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The eutectic high entropy alloys with large amounts of Al and Cr have exhibited superior oxidation resistance. Here, we confirmed that Si could further enhance the oxidation resistance by forming a continuous oxidation layer in Fe36Ni36Al15Cr10Si2Mo1 alloy. Si promoted the outward diffusion and transformation of Al which effectively enhanced the oxidation resistance. The FeCr2O4 spinel and silicate formed by the solid-state reaction also contributed to the oxidation resistance. The thermodynamic and kinetic factors were then discussed to understand the inherent oxidation mechanism of the dual-phase Fe36Ni36Al15Cr10Si2Mo1 alloy, which provide new insights into the dual-phase alloy design and oxidation resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen‐bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) are emerging porous materials that show high structural flexibility, mild synthetic conditions, good solution processability, easy healing and regeneration, and good recyclability. Although these properties give them many potential multifunctional applications, their frameworks are unstable due to the presence of only weak and reversible hydrogen bonds. In this work, the development history and synthesis methods of HOFs are reviewed, and categorize their structural design concepts and strategies to improve their stability. More importantly, due to the significant potential of the latest HOF‐related research for addressing energy and environmental issues, this work discusses the latest advances in the methods of energy storage and conversion, energy substance generation and isolation, environmental detection and isolation, degradation and transformation, and biological applications. Furthermore, a discussion of the coupling orientation of HOF in the cross‐cutting fields of energy and environment is presented for the first time. Finally, current challenges, opportunities, and strategies for the development of HOFs to advance their energy and environmental applications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study intends to examine the reading process in Chinese of two young heritage language learners through the use of retrospective miscue analysis (RMA). Retrospective miscue analysis involves both the author and the reader in reflectively discussing the reader's oral reading miscues—responses that differ from the actual text. This study confirms the notion that reading is an active sense-making process where the graphophonic, syntactic, and semantic cues as well as translanguaging skills function interdependently to assist heritage language readers with meaning construction. Strategies of sampling, predicting, substituting, and correcting are also evident in their reading. These active but "invisible" reading behaviors are not available through asking comprehension questions. Instead, they are obtained from the reflective conversations between the researcher and the students. Retrospective miscue analysis helps readers gain a deeper understanding of the reading process and enhances their metacognitive skills. This study also includes language and reading behaviors that are unique to Chinese heritage language learners as well as implications for parents and teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic migraine (CM) is a debilitating neurofunctional disorder primarily affecting females, characterized by central sensitization. Central sensitization refers to the enhanced response to sensory stimulation, which involves changes in neuronal excitability, synaptic plasticity, and neurotransmitter release. Environmental enrichment (EE) can increase the movement, exploration, socialization and other behaviors of mice. EE has shown promising effects in various neurological disorders, but its impact on CM and the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether EE has the potential to serve as a cost-effective intervention strategy for CM. Methods: A mouse CM model was successfully established by repeated administration of nitroglycerin (NTG). We selected adult female mice around 8 weeks old, exposed them to EE for 2 months, and then induced the CM model. Nociceptive threshold tests were measured using Von Frey filaments and a hot plate. The expression of c-Fos, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and inflammatory response were measured using WB and immunofluorescence to evaluate central sensitization. RNA sequencing was used to find differentially expressed genes and signaling pathways. Finally, the expression of the target differential gene was investigated. Results: Repeated administration of NTG can induce hyperalgesia in female mice and increase the expression of c-Fos and CGRP in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC). Early exposure of mice to EE reduced NTG-induced hyperalgesia in CM mice. WB and immunofluorescence revealed that EE inhibited the overexpression of c-Fos and CGRP in the TNC of CM mice and alleviated the inflammatory response of microglia activation. RNA sequencing analysis identified that several central sensitization-related signaling pathways were altered by EE. VGluT1, a key gene involved in behavior, internal stimulus response, and ion channel activity, was found to be downregulated in mice exposed to EE. Conclusion: EE can significantly ameliorate hyperalgesia in the NTG-induced CM model. The mechanisms may be to modulate central sensitization by reducing the expression of CGRP, attenuating the inflammatory response, and downregulating the expression of VGluT1, etc., suggesting that EE can serve as an effective preventive strategy for CM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The industrial byproduct gypsum is a general term for byproducts discharged from industrial production with calcium sulfate as the main ingredient. Due to the high number of impurities and production volume, the industrial byproduct gypsum is underutilized, leading to serious environmental problems. At present, only desulfurization gypsum and phosphogypsum have been partially utilized in cementitious materials, cement retarders, etc., while the prospects for the utilization of other byproduct gypsums remain worrying. This paper mainly focuses on the sources and physicochemical properties of various types of gypsum byproducts and summarizes the application scenarios of various gypsums in construction materials. Finally, some suggestions are proposed to solve the problem of the industrial byproduct gypsum. This review is informative for solving the environmental problems caused by gypsum accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asphalt pavement cooling can alleviate urban heat island effect and promote sustainable urbanization. However, the current design of cooling pavement cannot meet the needs of efficient cooling due to the lack of optimization index. The goal of this study is to make the optimization design of cooling pavement more scientific by applying the entransy dissipation theory. The entransy balance equation of pavement was established. Then taking the gradient heat conduction pavement as the research object, the cooling mechanism was analyzed by using the entransy dissipation thermal resistance (Rg). Finally, according to the cooling mechanism, the optimized pavement was established with Rg as the optimization index, and the temperature and thermal effect of pavement before and after optimization were evaluated. The results indicated that resistance exists in the heat transfer process, which was defined as Rg. Gradient heat conduction pavement could realize cooling by increasing the Rg. The Rg of gradient heat conduction pavement was 1.30 times that of ordinary pavement. However, the temperature could only be reduced by 0.6 °C compared with that of the ordinary pavement. On the contrary, the optimized pavement could lower the temperature by 3.8 °C compared with that of the ordinary pavement, and the heat dissipation and absorption were 24.42% higher and 15.08% lower than those of the gradient heat conduction pavement. The cooling effect of optimized pavement was verified by an indoor irradiation test. In conclusion, the optimized pavement can be built with a good cooling effect by using Rg as optimization index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The difference in radiation damage retained in unknown and reference zircons, caused by the α-dose matrix effect, has been considered as a great influence on the accuracy and precision of zircon U–Pb dating as found from LA-ICP-MS and SIMS analysis. This study aims to explore the effect of high-temperature thermal annealing (>1300 °C) on the optimization of the U–Pb dating of standard zircons, such as Sri Lanka, Plešovice, and Qinghu zircons, with heterogeneous radiation damage. Raman spectroscopy was employed to investigate the structural state of Sri Lanka zircons that were annealed at 100 °C to 1300 °C at various times (isochronal and isothermal annealing), indicating that annealing at 1400 °C for 96 h can result in a nearly complete crystalline state for zircons with a low-moderate degree of radiation damage. SIMS U–Pb isotopic analyses of unannealed and annealed Sri Lanka zircon grains revealed that the homogeneity of sample SL-3 annealed at 1300 °C with a 206Pb/238U age of 572.4 ± 4.4 Ma (2σ, MSWD = 0.08) is greater than those of the sample SL-2 annealed at 850 °C with 206Pb/238U age of 575.0 ± 4.5 Ma (2σ, MSWD = 0.57) and sample SL-1 unannealed with 206Pb/238U age of 575.3 ± 4.3 Ma (2σ, MSWD = 0.30). Furthermore, the results of LA-ICP-MS U–Pb ages and trace element concentrations for Plešovice and Qinghu zircons indicate that high-temperature thermal annealing can reduce the distribution of trace element composition and the scatters of the 206Pb/238U ages with MSWD decreasing by 82% and 71%, respectively, despite the annealed zircons yielding slightly younger 206Pb/238U ages than unannealed zircons. This approach provides new insights into acquiring homogeneous U–Pb ages of standard zircons with heterogeneous radiation damage, which would be useful to calibrate and obtain unknown