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Objective: Childhood sensory abnormalities experience has a crucial influence on the structure and function of the adult brain. The underlying mechanism of neurological function induced by childhood sensory abnormalities experience is still unclear. Our study was to investigate whether the GABAergic neurons in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) regulate social disorders caused by childhood sensory abnormalities experience. Methods: We used two mouse models, complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) injection mice and bilateral whisker trimming (BWT) mice in childhood. We applied immunofluorescence, chemogenetic and optogenetic to study the mechanism of parvalbumin (PV) neurons and somatostatin (SST) neurons in ACC in regulating social disorders induced by sensory abnormalities in childhood. Results: Inflammatory pain in childhood leads to social preference disorders, while BWT in childhood leads to social novelty disorders in adult mice. Inflammatory pain and BWT in childhood caused an increase in the number of PV and SST neurons, respectively, in adult mice ACC. Inhibiting PV neurons in ACC improved social preference disorders in adult mice that experienced inflammatory pain during childhood. Inhibiting SST neurons in ACC improved social novelty disorders in adult mice that experienced BWT in childhood. Conclusions: Our study reveals that PV and SST neurons of the ACC may play a critical role in regulating social disorders induced by sensory abnormalities in childhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functionalized optical fiber tips featuring miniature sizes and diverse functions have broken the limitations of traditional optical fiber with fixed shapes and single materials, significantly enriching the application scenarios in communication, sensing, imaging, and other fields. However, the unconventional shape presents challenges in manufacturing arbitrarily sophisticated 3D micro/nano structures on optical fiber tips. Femtosecond laser 3D nano‐printing (FL‐3DNp) technology injects new vitality into the functionalization of fiber tips due to its high‐precision, customizable structure, and real 3D processing abilities, as well as advantages of non‐vacuum, maskless, and plentiful materials. This paper extensively compares the key performance parameters of various micro‐nano manufacturing technologies for functionalizing optical fiber probes and focuses on the FL‐3DNp technology. In addition, the latest research progresses are systematically presented from the perspective of structure and application. Finally, the current research challenges and future development directions in this emerging field are discussed, aiming at providing scientific and industrial guidance for FL‐3DNp in functionalizing optical fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium niobate (LN) crystal with anti‐reflective subwavelength structures (ASSs) has great applications in high‐power tunable optical parametric oscillator (OPO) lasers. However, it is still a great challenge to 3D nanofabrication of LN ASSs. Herein, a wet‐etching‐assisted laser polarization domain inversion (WE‐LPDI) technology is proposed to fabricate periodic cone arrays with a period from 200 nm to 4 µm on LN. Based on the optimized structural parameters, large‐area LN ASSs with a period of 1.3 µm and a height of 1.7 µm were fabricated on LN, which exhibits an average transmittance of 3–5 µm increasing from 78% to 85% and a highest transmittance of 88% at 5 µm. It has been demonstrated that the LN ASSs show high stability under high‐temperature and high‐power laser irradiation, which shows potential applications for high‐power mid‐IR lasers. The results indicate that the WE‐LPDI technology provides a novel way for 3D nanofabrication of LN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Monosaccharide compositions analysis (MCA) is indispensable for structural characterisations and structure–activity relationships of plant polysaccharides. Objectives: To develop a concise and direct MCA method, we established a quantitative analysis of the multi‐monosaccharaides by single marker (QAMS) by high‐performance anion‐exchange chromatography with pulsed‐amperometric detection (HPAEC‐PAD) method. Methodology: A stable and reproducible HPAEC‐PAD method for simultaneous determination of aldoses, ketoses and uronic acids (i.e., l‐arabinose, d‐xylose, d‐ribose, l‐rhamnose, d‐fucose, d‐mannose, d‐glucose, d‐galactose, d‐fructose, d‐glucuronic acid and d‐galacturonic acid) was established by systematic optimisation of stationary phases, column temperatures and elution programmes. On this basis, the QAMS method was proposed through comprehensive investigations of relative correction factor (RCF) variations under different influencing factors, for example, sample concentrations, flow rates, and column temperatures. Results: Using rhamnose as an internal reference standard, the contents of the other monosaccharide components in polysaccharides from Panax quinquefolium L. and Achyranthes bidentata Bl. samples were simultaneously determined by QAMS, and there was no significant difference between the results from the QAMS and external standard method (t test, P > 0.520). In addition, a MCA fingerprinting of 30 batches of P. quinquefolium polysaccharide was established by HPAEC‐PAD, and six common peaks were assigned and determined. Conclusions: The established HPAEC‐PAD‐QAMS method was successfully applied to the MCA of polysaccharides from P. quinquefolium and A. bidentata after optimisation of hydrolysis conditions. HPAEC‐PAD‐QAMS was proposed and established for MCA of plant polysaccharides for the first time. This study aimed to develop a concise and direct monosaccharide compositional analysis method. A quantitative analysis of the multi‐monosaccharaides by single marker (QAMS) by high‐performance anion‐exchange chromatography with pulsed‐amperometric detection (HPAEC‐PAD) method, was proposed for the simultaneous determination of neutral and acidic monosaccharides without derivatisation. It was successfully applied to analyse the composition of monosaccharides released from Panax quinquefolium polysaccharide (PQP) and Achyranthes bidentata polysaccharide (ABP). Additionally, a monosaccharide compositional fingerprinting of PQP was established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium dioxide photocatalysts can break down pollutants using natural light. They possess notable light stability, chemical stability, and catalytic effects, thus leading to extensive research worldwide. However, the limited light absorption range of titanium dioxide and their inefficiencies in generating and transporting photogenerated carriers hinder the enhancement of their photocatalytic performance. In this study, we employ a femtosecond laser composite processing method to create an Ag-TiO2 nanoplate composite catalyst. This method doubles the catalytic efficiency compared with the structure processed solely with the femtosecond laser. The resulting Ag-TiO2 nanoplate composite catalysts show significant promise for addressing environmental and energy challenges, including the photodegradation of organic pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With high hardness, high thermal and chemical stability and excellent optical performance, hard materials exhibit great potential applications in various fields, especially in harsh conditions. Femtosecond laser ablation has the capability to fabricate three-dimensional micro/nanostructures in hard materials. However, the low efficiency, low precision and high surface roughness are the main stumbling blocks for femtosecond laser processing of hard materials. So far, etching-assisted femtosecond laser modification has demonstrated to be the efficient strategy to solve the above problems when processing hard materials, including wet etching and dry etching. In this review, femtosecond laser modification that would influence the etching selectivity is introduced. The fundamental and recent applications of the two kinds of etching assisted femtosecond laser modification technologies are summarized. In addition, the challenges and application prospects of these technologies are discussed.

Loss of Imprinting (LOI) of IGF2 and over-expressed IGF2 are associated with tumorigenesis. Our previous epidemiological study found a relatively high frequency of IGF2 LOI in healthy mid-gestation pregnant women. The aim of this study is to determine whether the expression of IGF2 is associated with its imprinting status in healthy Chinese pregnant women. The IGF2 imprinting status of 300 pregnant women was analyzed. 20 cases of IGF2 LOI and 20 cases of IGF2 retention of imprinting (ROI) were selected randomly for IGF2 expression analysis. The expression pattern of IGF2 between the group with IGF2 ROI and group with IGF2 LOI in healthy Chinese pregnant women was evaluated by real time PCR and western blot. The result showed no significant differences between IGF2 ROI and LOI groups in mRNA and protein levels. These results imply that IGF2 imprinting status has no obvious impact on its expression. There may be some unknown important factors other than imprinting status driving IGF2 expression.