearly played the early signal in the progression of breast cancer; (4) Medical application and administration of KGF: KGF had been successfully used in several preclinical models of radiation and chemotherapy-induced mucositis, and developed into commercial medicine (i.e. Palifermin), however more effective delivery systems are still under trial.

Hybrid zone is a very critical concept within the evolutionary biology, because it would offer us a better insight to understand the evolutionary role of gene flow and hybridization based on the cline model. This minireview presents an expatiation of history perspectives and research developments upon basic concepts including hybrid zones, hybridization, hybrid and its the genetic cline model. Moreover, by figuring out the existing problem around the hybrids within conservative theory and practices, it suggests that the theory of hybrid zone be introduced into conservation biology and it would be provide a broader and more open theoretical background for conservative research and practices.

Mechanical alloying followed by pulse discharge sintering (MA-PDS) has been employed to develop the bulk (Bi 1-x Sb x ) 2 Te 3 thermoelectric materials with various Sb alloying contents. Substitutional solid solutions of (Bi 1-x Sb x ) 2 Te 3 are formed in the whole Sb content range by MA-PDS process. The sintered compacts are dense and have refined microstructures. Systematic investigations on the electrical, thermal and thermoelectric properties reveal that the transport properties of the obtained (Bi 1-x Sb x ) 2 Te 3 samples are quite sensitive to the Sb alloying content. At room temperature, the samples with x 0.57, the samples become p-type. The pure constituents of Bi 2 Te 3 and Sb 2 Te 3 as well as the Sb-poor, n-type samples exhibit the room-temperature figure of merit of the order of 1.0 x 10 - 3K -1 . High values of figure of merit have been obtained in the Sb-rich, p-type samples. The maximum value of 3.35 x 10 -3 K -1 is attained at x = 0.80, which corresponds to the carrier concentration and Hall mobility of 1.95 x 10 19 cm -3 and 207 cm 2 /Vs, respectively.

Mechanical alloying followed by pulse-discharge sintering (MA-PDS) is used to fabricate bulk (Bi 0.25 Sb 0.75 ) 2 Te 3 polycrystals dispersed with metal Ag, ceramic BN or both. During sintering, the dispersed second phase particles, especially BN, effectively hinder the growth of the (Bi, Sb) 2 Te 3 matrix phase, giving rise to a refined microstructure in compacts. Property measurements demonstrate that the metal Ag is effective in raising electrical conductivity, while the ceramic BN is effective in decreasing thermal conductivity through reinforced phonon scattering. By adding Ag alone, we have identified a large potential for further improving the room-temperature figure of merit of the (Bi 0.25 Sb 0.75 ) 2 Te 3 mother alloy. The maximum figure of merit appears at 0.02 mass% Ag with value in the order of 3.4 x 10 -3 K -1 , which is 18% higher than that of the mother alloy. This result is of practical significance. Because of the deterioration of Seebeck coefficient, addition of BN either alone or in combination with Ag does not produce a favorable figure of merit.

A combination of mechanical alloying and pulse discharge sintering (MA-PDS) was employed to synthesize the bulk (Bi 0.2 Sb 0.8 ) 2 Te 3 alloys with the P addition up to 2.0mass%. The effect of P on the microstructure and thermoelectric performance of the compacts were investigated. The added P exists in the alloyed powders and compacts in the form of second phase particles. The dispersed P particles were found to decrease the size of (Bi, Sb) 2 Te 3 crystallites and inhibit the densification of the alloyed powders. When the P content ≥ 1.0 mass%, (Bi 0.2 Sb 0.8 ) 2 Te 3 /P nanocomposites were developed by the MA-PDS process. Inclusion of a small fraction of P (≤0.1 mass%) is harmless to the thermoelectric performance of the p-type (Bi 0.2 Sb 0.8 ) 2 Te 3 alloy. In the samples with high P contents, in particular, ≥1.0 mass%, however, the increase in the electrical resistivity is much greater than the decrease in the thermal conductivity, finally giving rise to degradation of the room-temperature figure of merit.

The incidence of synchronous multiple primary lung cancers is on the rise due to improvements in computed tomography (CT) scanning and increasing use of positron emission tomography scanning and other diagnostic modalities. We report three cases of synchronous double primary lung cancer (DPLC) diagnosed based on CT findings, results of bronchoscopy and histological study. All patients had a long-term history of heavy smoking. Squamous cell carcinoma and small cell carcinoma were the most common histological types in these cases. DPLC frequently involves the upper lobes of left or right lung. Future molecular biological studies on DPLC should be warranted to shed light on the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of DPLC and the role of targeted therapy in this condition.

Six commonly used restriction endonucleases (REs) (Acc I, Ban II, EcoR I, Hind III, Sac I, Sca I) were tested for their ability to directly digest DNA completely in the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) buffers. The results showed that: with the requirement for additional magnesium supplemented as activator, REs, except EcoR I appeared star activity, completely digested unmethylated lambda DNA after overnight incubation in PCR buffer and functioned as equally well as in recommended Restriction Enzyme Buffer provided with each enzyme; all REs tested completely digested PCR products in PCR buffer, it implied digestion of PCR products may often be performed directly in the PCR tube without the requirement for any precipitation or purification steps; and the concentration of MgCl2 from 2.5 mmol·L−1 to 10 mmol·L−1 did not significantly affect activity of REs in PCR buffer. This simplified method for RE digestion of PCR products could have applications in restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and single-stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis of large PCR products. However, usage of this procedure for cloning applications needs further data.