zircon U–Pb dating with better precision and accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to explore sex differences in the association between emotional support and self-rated health among the elderly. Design: This was a cross-sectional survey based on the sub-project of China's National Basic Public Health Service Project—Health Management Services for the Elderly. Setting: Participants were recruited from ten rural townships in Jingyuan County, Gansu Province, Northwestern China. Subjects: 1405 subjects aged 60 or above. Methods: Emotional support (consisting of 5 items) and self-rated health (evaluated by EQ-VAS) were investigated in this study. Multiple linear regression was conducted to consider the potential relationship. Results: The frequency of children visit and the number of providers of emotional support were positively associated with self-rated health among older women (β = 1.13, 95%CI = 0.25-2.02; β = 1.80, 95%CI = 1.01-2.58), whereas the number of close friends had a positive association with self-rated health among older men (β = 1.11, 95%CI = 0.20-2.01). The number of close relatives and the frequency of seeking emotional support were not found to be associated with self-rated health among both older men and older women. Conclusion: The study has found that the relationship between emotional support and self-rated health was differed by sex, calling attention to the need for sex-specific interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a method for estimating the speed and position of unsampled vehicles using sampled data from connected automated vehicles (CAVs). The determination of vehicle speed and position on the road is a challenging and crucial task, as they can effectively reflect traffic flow characteristics and contribute to traffic state estimation and intersection signal timing optimization. Connected automated vehicles have the capability to upload their own trajectory data while also capturing trajectory data of surrounding vehicles through onboard sensors. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel approach to estimate the speed and position of unsampled vehicles. Firstly, using real vehicle trajectory data, the correlation between the velocity of following vehicles and the velocity of leading vehicles under different densities is analyzed, leading to the development of a velocity estimation model incorporating a speed correction factor. Secondly, the correlation between time headway, the rate of change of following vehicle acceleration, and traffic density is examined. To address the issue of heterogeneous behavior in vehicle following described by the Intelligent Driver Model (IDM), a real-time optimization model for estimating vehicle position by optimizing IDM parameters is proposed. The velocity estimation model and the position estimation model are summarized as two nonlinear optimization problems. Finally, the proposed method is validated using actual vehicle trajectory data. Experimental results demonstrate that when the number of connected automated vehicles (CAVs) is 2, the proposed method reduces the average absolute error by 30.73% and the standard deviation of the average absolute error by 42.8% compared to a linear model-based speed estimation method under different density conditions. Compared to a method that estimates vehicle position by calibrating desired gaps, the proposed method reduces the average absolute error by 38.2% and the standard deviation of the average absolute error by 41.7% under different density conditions. Furthermore, the proposed method exhibits good practicality under different CAV penetration rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: B-box (BBX) proteins play important roles in regulating plant growth, development, and abiotic stress responses. BBX family genes have been identified and functionally characterized in many plant species, but little is known about the BBX family in blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum). Result: In this study, we identified 23 VcBBX genes from the Genome Database for Vaccinium (GDV). These VcBBXs can be divided into five clades based on gene structures and conserved domains in their encoded proteins. The prediction of cis-acting elements in the upstream sequences of VcBBX genes and protein–protein interactions indicated that VcBBX proteins are likely involved in phytohormone signaling pathways and abiotic stress responses. Analysis of transcriptome deep sequencing (RNA-seq) data showed that VcBBX genes exhibited organ-specific expression pattern and 11 VcBBX genes respond to ultraviolet B (UV-B) radiation. The co-expression analysis revealed that the encoded 11 VcBBX proteins act as bridges integrating UV-B and phytohormone signaling pathways in blueberry under UV-B radiation. Reverse-transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis showed that most VcBBX genes respond to drought, salt, and cold stress. Among VcBBX proteins, VcBBX24 is highly expressed in all the organs, not only responds to abiotic stress, but it also interacts with proteins in UV-B and phytohormone signaling pathways, as revealed by computational analysis and co-expression analysis, and might be an important regulator integrating abiotic stress and phytohormone signaling networks. Conclusions: Twenty-three VcBBX genes were identified in blueberry, in which, 11 VcBBX genes respond to UV-B radiation, and act as bridges integrating UV-B and phytohormone signaling pathways according to RNA-seq data. The expression patterns under abiotic stress suggested that the functional roles of most VcBBX genes respose to drought, salt, and cold stress. Our study provides a useful reference for functional analysis of VcBBX genes and for improving abiotic stress tolerance in blueberry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a green heating technology, microwave heating can effectively reduce the pollution caused during asphalt pavement maintenance. However, lower energy utilization and poorer heating uniformity hinder the further engineering application of this technology. Therefore, silicon carbide (SiC) aggregate with excellent microwave absorbing ability was used to prepared SiC aggregate asphalt concrete (SAC) to improve the energy utilization and heating uniformity. The surface temperature, heating uniformity, deicing time, and heating durability of SAC were studied, and the image processing technology was used to study the temperature distribution. In addition, the energy utilization rate and engineering properties were evaluated. The results show that the surface temperature rise rate and deicing efficiency of SAC is significantly improved. Heating efficiency and uniformity will affect the deicing efficiency together. When the heating efficiency is constant, better heating uniformity is conducive to improving the deicing efficiency. The image processing results show that more SiC content can form more heat conduction channels in the SAC, thus improving heating uniformity. The good stability of SAC is attributed to the stable physical and chemical properties of SiC under microwave heating. Overall, this work contributes to improving the energy utilization and sustainability of asphalt pavements under microwave deicing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hydrogen-rich water (HRW) has been shown to prevent cognitive impairment caused by ionizing radiation. This study aimed to investigate the pharmacological effects and mechanisms of HRW on ionizing radiation by coupling the brain metabolomics and biological target network methods. Methods and results: HRW significantly improves the cognitive impairment in rats exposed to ionizing radiation. Based on metabolomics and biological network results, we identified 54 differential metabolites and 93 target genes. The KEGG pathway indicates that glutathione metabolism, ascorbic acid and aldehyde acid metabolism, pentose and glucuronic acid interconversion, and glycerophospholipid metabolism play important roles in ionizing radiation therapy. Conclusion: Our study has systematically elucidated the molecular mechanism of HRW against ionizing radiation, which can be mediated by modulating targets, pathways and metabolite levels. This provides a new perspective for identifying the underlying pharmacological mechanism of HRW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yellow phosphorus slag (YPS) is a byproduct from the production of yellow phosphorus. It has potential pozzolanic activity and can be used as a supplementary cementitious material. However, the early strength of cement mortar decreases significantly with increasing YPS dosage, which restricts the utilization of YPS in cement and concrete. This study aimed to increase the pozzolanic activity of YPS ash by thermal activation. The strength method, alkali dissolution method and polymerization degree method were used to evaluate the effect of thermal activation at different temperatures on the pozzolanic activity of YPS ash. The results showed that YPS ash calcined at 800 °C helps to enhance the early strength because the fluorine in cuspidine (Ca4Si2O7F2) is insoluble, reducing the retarding effect on the mortar. The higher late strength of YPS ash calcined at 100 °C was due to the low polymerization degree of [SiO4]. The pozzolanic activity of YPS ash is positively correlated with the dissolution concentration of (Si + Al) and the compressive strength and negatively associated with the polymerization degree. This paper shows a possibility for the large-scale utilization of YPS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Compared with TC, BC significantly accelerated the humification process. • Phosphorus was activated by BSF pretreatment. • The introduction of BSF gut bacteria strengthened the composting effect. • Nocardiopsis and Pseudomonas were identified as the key PSB. Black soldier fly (BSF) and thermophilic composting (TC) treatments are commonly adopted to manage food waste. In this study, 30 days of TC of food waste following seven days BSF pretreatment (BC) was compared to 37 days of TC of food waste (TC, the control). Fluorescence spectrum and 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing analysis were used to compare the BC and TC treatments. Results showed that BC could decrease protein-like substances and increase humus substances more quickly, and that the humification index of compost products was 106.8% higher than that of TC, suggesting that the humification process was accelerated by BSF pretreatment resulting in a 21.6% shorter maturity time. Meanwhile, the concentrations of total and available phosphorus rose from 7.2 and 3.3 g kg−1 to 44.2 and 5.5 g kg−1, respectively, which were 90.5% and 118.8% higher in compost products from BC as compared to those in TC. Furthermore, BC had higher richness and diversity of humus synthesis and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB), with Nocardiopsis (53.8%) and Pseudomonas (47.0%) being the dominant PSB. Correlation analysis demonstrated that the introduction of BSF gut bacteria contributed to the effectiveness of related functional bacteria, resulting in a rapid humification process and phosphorus activation. Our findings advance understanding of the humification process and provide novel perspectives on food waste management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is not uncommon for biological anthropologists to analyze incomplete bioarcheological or forensic skeleton specimens. As many quantitative multivariate analyses cannot handle incomplete data, missing data imputation or estimation is a common preprocessing practice for such data. Using William W. Howells' Craniometric Data Set and the Goldman Osteometric Data Set, we evaluated the performance of multiple popular statistical methods for imputing missing metric measurements. Results indicated that multiple imputation methods outperformed single imputation methods, such as Bayesian principal component analysis (BPCA). Multiple imputation with Bayesian linear regression implemented in the R package norm2, the Expectation–Maximization (EM) with Bootstrapping algorithm implemented in Amelia, and the Predictive Mean Matching (PMM) method and several of the derivative linear regression models implemented in mice, perform well regarding accuracy, robustness, and speed. Based on the findings of this study, we suggest a practical procedure for choosing appropriate imputation methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geopolymer prepared from solid waste is a high value-added means. However, when used alone, the geopolymer produced by phosphogypsum has the risk of expansion cracking, while the geopolymer of recycled fine powder has high strength and good density, but its volume shrinkage and deformation are large. If the two are combined, the synergistic effect of the phosphogypsum geopolymer and recycled fine powder geopolymer can realize the complementarity of advantages and disadvantages, which provides a possibility for the preparation of stable geopolymers. In this study, the volume stability, water stability and mechanical stability of geopolymers were tested, and the stability synergy mechanism between phosphogypsum, recycled fine powder and slag was analyzed by micro experiments. The results show that the synergistic effect of phosphogypsum, recycled fine powder and slag can not only control the production of ettringite (AFt) but also control the capillary stress in the hydration product, thus improving the volume stability of the geopolymer. The synergistic effect can not only improve the pore structure of the hydration product but also reduce the negative impact of calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO4∙2H2O), thus improving the water stability of geopolymers. The softening coefficient of P15R45 with a 45 wt.% recycled fine powder content can reach 1.06, which is 26.2% higher than P35R25 with a 25 wt.% recycled fine powder content. The synergistic work reduces the negative impact of delayed AFt and improves the mechanical stability of the geopolymer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microwave heating is widely employed in pavement deicing. However, it is difficult to improve the deicing efficiency because only a small part of the microwave energy is used and most of it is wasted. To improve the utilization efficiency of microwave energy and the deicing efficiency, we used silicon carbide (SiC)–replaced aggregates in asphalt mixtures to prepare an ultra-thin, microwave-absorbing wear layer (UML). The SiC particle size, SiC content, oil–stone ratio and thickness of the UML were determined. The effect of the UML on energy saving and material reduction was also evaluated. Results show that only a 10 mm UML was needed to melt a 2 mm ice layer within 52 s at −20 °C and rated power. In addition, the minimum layer thickness to meet the specification requirement (≥2000 με) of asphalt pavement was also 10 mm. SiC with larger particle sizes increased the temperature rise rate but decreased the temperature uniformity, instead increasing the deicing time. The deicing time of a UML with SiC particle size less than 2.36 mm was 35 s shorter than that of a UML with SiC particle size greater than 2.36 mm. Furthermore, more SiC content in the UML resulted in a higher temperature rise rate and less deicing time. The temperature rise rate and deicing time of the UML with 20% SiC were 4.4 times and 44% of those of the control group. When the target void ratio was 6%, the optimum oil–stone ratio of UML was 7.4%, and it had good road performance. Compared to overall heating, the UML saved 75% of power and SiC material under the same heating efficiency. Therefore, the UML reduces microwave deicing time and saves energy and material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion has been considered standard management for cervical myelopathy and radiculopathy. However, the option of using self-locking stand-alone cages or cage-with-plate in three-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion still remains controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and imaging outcomes of the two procedures in multilevel anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. Methods: Sixty-seven patients who underwent three-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion were enrolled in this study, of which 31 patients underwent surgery using self-locking stand-alone cages (group cage) and 36 patients using cage-with-plate (group plate). For the evaluation of clinical outcomes, modified Japanese Orthopedic Association scores, visual analogue scale for neck pain, neck disability index, Odom's criteria and dysphagia status were measured. Imaging outcomes were evaluated by cervical sagittal angle, fusion segmental Cobb's angle, fusion segmental height, range of motion, cage subsidence rate, fusion rate and adjacent segment degeneration. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS software (version 19.0). Results: Both groups showed improvement in modified Japanese Orthopedic Association scores, visual analogue scale for neck pain and neck disability index, after surgery, and there was no significant difference between the groups. The occurrence rate of dysphagia is significantly lower in the group cage compared with the group plate (p < 0.05). The postoperative cervical sagittal angle, fusion segmental Cobb's angle, fusion segmental height and cage subsidence rate in the group plate were significantly superior to that in the group cage (p < 0.05). However, the rate of adjacent segment degeneration was significantly lower in the group cage compared with the group plate (p < 0.05). Both groups showed no significant difference in terms of fusion rate (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The self-locking stand-alone cages are effective, reliable and safe in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion for the treatment of cervical myelopathy and radiculopathy. Self-locking stand-alone cages showed a significantly lower rate of dysphagia and adjacent segment degeneration, while anterior cervical cage-with-plate could provide stronger postoperative stability and maintain better cervical spine alignment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determining the operation scenarios of renewable energies is important for power system dispatching. This paper proposes a renewable scenario generation method based on the hybrid genetic algorithm with variable chromosome length (HGAVCL). The discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is used to divide the original data into linear and fluctuant parts according to the length of time scales. The HGAVCL is designed to optimally divide the linear part into different time sections. Additionally, each time section is described by the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model. With the consideration of temporal correlation, the Copula joint probability density function is established to model the fluctuant part. Based on the attained ARIMA model and joint probability density function, a number of data are generated by the Monte Carlo method, and the time autocorrelation, average offset rate, and climbing similarity indexes are established to assess the data quality of generated scenarios. A case study is conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The calculated time autocorrelation, average offset rate, and climbing similarity are 0.0515, 0.0396, and 0.9035, respectively, which shows the superior performance of the proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diurnal insects can select suitable oviposition sites by discriminating plant coloration. The long wavelength sensitive opsin (LW) gene is mainly for discriminating long wavelengths of colors in diurnal insects. However, the affection of coloration on oviposition selection and the roles of LW gene in nocturnal insects are unclear. Here, the questions were explored in Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology and experiments of oviposition selection under different coloration backgrounds. To different brightness (achromatic white, grey, black), wild moths preferred to oviposit on higher-brightness background, while