Low-ion-density discontinuous polyacrylamide electrophoresis (pH 8.0) of LDH from different tissues of four species (Tetrastes bonasia, Chrysolophus pictus, Phasians colchicus, Gallus gallus domesticus) in Galliformes showed that this electrophoresis system was suitable for analysing avian LDH. Thermostability to heat and nonsusceptibility to urea inhibition of low-density urea of the four liver LDHs were in such order as LDH1> LDH2> LDH3> LDH4> LDH5. And it appeared, by comparing relative movable ratio of A and B subunits of LDHs, that difference exists between Phasianidae and Tetraonidae and in PhasianidaePhasianus was closer toChrysolophus than toGallus.

The photochromic diarylethene, 1,2-bis(2-methyl-5-(4-formylphenyl)-thien-3-yl)perfluorocyclopentene (1a) is studied and its applicable potential in rewritable volume holographic data storage is verified. Holographic recording films of 10-µm thickness have been fabricated. The refractive index modulation (Δn = 1.15×10-3) between the open- and close-ring forms is detected to be large enough so that the films are suitable for the production of volume holographic storage. The experiments of angle multiplexing and rewriting holograms show that the materials are fit for volume holographic data storage.

The Random Amplified Polymorphism DNA (RAPD) markers were used to study the intra-specific diversity and regional differentiation of the Chinese forest frogs (Rana chensinensis), which were sampled from the fields of 8 regions in, Heilongjiang Province. Totally 78 polymorphic DNA loci were amplified by 10 RAPD primers. By genetic distance analysis and phylogenetic tree reconstruction with the Neighbor-Joining (NJ) method the results showed that the populations of Chinese forest frogs distributed in 8 regions existed great differentiation (Average Fst=0.347, SD=0.235) while, there was the paradox between geographic distances and genetic distances. Based on geographic and geological data, a hypothesis was posed that it is very possible that the hilly lands in the downstream of the Songhua River and the Heilong River were the center of the origin of the Chinese forest frogs in Heilongjiang Province. And mainly through the Songhua River system, the Chinese forest frogs dispersed into the Songneng Plain from the Sanjiang Plain whereas the Fangzheng region became a sub-center for the western dispersion.

The flow field in the chamber of a fluidized bed op-posed superfine jet mill was numerically simulated by standard k-e turbulent model and SIMPLEC algorithm based on CFD. Path lines in the chamber of the mill, grinding region and classifying region were plotted using the predicted results. Velocity fields in grinding region and classifying region of the mill were presented in the paper. Velocity profiles at different height section along diameter were analyzed. Flow field in the chamber of the mill was measured by 5-hole probe testing system. The simulation results agree well with the experiment results. Numerical simulation technology combined with flow testing measured could promote the optimization design for the fluidized bed opposed superfine jet mill.

A scheme for motion detection in compressed code stream for video surveillance is presented in this paper. The scheme reads out signs of the discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficients from the compressed video code stream and detects motion by counting the number of DCT coefficients that change their signs in a pair of DCT blocks corresponding to consecutive frames. A probability model and nonlinear filtering is used for eliminating the disturbance of noise in the background and luminance change, respectively. Experiments on various types of video sequences show the proposed scheme can perform motion detection correctly with low computational cost.

In many surveillance applications, video data often need to be stored or transmitted and thus video coding is demanded. Generally speaking, surveillant regions of decoded video should be exhibited with higher fidelity by region segmentation, tracking and content-based coding. However, this is not necessary in some cases where both cameras and surveillant regions in frames are fixed. In this paper, a coding scheme for this special type of surveillance video is incorporated with SPIHT (set partitioning in hierarchical trees) algorithm for wavelet-based video coding. By scaling up the wavelet coefficients pertaining to the surveillant region, the region is coded with higher quality than the rest of the frame if the bit rate is limited. Experiments show the proposed scheme avoids the complexity of the conventional scheme for surveillance video coding without compromising the reconstructed video quality.

There are three species of bears in China, brown bear (Ursus arctos), black bear (Selenarctos thibetanus) and sun bear (Helarctos malayanus). From 1991 to 1994, the investigation of bears organized by CWCA (China wildlife Conservation Association) was conducted in 22 provinces of China. The results showed that the distribution area of bears had been changed from the continuous distribution to fragmentary. The distribution areas of three species were limited to the area of 2591427 km2, and the total number of population was reduced to 61686. The distribution area of black bear was 625086 km2; the population size was 46528; average density was 0.0714/km2. The distribution area of brown bear was 1956691 km2; the population size was 14783; average density was 0.0076/km2. The distribution area of sun bear was 9650 km2; the population size was from 350 to 400. There are 396 bear farms in China and the 6688 bears are being reared on these bear farms 94.4% of them is black bears (3612); 4.5% of them is brown bears (300); 1.1% of them is sun bears (10). The management of bears in China was discussed in this paper.

A great potential for further improving the room-temperature figure of merit (Z) has been identified by dispersing a small fraction of Ag in the (Bi0.25Sb0.75)2Te3 alloy. The maximum Z of 3.41×10−3K−1, 17% higher than that of the unadded, is attained at 0.02wt% Ag. Addition of BN, either alone or in combination with Ag, however, does not generate a favorable figure of merit.