the LW mutant had no preference. To different colors, wild moths had no oviposition preference, while the LW mutant significantly reduced oviposition on long-wavelengths of colors (red, orange, yellow, and green) compared to blue and violet. When both brightness (white) and color (orange and green) cues were presented for oviposition, wild moths were more attracted to brightness than color, while LW mutant had no significant preference. For the coloration of young and old leaves, wild moths preferred to oviposit on coloration of young leaves that had a brighter light green, while LW mutant had no preference. Electroretinogram recordings showed that the responses of moths to different bright light or different color light were significantly decreased after knockout of LW, especially to the long-wavelengths. These results suggest that brightness is a more reliable cue rather than color for oviposition selection of nocturnal moth H. armigera in changing microhabitats and LW mediates the recognition of different brightness and long wavelengths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Applying the parental mediation theory, this study investigates the main effects and interactive effects of three parental social media strategies, ie, active mediation, restrictive mediation, and non-intrusive inspection, on cyberbullying among teenagers. A matched child-parent survey was conducted with 642 secondary-school students aged 13– 18 and their parents in China. Results: The results showed that active mediation was negatively associated with both cyberbullying victimization and perpetration. Restrictive mediation was not significantly associated with cyberbullying. Non-intrusive inspection was positively associated with cyberbullying perpetration but not associated with cyberbullying victimization. Moreover, the two-way interaction between active and restrictive mediation as well as the three-way interaction between the three parental mediation strategies significantly affected cyberbullying perpetration and victimization. Specifically, the combination of high-level active mediation and non-intrusive inspection with low-level restrictive mediation was the most effective strategy for preventing cyberbullying. Conclusion: This finding significantly contributes to the parental mediation literature and provide theoretical guidelines for parental intervention to prevent cyberbullying among teenager. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a series of Zn x Cd 1-x S solid solutions are firstly prepared by a solvothermal process. The optimized composition of Zn x Cd 1-x S solid solution is determined to be Zn 0·2 Cd 0.8 S. On this basis, the Cu 7 S 4 /Zn 0·2 Cd 0·8 S composite photocatalyst with a binary p-n heterojunction has been synthesized by a co-precipitation process followed by a solvothermal method. Owning to the synergistic effect of the heterojunction structure in the interface of Cu 7 S 4 (p-type) and Zn 0·2 Cd 0·8 S (n-type) and the built-in electric field in binary p-n heterojunction, the as-prepared Cu 7 S 4 /Zn 0·2 Cd 0·8 S composite photocatalyst exhibits a significantly improved photocatalytic activity toward hydrogen production from water with visible light response, which is approximately 5.0 times and 16.5 times higher than of pristine Zn 0·2 Cd 0·8 S and CdS, respectively. The possible photocatalytic mechanism has been proposed basing on a series of experimental results. The current work might be valuable inspirations for designing highly efficient heterojunction composite photocatalyst for solar hydrogen evolution. A Graphical Abstract (TOC Figure) for. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. Xiaoming Liu, Yinchu Zhang, Hongwei Wang, Jiajun Yan, Liushui Yan, Kexin Li, Huiqin Guo, Wang Gong, Jun LinHighly Efficient Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production on Cu 7 S 4 /Zn 0·2 Cd 0·8 S p-n Binary Heterojunctions Devices Owning to the synergistic effect of the heterojunction structure in the interface of Cu 7 S 4 (p-type) and Zn 0·2 Cd 0·8 S (n-type) and the built-in electric field in binary p-n heterojunction, the as-prepared Cu 7 S 4 /Zn 0·2 Cd 0·8 S composite photocatalyst exhibits a significantly improved photocatalytic activity toward hydrogen production from water with visible light response. [Display omitted] • The Cu 7 S 4 /Zn 0·2 Cd 0·8 S composite was prepared by a solvothermal process. • Heterojunction and built-in electric field boost composite's catalytic activity. • The corresponding photocatalytic mechanism has been tentatively proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acute lung injury (ALI) is a potentially fatal disorder that is largely caused by inflammation. Sodium isostevanol (STV‐Na) is a terpenoid produced from stevioside, which possesses anti‐inflammatory and antioxidative stress characteristics. nevertheless, it is still unclear how STV‐Na affects ALI. Therefore, we investigated the possible STV‐Na therapeutic impacts on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced (ALI). Methods: We employed hematoxylin‐eosin staining to observe the impact of STV‐Na on lung histopathological alterations and used kits to detect the oxidative stress status of lung tissues, such as superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, and glutathione. The reactive oxygen species and myeloperoxidase expression in the tissues of lung was assessed by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry. Additionally, we detected the impact of STV‐Na on inflammatory cell infiltration in lung tissue using Wright‐Giemsa staining solution and immunohistochemistry, which was found to reduce inflammation in lung tissue by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Finally, using WB, we examined the impact of STV‐Na on the TLR4/NF‐kB pathway. Results: We observed that STV‐Na attenuated lung histopathological alterations in LPS‐induced lung damage in mice, reduced infiltration of inflammatory cell and oxidative stress in the tissue of lung, and via the TLR4/NF‐kB pathway, there is a reduction in the inflammatory responses in mouse lung tissue. Conclusions: These outcomes indicate that the response of inflammatory cells to LPS‐induced ALI in mice was attenuated by STV‐Na.Sodium isostevanol attenuates LPS‐induced lung inflammation in mice via the TLR4/NF‐κB signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the relapse characteristics and prognosis of 145 children newly diagnosed with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). The overall complete response (CR) rate was 91.7% (133/145), and the overall recurrence rate was 31.6% (42/133). The recurrence rate in the intermediate-risk (IR) group and high-risk (HR) group was 15.4% and 47.1%, respectively (p < 0.001). Patients with young age, early T-cell precursor ALL, central nervous system (CNS) involvement, TCRγ gene rearrangement, karyotypic abnormalities, or absence of TCRβ gene rearrangement (p < 0.05) tended to relapse. All recurrences occurred within 36 months after diagnosis. The HR group recurred earlier than the IR group (p= 0.026). The 3-year overall survival (OS) rate was significantly lower in the HR group than in the IR group (p < 0.001). All relapsed children died within 12 months after recurrence. Early intervention may benefit children with a high risk of recurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Alternative splicing (AS) events are extensively involved in the progression of diverse tumors, but how serine/arginine-rich splicing Factor 10 (SRSF10) behaves in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not been sufficiently studied. We aimed to determine SRSF10 associated AS mechanisms and their effects on HCC progression. Methods: The expression of SRSF10 in HCC tissues was examined, and the in vitro and in vivo functions of SRSF10 were investigated. The downstream AS targets were screened using RNA sequencing. The interaction between SRSF10 protein and exclusion of cell division cycle 25 A (CDC25A) mRNA was identified using RNA immunoprecipitation and crosslinking immunoprecipitation q-PCR. The effects of SRSF10 on CDC25A posttranslational modification, subcellular distribution, and protein stability were verified through coimmunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence, and western blotting. Results: SRSF10 was enriched in HCC tissues and facilitated HCC proliferation, cell cycle, and invasion. RNA sequencing showed that SRSF10 promotes exon 6 exclusion of CDC25A pre-mRNA splicing. As a crucial cell cycle mediator, the exon-skipped isoform CDC25A(△E6) was identified to be stabilized and retained in the nucleus due to the deletion of two ubiquitination (Lys150, Lys169) sites in exon 6. The stabilized isoform CDC25A(△E6) derived from AS had stronger cell cycle effects on HCC tumorigenesis, and playing a more significant role than the commonly expressed longer variant CDC25A(L). Interestingly, SRSF10 activated the carcinogenesis role of CDC25A through Ser178 dephosphorylation to cause nuclear retention. Moreover, CDC25A(△E6) was verified to be indispensable for SRSF10 to promote HCC development in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions: We reveal a regulatory pattern whereby SRSF10 contributes to a large proportion of stabilized CDC25A(△E6) production, which is indispensable for SRSF10 to promote HCC development. Our findings uncover AS mechanisms such as CDC25A that might serve as potential therapeutic targets to treat HCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feature extraction is the key to the fault detection of rotating machinery based on vibration signals, and the quality of the features influences the reliability of the detection. This paper develops a fault feature extraction method of rotating machinery based on optimized resonance-based sparse signal decomposition and refined composite multiscale fluctuation dispersion entropy. First, resonance-based sparse signal decomposition is used to decompose the vibration signals adaptively. In order to obtain the resonance-based sparse signal decomposition algorithm with optimal performance, the marine predator algorithm is used for the parameters optimization with correlation kurtosis as the fitness function. Subsequently, based on the refined composite coarse-grained process and fluctuation dispersion entropy, a refined composite multiscale fluctuation dispersion entropy is developed, enabling a more accurate and comprehensive measure of the complexity of time series. Then, all feature matrices are input to the support matrix machine for fault identification. Experiments are conducted using two typical rotating machinery datasets for the validity of the proposed method, and comparisons are made with other methods. The results show that the proposed scheme outperforms other comparative methods regarding classification accuracy and stability. In addition, the proposed scheme can obtain relatively reliable classification results even when the data volume is small and the background noise is significant, demonstrating the scheme's potential for application in practical engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The colloidal particle transport process in all porous media from laboratory to nature is affected by gravity. In this paper, a mathematical model of colloidal particle migration in a saturated porous medium with the gravity effect is established by combining the gap velocity (advection) with the settling velocity (gravity effect), and an analytical solution of the particle migration problem with time variation of the particle injection intensity is obtained using an integral transformation. The correctness and rationality of the analytical solution are verified by comparing the experimental and theoretical results of the particle migration problem in the point-source transient injection mode. The analytical solution can easily analyze the colloid transport experimental data in a variety of seepage directions. Analysis of the influence of seepage velocities in three different seepage directions on particle transport parameters shows: under the same seepage direction, the peak value of the breakthrough curve increased with an increase in the seepage velocity. The dispersion, adsorption coefficient, and deposition rate decreased with an increase in the seepage velocity. Under the same seepage velocity, the peak value of the breakthrough curve from large to small was vertically downward (VD)> horizontal (H)> vertically upward (VU), the order of dispersion from large to small was vertically downward (VD)>horizontal (H) >vertically upward (VU), the order of the adsorption coefficient and deposition rate of particles from large to small was vertically upward (VU)> horizontal (H) >vertically downward (VD), and the smaller the seepage velocity, the greater the relative differences in the peak value of the breakthrough curve, dispersion, the particle adsorption coefficient, and the deposition rate in the different seepage directions. Therefore, gravity is an important mechanism of particle migration in saturated porous media. The larger the particle size and density were, the smaller the seepage velocity was and the more obvious the effect of gravity. The findings of this study can help for better understanding of colloidal transport properties in porous media under the coupled effects of gravity and hydrodynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Whether to use sludge reduction was environmentally and economically assessed. • Nine scenarios of sludge management involving different technologies were evaluated. • COD flows from wastewater influent to final sludge destination were revealed. • Direct incineration without sludge reduction has the least environmental impact. • The economic impacts highly depend on the region-specific situations. Sustainable sludge management has significance due to the great potential of recovering energy and resources, potentially achieving carbon neutrality and energy positivity in the process. However, whether the sludge reduction strategy really benefits the aim of a sustainable sludge management process requires a holistic analysis. In this study, nine scenarios involving different sludge management strategies with or without sludge reduction methods were environmentally and economically assessed to clarify the necessity of adopting a sludge reduction or not. Results reveal that direct sludge incineration without prior in-plant sludge reduction generates the least environmental impacts (less than 25–120 %), but it increases operation costs by 103–110 % compared to landfilling with prior in-plant sludge reduction. Chemical Oxygen Demand flows indicate that direct sludge incineration is superior in converting organic matter into energy compared to employing sludge reduction followed by landfilling or land application. This converted energy offsets environmental impacts from electricity consumption, but these electricity benefits are insignificant in the overall cost. Case studies suggest that direct sludge incineration could facilitate potential nutrient and energy recovery, especially for metropolis. While sludge reduction strategies are more suited for developing regions relying on landfills or land application, to lower the economic burdens. The findings of this study tend to shed light on the decision-making of adopting sludge reduction strategies and sustainable sludge management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A dual-band dual-rotational-direction reflective linear-to-circular polarization converter based on metasurface is designed, fabricated, and measured. The unit cell consists of an open ring and a square patch. The open ring creates two resonances, and the square patch is used to improve the axial ratio (AR). It is shown that this design can be working at two frequency bands, i.e., 29.0–41.5 GHz and 52.5–61.5 GHz. Interestingly, it is found that the linearly polarized wave in $x(y)$ -direction can be converted into right(left)-handed circularly polarized wave at the former band, and into left(right)-handed circularly polarized wave at the later band. Compared to other designs in the literature, this design demonstrates 45° angular stability for 3 dB AR over two operational bands. In addition, this design is realized on a single substrate, making it easier to be fabricated. Furthermore, the insertion loss can be as low as 0.5 dB, showing a very low-loss property. Lastly, the unit cell is less than 0.2 wavelength at the lower frequency band. The measured results show good agreement with simulation. Potential applications can be envisaged in dual-band and dual-polarization communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fault probability rises with an increase in the number of current sensors in multi-phase permanent synchronous motor (PMSM) drives. This paper proposes an improved axis rotation method for fault diagnosis and tolerant control to make the multi-phase PMSM drives against current sensor loss signal and gain faults. This method can effectively diagnose and distinguish faults without selecting a threshold value, and the degree of fault can be further estimated. The proposed method makes current sensor fault diagnosis and tolerant control become an integrated module. The validity and accuracy of the proposed method is verified by different fault diagnoses and tolerant control experiments of a 9 kw nine-phase PMSM drive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease (PD) based on clinical symptoms and scale scores is mostly objective, and the accuracy of neuroimaging for PD diagnosis remains controversial. This study aims to introduce a radiomic tool to improve the sensitivity and specificity of diagnosis based on Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) metrics. Methods: In this machine learning-based retrospective study, we collected basic clinical information and DTI images from 54 healthy controls (HCs) and 56 PD patients. Among them, 60 subjects (30 PD patients and 30 HCs) were assigned to the training group, whereas the test cohort was 26 PD patients and 24 HCs. After the feature extraction and selection using newly developed image processing software Ray-plus, LASSO regression was used to finalize radiomic features. Results: A total of 4600 radiomic features were extracted, of which 12 were finally selected. The values of the AUC (area under the subject operating curve) in the training group, the validation group, and overall were 0.911, 0.931, and 0.919, respectively. Conclusion: This study introduced a novel radiometric and computer algorithm based on DTI images, which can help increase the sensitivity and specificity of PD screening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An approach for biomarker detection in OCT images that utilizes minimal bounding box annotations and numerous point annotations. • A cross-scale feature enhancement module (CFEM) that bolsters the network's ability to handle significant variations in biomarker appearance. • A novel dynamic label assignment scheme designed to assist the network in distinguishing between similar biomarkers and revealing less apparent biomarkers. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is currently one of the most advanced retinal imaging methods. Retinal biomarkers in OCT images are of clinical significance and can assist ophthalmologists in diagnosing lesions. Compared with fundus images, OCT can provide higher resolution segmentation. However, image annotation at the bounding box level needs to be performed by ophthalmologists carefully and is difficult to obtain. In addition, the large variation in shape of different retinal markers and the inconspicuous appearance of biomarkers make it difficult for existing deep learning-based methods to effectively detect them. To overcome the above challenges, we propose a novel network for the detection of retinal biomarkers in OCT images. We first address the issue of labeling cost using a novel weakly semi-supervised object detection method with point annotations which can reduce bounding box-level annotation efforts. To extend the method to the detection of biomarkers in OCT images, we propose multiple consistent regularizations for point-to-box regression network to deal with the shortage of supervision, which aims to learn more accurate regression mappings. Furthermore, in the subsequent fully supervised detection, we propose a cross-scale feature enhancement module to alleviate the detection problems caused by the large-scale variation of biomarkers. We also propose a dynamic label assignment strategy to distinguish samples of different importance more flexibly, thereby reducing detection errors due to the indistinguishable appearance of the biomarkers. When using our detection network, our regressor also achieves an AP value of 20.83 s when utilizing a 5 % fully labeled dataset partition, surpassing the performance of other comparative methods at 5 % and 10 %. Even coming close to the 20.87 % result achieved by Point DETR under 20 % full labeling conditions. When using Group R-CNN as the point-to-box regressor, our detector achieves 27.21 % AP in the 50 % fully labeled dataset experiment. 7.42 % AP improvement is achieved compared to our detection network baseline Faster R-CNN. The experimental findings not only demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach with minimal bounding box annotations but also highlight the enhanced biomarker detection performance of the proposed module. We have included a detailed algorithmic flow in the supplementary material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy consumption and carbon emissions in the construction field, coupled with the accumulation of various industrial solid wastes, particularly bauxite residue (red mud), represent formidable barriers to sustainable development. The synergistic utilization of bauxite residue (red mud) in cementitious materials and special concrete is widely considered one of the most practical approaches for these issues. In this comprehensive review, characteristics and composition of red mud worldwide were investigated. By comparing and reviewing the latest research, the current achievements in applying red mud with various solid wastes in cementitious materials and special concrete were discussed. In addition, critical mechanisms and environmental suitability issues are emphasized. In conclusion, the present work culminates in identifying the challenges faced and opportunities for progressing in synergizing red mud and multi-solid wastes, which will contribute to the international research community for sustainable development in the industry. • Utilizing red mud and multi-solid wastes synergistically in construction materials was reviewed. • The advantage of synergistic utilization in resource recycling was demonstrated. • Synergistic utilization of red mud and other materials contributes to achieving corrosion resistance. • Developing paste filling material with red mud and multi-solid wastes will integrate the mining and filling industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magneto-dielectric (MD) materials have received much attention due to their applications in design of high-performance antenna and microwave components. Usually, their permittivity and permeability are key parameters in design of these components. Unfortunately, full characterization of these parameters faces challenge of measurement coupling between permittivity and permeability. To address this issue, an electric and magnetic isolated sensor based on a planar resonance structure is proposed and verified. Several shorting pins are used to separate the electric and magnetic regions, which effectively reduces the measurement coupling between permittivity and permeability. These shorting pins form a magnetic cavity pins (MCP) structure. The resonance structure is used for permittivity measurement, and the MCP structure is designed for measuring permeability with enhanced sensitivity. Moreover, to further improve the quality factor, a metal patch and two 50 Ω chip resistors are integrated on the microstrip line. To extract the imaginary part, the quality factor calculated from S 21 will be used. By integrating these techniques, the sensor developed in this paper provides possibility of full characterization of MD materials with high sensitivity. Moreover, the magnetic cavity provides more space than the original design, allowing measurement in the Ultra-Wideband (UWB) range possible. Two sensors are designed and fabricated for validating the sensitivity and accuracy. Several materials with different permittivity and permeability are measured. The extracted measurement values show high agreement with the reference values. The permeability errors for real and imaginary parts are smaller than 3% and 4.5%, respectively. And the permittivity errors are smaller than 2.6% and 6.4%. • Fully characterize complex permittivity/permeability. • A magnetic cavity is used to reduce electromagnetic coupling. • Allowing measurement in the ultra-wideband range. • A rectangular patch is introduced to increase local field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Multi-step thermomechanical process achieves ultrafine grains. • Submicron dual precipitates at grain boundaries are effectively regulated. • High-Cr-bearing multicomponent alloys exhibit good ductility-strength balance. • Dislocation entanglement and L-C lock networks aid uniform deformation. • L1 2 particles at grain boundary inhibit rapid crack propagation. Precipitation strengthening is a crucial strategy for ensuring the overall performance of conventional and multicomponent alloys to meet industrial demands. However, the mechanical properties of high-Cr-bearing alloys are often compromised by brittle Cr-rich precipitates at grain boundaries (GBs), leading to severe embrittlement. In this work, a multi-step thermomechanical process is employed to regulate discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) and static recrystallization, achieving an ultrafine-grained microstructure. This optimized approach simultaneously impedes the continuous precipitation of the ordered L1 2 nanocrystals within the matrix and actively encourages the synergistic discontinuous precipitations of submicron L1 2 and Cr-rich σ particles at GBs, thereby enhancing (yield) strength and high-temperature thermal stability. The ultrafine grains facilitate uniform plastic deformation, characterized by pronounced parallel dislocation slip and stacking faults (SFs) within face-centered cubic (fcc) grains, while second-direction slips, SFs, and Lomer-Cottrell (L-C) lock networks near GB precipitates greatly alleviate stress concentration. Critically, the submicron L1 2 particles enveloping σ precipitates at GBs also display plastic deformation via mechanical twinning and dislocations, effectively impeding rapid crack propagation along GBs. This research not only provides new insights into the ductility-strength balance in advanced alloys but also proposes a compelling route for optimizing biphasic precipitation, expanding the applicability of high-Cr multicomponent alloys. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facile and efficient preparation of zeolitic materials with enhanced performance is highly desired due to their wide industrial applications in catalytic reactions. Herein, we demonstrate a rational and low-cost solid-state strategy to synthesize AEL -type zeotypes, i.e., AlPO 4 -11 and MgAlPO-11 (S-MgAlPO-11), by directly calcining amorphous precursors in open vessels at 300 °C for 30 min. The precursors were prepared via a conventional metal alkoxide mediated sol-gel method using ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (NH 4 H 2 PO 4) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([EMIm]Br) ionic liquid as the phosphorous source and organic template, respectively. The influence of synthesis parameters and distinct crystallization mechanisms are studied comprehensively using multiple characterization techniques, including XRD, SEM, FTIR, Raman, and Ar adsorption-desorption. Furthermore, hierarchically porous MgAlPO-11 (H-MgAlPO-11) can also be fabricated by adding an organosilane in the amorphous precursor. In hydroisomerization of n -hexadecane, the bifunctional Pt/S-MgAlPO-11 catalyst exhibits superior catalytic performance with a maximum isomer yield of 87.7%. This value can be further increased to 88.7% for the Pt/H-MgAlPO-11 catalyst, attributing to the improved diffusion properties to suppress side cracking reactions. [Display omitted] • AEL -type zeotypes were synthesized by calcining amorphous precursors at 300 °C for 30 min. • The precursors were prepared via a low-cost sol-gel method. • Hierarchical product can also be prepared by adding an organosilane in the precursor. • The Pt/MgAlPO-11 catalysts exhibit outstanding performance in n -hexadecane hydroisomerization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The higher temperature in the hot summer area will seriously damage the safety and comprehensive performance of the asphalt pavement, thus it must be cooled down quickly and orderly. At present, the cooling pavements are designed mainly based on engineering experience, and the quantitative relationship between design objective and variable is not constructed during the design process. In addition, it is difficult to determine whether the material distribution of cooling pavement is optimal. These limit the further improvement of the pavement cooling effect. In this study, the relationship between the design objective (minimum average temperature of upper layer) and design variable (thermal conductivity of pavement) of cooling pavement was built by numerical simulation, and the cooling pavement with the best cooling effect was obtained by topological optimization technology. The influence of the initial value and distribution of the thermal conductivity on the average temperature were explored during the design process. The thermal effect analysis and thermal resistance were used to determine cooling mechanism of optimized cooling pavement. The topology optimization results demonstrated that the minimum average temperature could be obtained when the initial value of the thermal conductivity gradually increased with the increase in pavement depth. The optimized cooling pavement showed good cooling effect at night. The thermal effect analysis results showed that the design of optimized cooling pavement reduced the net heat absorption and the heat transfer efficiency of the pavement, and increased the thermal resistance inside the pavement, thus achieving the pavement cooling. Compared with the ordinary asphalt pavement, the pavement surface temperature and interior temperature could be reduced by up to 9.18 °C and 13.29 °C, respectively. The maximum heat absorption, dissipation and net heat flux absorption of the optimized cooling pavement were decreased by 65.59 %, 63.87 % and 59.40 %, respectively. The reduction of the net heat flux absorption and heat release in the optimized cooling pavement are conducive to mitigating the high temperature rutting and the heat island effect at night, respectively. Finally, the indoor irradiation test was carried out to evaluate the cooling effect of optimized model. The temperatures of optimized group at 7 cm and surface were 5.29 °C and 2.5 °C lower than those of control group, respectively. The effectiveness of the topology optimization design for cooling pavement were verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dealing with low-light images is a challenging problem in the image processing field. A mature low-light enhancement technology will not only be conductive to human visual perception but also lay a solid foundation for the subsequent high-level tasks, such as target detection and image classification. In order to balance the visual effect of the image and the contribution of the subsequent task, this paper proposes utilizing shallow Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) as the priori image processing to restore the necessary image feature information, which is followed by super-pixel image segmentation to obtain image regions with similar colors and brightness and, finally, the Attentive Neural Processes (ANPs) network to find its local enhancement function on each super-pixel to further restore features and details. Through extensive experiments on the synthesized low-light image and the real low-light image, the experimental results of our algorithm reach 23.402, 0.920, and 2.2490 for Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Structural Similarity (SSIM), and Natural Image Quality Evaluator (NIQE), respectively. As demonstrated by the experiments on image Scale-Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) feature detection and subsequent target detection, the results of our approach achieve excellent results in visual effect and image features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Baculoviruses can induce climbing behaviour in their caterpillar hosts to ensure they die at elevated positions to enhance virus transmission, providing an excellent model to study parasitic manipulation of host behaviour. Here, we demonstrate that climbing behaviour occurred mostly during daylight hours, and that the height at death of Helicoverpa armigera single nucleopolyhedrovirus (HearNPV)‐infected larvae increases with the height of the light source. Phototaxic and electroretinogram (ERG) responses were enhanced after HearNPV‐infection in host larvae, and ablation of stemmata in infected larvae prevented both phototaxis and climbing behaviour. Through transcriptome and quantitative PCR, we confirmed that two opsin genes (a blue light‐sensitive gene, HaBL; and a long wave‐sensitive gene, HaLW) as well as the TRPL (transient receptor potential‐like channel protein) gene, all integral to the host's visual perception pathway, were significantly upregulated after HearNPV infection. Knockout of HaBL, HaLW, or TRPL genes using the CRISPR/Cas9 system resulted in significantly reduced ERG responses, phototaxis, and climbing behaviour in HearNPV‐infected larvae. These results reveal that HearNPV alters the expression of specific genes to hijack host visual perception at fundamental levels—photoreception and phototransduction—in order to induce climbing behaviour in host larvae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A single layer reflective array is designed to generate orbital angular momentum (OAM) beam at microwave frequency. The unit cell of this design is smile face shape distributed over a planar surface. Phase modulation can be realised by changing the size of each unit cell, with very low variation in reflection amplitude. By careful design, oblique incident can be obtained, reducing feed blockage to the output beam. The direction of the output beam can also be intendedly designed. In this work, the front output is chosen as a demonstrative example. In addition, the input beam can be either TE or TM wave, enable dual‐mode operation. Furthermore, it is flexible to design the topological mode of the output OAM. The smile array is developed by cutting slots on circular patch array to produce perturbation on TE and TM waves, so that the difference in TE and TM incidence is reduced. As an instance, the topological modes of l = (−2, −1, 1, 2) are simulated, and the mode l = 1 is fabricated and measured. Measurements are conducted for both near field and far field. The measured results show good agreement with the simulated ones, indicating that this dual mode design works satisfactorily when oblique feed is used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microfluidic devices for cell immobilization have significantly advanced the biological analysis at the single-cell level. However, the previous research on immobilization of multiple single cells, especially with deterministic quantities, is insufficient. In this paper, we proposed a novel microfluidic device based on the passive hydrodynamics and the uniform geometric design principle, which can array different numbers of cells in every capture cavity. The capture cavities could be stretched to accommodate more cells, and the trapping force was adjusted by modifying the related geometric parameters of the inside channel. The whole procedure was monitored and further automatized by integrating computer vision technology under a microscope. On the proposed integrated on-chip platform, we realized full-automated arraying of a single cell, two cells, and three cells on a single chip, achieving success rates up to 95%, 75%, and 72%, respectively. As a primary experimental demonstration, the cell viability test of arraying multiple cells with different quantities showed excellent biocompatibility and no significant association between trapping quantity and cell survivability. We envision that the proposed quantity-controllable, high-efficiency microfluidic devices for multiple cell arraying could be a powerful platform for an in-depth study of cell heterogeneity and cell communication between multiple cells. Note to Practitioners—This article is motivated by the biomedical applications of multi-cell arraying. The designed microfluidic devices employ passive hydrodynamics, and the capture cavities are stretched to accommodate different numbers of cells. The whole arraying procedures are automatized using computer vision technology. Simulations and experiments demonstrate the high efficiency, controllability of the cell quantity, and excellent biocompatibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Both stenosis rate and intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH) are important predictors of stroke risk. Simultaneous non-contrast angiography and intraplaque hemorrhage (SNAP) cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging can detect both stenosis rate and IPH. We aimed to evaluate consistency between SNAP and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) to assess symptomatic patients with stroke and explore the performance of SNAP to identify IPH and the clinical factors associated with IPH. Methods: Eighty-one symptomatic patients with stroke, admitted to Wuhan Union Hospital who underwent CMR high-resolution vessel wall imaging (HR-VWI) and SNAP, were retrospectively identified. For patients who received interventional therapy, the imaging functions of SNAP and HR-VWI were compared with DSA. The diameters of the intracranial and carotid vessels were measured, and stenotic vessels were identified. The consistency of SNAP and HR-VWI in identifying IPH was also examined, and the correlations between IPH and clinical factors were analyzed. Results: SNAP was more consistent with DSA than HR-VWI in measuring vascular stenosis (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]SNAP-DSA = 0.917, ICC HR-VWI-DSA = 0.878). Regarding the diameter measurements of each intracranial and carotid vessel segment, SNAP was superior or similar to HR-VWI, and both were consistent with DSA in the measurement of major intracranial vascular segments. HR-VWI and SNAP exhibited acceptable agreement in identifying IPH (Kappa = 0.839, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.704–0.974). Patients who underwent interventional therapy had a higher plaque burden (P < 0.001). Patients with IPH had lower levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) (P = 0.038) and higher levels of blood glucose (P = 0.007) and cystatin C (P = 0.040). Conclusions: CMR SNAP is consistent with DSA in measuring vessel diameters and identifying atherosclerosis stenosis in each intracranial and carotid vessel segment. SNAP is also a potential alternative to HR-VWI in identifying stenosis and IPH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Both stenosis rate and intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH) are important predictors of stroke risk. Simultaneous non-contrast angiography and intraplaque hemorrhage (SNAP) cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging can detect both stenosis rate and IPH. We aimed to evaluate consistency between SNAP and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) to assess symptomatic patients with stroke and explore the performance of SNAP to identify IPH and the clinical factors associated with IPH. Methods: Eighty-one symptomatic patients with stroke, admitted to Wuhan Union Hospital who underwent CMR high-resolution vessel wall imaging (HR-VWI) and SNAP, were retrospectively identified. For patients who received interventional therapy, the imaging functions of SNAP and HR-VWI were compared with DSA. The diameters of the intracranial and carotid vessels were measured, and stenotic vessels were identified. The consistency of SNAP and HR-VWI in identifying IPH was also examined, and the correlations between IPH and clinical factors were analyzed. Results: SNAP was more consistent with DSA than HR-VWI in measuring vascular stenosis (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]SNAP-DSA = 0.917, ICC HR-VWI-DSA = 0.878). Regarding the diameter measurements of each intracranial and carotid vessel segment, SNAP was superior or similar to HR-VWI, and both were consistent with DSA in the measurement of major intracranial vascular segments. HR-VWI and SNAP exhibited acceptable agreement in identifying IPH (Kappa = 0.839, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.704–0.974). Patients who underwent interventional therapy had a higher plaque burden (P < 0.001). Patients with IPH had lower levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) (P = 0.038) and higher levels of blood glucose (P = 0.007) and cystatin C (P = 0.040). Conclusions: CMR SNAP is consistent with DSA in measuring vessel diameters and identifying atherosclerosis stenosis in each intracranial and carotid vessel segment. SNAP is also a potential alternative to HR-VWI in identifying stenosis and IPH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Crystalline carbon nitride is regarded as the new generation of emerging metal-free photocatalysts as opposed to polymeric carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4) because of its high crystalline structure and ultrahigh photocatalytic water splitting performance. However, further advances in crystalline g-C 3 N 4 are significantly restricted by the sluggish separation of charge carriers and limited active sites. In this study, we demonstrate the successful synthesis of heptazine-triazine donor–acceptor-based ultrathin crystalline g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets (UCCN) using a combined hot air exfoliation and molten salt (NaCl/KCl) copolymerization approach. The synergy of the donor–acceptor heterojunction and the ultrathin structure greatly accelerated the separation of the charge carriers and enriched the active sites. Accordingly, the superior hydrogen evolution activity and an ultrahigh apparent quantum efficiency of 73.6% at 420 nm under a natural photosynthetic environment were achieved by UCCN, positioning this material at the top among reported conjugated g-C 3 N 4 materials. This study provides a novel paradigm for the development of donor–acceptor-based ultrathin crystalline layered materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel Au/g-C 3 N 4 /ZnIn 2 S 4 plasma photocatalyst heterojunction composite with 3D hierarchical microarchitecture has been successfully constructed by integrating Au/g-C 3 N 4 plasmonic photocatalyst composite with 3D ZnIn 2 S 4 nanosheet through a simple hydrothermal process. The Au nanoparticles were firstly anchored on the surface of pristine g-C 3 N 4 material to get Au/g-C 3 N 4 plasmonic photocatalyst. Ascribing to the surface plasmon resonance of Au nanoparticles, the obtained Au/g-C 3 N 4 plasmonic photocatalyst shows a significant improved photocatalytic activity toward hydrogen production from water with visible light response comparing with pristine g-C 3 N 4. Further combining Au/g-C 3 N 4 plasmonic photocatalyst with 3D ZnIn 2 S 4 nanosheet to construct a heterojunction composite. Owing to the synergistic effect of the surface plasmon resonance of Au nanoparticles in Au/g-C 3 N 4 and the heterojunction structure in the interface of Au/g-C 3 N 4 and ZnIn 2 S 4 , the prepared Au/g-C 3 N 4 /ZnIn 2 S 4 plasma photocatalyst heterojunction composite shows an excellent photocatalytic activity toward hydrogen production from water with visible light response, which is around 7.0 and 6.3 times higher than that of the pristine C 3 N 4 and Znln 2 S 4 nanosheet, respectively. The present work might provide some insights for exploring other efficient heterojunction photocatalysts with excellent properties. [Display omitted] • A series of Au/g-C 3 N 4 /ZnIn 2 S 4 plasma photocatalyst heterojunction composites were prepared by a hydrothermal process. • Ascribing to SPR effect and heterojunction, the Au/g-C 3 N 4 /ZnIn 2 S 4 composite shows an excellent photocatalytic activity. • The photocatalytic mechanism of Au/g-C 3 N 4 /ZnIn 2 S 4 composite has been tentatively proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a series of few-layered WS 2 nanosheets were fabricated through an ultrasonic stripping method assisted by a hydrothermal process, then the WS 2 /CdLa 2 S 4 composites were prepared by growing CdLa 2 S 4 nanocrystallines in situ on the surface of few-layered WS 2 nanosheets through an ultrasonic stripping method followed by a hydrothermal process. Investigation shows that the prepared WS 2 /CdLa 2 S 4 composite shows an excellent photocatalytic activity toward hydrogen evolution from water with visible light response. The optimized content of few-layer of WS 2 nanosheet was estimated to be around 5 wt% of CdLa 2 S 4 nanocrystalline and the corresponding hydrogen evolution rate is about 6 times higher than that of single phase of CdLa 2 S 4 nanocrystalline. Furthermore, the WS 2 /CdLa 2 S 4 composites still keep high photocatalytic activity after 4 times circles. Combining few-layered WS 2 nanosheets as a co-catalyst with CdLa 2 S 4 nanocrystallines not only facilitate the efficient separation of photogenerated carriers, but also promote more active sites for hydrogen evolution. Considering its excellent photocatalytic activity toward H 2 evolution with visible light response and photochemistry stability, the obtained WS 2 /CaLa 2 S 4 composite photocatalyst has promising application for practical photocatalytic H 2 production from H 2 O drived by solar energy. [Display omitted] • A series of FL-WS 2 /CaLa 2 S 4 heterojunction composites were prepared by a hydrothermal process. • Few-layered WS 2 nanosheets facilitate the efficient charge separation and promote more active sites for H 2 evolution. • The FL-WS 2 /CdLa 2 S 4 composites shows an excellent photocatalytic activity toward H 2 evolution. • The photocatalytic mechanism of FL-WS 2 /CdLa 2 S 4 composite has been tentatively proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macular edema is the accumulation of fluid leakage from retinal capillaries. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) images can show changes in the retinal tissue caused by ophthalmological diseases, such as fluid accumulation. Therefore, the segmentation of retinal fluid is important. Some methods based on image processing and machine learning often require large amounts of labeled data and rich domain knowledge. This study proposes a self‐ensembling semi‐supervised model based on uncertainty guidance, namely, UGNet. The model is trained end‐to‐end with a few labeled data and plenty of unlabeled data, and contains a teacher model and a student model with the same architecture. The two models consist of an encoder and three decoders, which are used to predict the probability map, contour map, and distance map. The segmentation result is the fusion result of the three maps generated by the student model. The selective kernel module (SKM) is embedded in the decoder to make the model adaptively adjust the receptive field according to the size of the fluid. The uncertainty of teacher model evaluation guides the student model to learn more reliable knowledge. The proposed method is trained and evaluated on the RETOUCH challenge dataset. The experimental results show that our method achieves better segmentation results than other start‐of‐the‐art methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transport and deposition of colloids in porous media are common phenomena in nature and industry. In this study, a pore network model (PNM) was used to model the geometry, flow field, and colloidal mass transfer of porous media. The finite element method (FEM) was utilized to establish a database of the contact efficiency η t of the pore-scale collectors, and a random forest model (RFM) was trained. Reasonable prediction of η t shows that the developed RFM greatly improves the computational efficiency and frees users from repeated numerical simulations. The effects of the colloidal size and seepage velocity on colloidal transport and the surface deposition behavior were studied, the η t distribution in the PNM was determined, and breakthrough and retention curves were calculated. The results show that the η t distribution width and mean value increase with the increase in the colloidal particle size and decrease with the increase in the seepage velocity in the range of colloidal particle sizes and seepage velocities considered in this paper. The peak concentration of the breakthrough curve decreases with increasing colloidal particle size and increases with increasing seepage velocity. Surface deposition produces exponential or uniformly shaped retention curves, with retention concentrations increasing with increasing colloidal particle size and decreasing with increasing seepage velocity. The evolution analysis of the retention curve revealed notable detachment and reattachment effects of the colloids in porous media. The results of this study have potential applications in various fields such as environmental remediation, groundwater management, and filtration technology optimization. [Display omitted] • Pore network model for precise colloidal study in porous media's geometry and flow. • Enhanced efficiency: Random forest predicts collector contact (η t) 2000x faster than standard simulations. • Impact of particle size and velocity on colloidal transport behavior: Insights into deposition processes. • Retention curve analysis unveils colloid detachment and reattachment effects, revealing key behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]