Search

Artificial intelligence has been integrated into all aspects of people's daily lives with the continuous development of machine learning,especially in the deep learning area.Machine learning models are deployed in various applications,enhancing the intelligence of traditional applications.However,in recent years,research has pointed out that personal data used to train machine learning models is vulnerable to the risk of privacy disclosure.Membership inference attacks(MIAs) are significant attacks against the machine learning model that threatens users' privacy.MIA aims to judge whether user data samples are used to train the target model.When the data is closely related to the individual,such as in medical,financial,and other fields,it directly interferes with the user's private information.This paper first introduces the background knowledge of membership inference attacks.Then,we classify the existing MIAs according to whether the attacker has a shadow model.We also summarize the threats of MIAs in different fields.Also,this paper points out the defense means against MIAs.The existing defense mechanisms are classified and summarized according to the strategies for preventing model overfitting,model-based compression,and disturbance.Finally,this paper analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of the current MIAs and defense mechanisms and proposes possible research directions for future MIAs.

Purpose: A meta-analysis of available studies was used to test the association between two DNA repair genes and age-related cataract. Materials and Methods: A systematic search of the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, EMBASE and PubMed databases identified six studies that were analyzed. Meta-analysis was used to evaluate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of the DNA repair gene xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group D (XPD) (Lys751Gln) and the X-ray repair cross-complementing gene 1 (XRCC1) (Arg399Gln). Only articles published before June 6, 2014, were included. The quality of the studies was determined using Newcastle-Ottawa Scale tools. The summary odds ratio (OR) and corresponding confidence interval (CI) for XPD Lys751Gln and XRCC1 Arg399Gln polymorphisms and risk of age-related cataract were estimated by random and fixed-effects models. Sensitivity analysis was employed to determine the robustness of the conclusions. Results: Six studies, with a total of 1518 patients with cataractous lenses and 1437 subjects with clear lenses, were included in the meta-analysis. XRCC1 Arg399Gln polymorphisms were associated with cataract risk (recessive model: ORfixed = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.67-0.93; dominant model: ORfixed = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.64-1.11; additive model: ORfixed = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.72-0.92). Analysis of Chinese, but not non-Chinese subgroups, confirmed this association. The OR of XPD Lys751Gln polymorphisms for cataract was not significant. The associations remained significant after sensitivity analysis. Conclusions: This meta-analysis indicates that XRCC1 Arg399Gln polymorphisms, but not XPD Lys751Gln polymorphisms, are associated with risk of age-related cataract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the effects of silencing miRNA378 * on apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress and calumenin of cardiomyocyte with coxsackie virus B3 (CVB3) infection., Methods: Primary cultured suckling mouse myocardium were divided into control group (normal cell), coxsackie virus infection group (normal cell and coxsackie virus B3), miRNA378 * control group (normal cell +coxsackie virus B3+miRNA378 * empty plasmid), miRNA378 * silencing plasmid group(normal cells + coxsackie virus B3 + miRNA378 * silencing plasmid). Four groups of cells were transfected, infected and treated in CO 2 incubator at 37℃. The α-SMA protein, cell apoptosis rate, calumenin, glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78), activation transcription factor 6(ATF6) and transcription factors c/ebp homologue protein (CHOP) in endoplasmic reticulum were analyzed., Results: By detecting α-SMA protein, the isolated suckling mouse ventricular myocardium were confirmed. TUNEL detection of different groups of ventricular cell apoptosis found that coxsackie virus group of ventricular myocytes apoptosis was significant. Compared with the coxsackie virus infection group of myocardial cells, miRNA378 * silencing plasmid expression of cardiomyocyte apoptosis cells significantly reduced( P <0.01). The expressions of GRP78, ATF6 and CHOP were increased compared with those infected by Coxsackie virus infection ( P <0.01), while the expressions of calumenin were decreased ( P <0.01)., Conclusions: CVB3 infected myocardial cells effected miRNA378 * expression. It can trigger endoplasmic reticulum stress and activates signaling pathway factor and increase myocardial cell apoptosis.>.

Objective: To investigate the relationship between oxidative stress and myocardial apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, apoptosis-inducing factors in the process of by researching the effect of oxidative stress on myocardial apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis factor--chop, bax, bcl-2 in suckling mouse atria myocardium., Methods: The primary cultured suckling mouse myocardium were randomly divided into control group and oxidative stress group. Firstly, the suckling mouse atria cardiomyocytes were treated with H 2 O 2 at the concentration of 100 m μ mol/L for 2 hours. Then, the index of oxidative stress and anti-oxidative stress superoxide dismutase (SOD), the con-tents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) of this two groups were detected by ELISA. Myocardial apoptosis of the two groups was detected by TUNEL. The expressions of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94), C/EBP homolo-gous protein (chop), Bcl-2 associated X protein (bax), B-cell leukemia 2 protein (bcl-2) mRNA were detected by real time PCR., Results: Compared with the control group, the viability of SOD and the contents of MDA in oxidative stress group were reduced, the contents of MDA was increased ( P < 0.01). Compared with the control group, the expression of myocardial apoptosis in oxidative stress group was increased( P < 0.01); the expressions of GRP78, GRP94, chop and bax mRNA were increased, while the expression of bcl-2 mRNA was reduced in ox-idative stress group., Conclusions: Oxidative stress may induce the endoplasmic reticulum stress, activate the expressions of apoptosis factors, and finally increase the myocardial apoptosis of atria cardiomyocytes. This may connected to the incident of atrial fibrillation.

High hydrogenated silicon-rich silicon nitride(SiNx∶H)thin films are deposited on the glass and monocrystalline silicon(110) substrates by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition using SiH4 and H2 as the main reaction gas with doping the N2. The ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum, Fourier transform infrared absorption spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectrum are applied to characterize the changes of the band gap, the microstructure and related photoluminescence properties of the nitrogen-doped silicon film. It shows that hydrogen atoms can suppress the defects in the film and make film present silicon-rich under the low SiH4/H2 flow ratio, but they are not beneficial to the formation of silicon clusters in a hydrogen atmosphere. With the incorporation of nitrogen atoms, all the content of Si-N bonds, band gap and the degree of disorder in the microstructure of the films increase, films produce light emission related to the defect states. While the content of doped nitrogen atoms are further increased, it appears the band tail emission. Then the relationships between several light emissions and microstructure to be discussed. These results are useful for the optimization of light emission and microstructure for the silicon-rich silicon nitride film material prepared by PECVD.

Objective: To assess the long-term effect and safety of non-occlusive intra-vas device (IVD) for male contraception in comparison with no-scalpel vasectomy (NSV)., Methods: We conducted a follow-up investigation on 100 males who had received IVD and another 50 who had undergone NSV 6 years before. We compared the rates of sperm absence and complications between the two groups., Results: Follow-up visits were successfully performed on 95 males (95%) of the IVD group and 44 (88%) of the NSV group. Pregnancy was not found in any of the cases. Spermatozoa (> or = 5 x 10(6)/ml) were not detected in 87 cases (91.58%) in the IVD group and in 44 cases (95.45%) in the NSV group, with no significant differences between the two groups (P > 0.05). The rate of postoperative complications in the IVD group (11.58%) showed no significant difference from that of the NSV group (4.55%) (P > 0.05)., Conclusion: IVD is as effective and safe as NSV for male contraception.

Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of intralesional radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of periorbital syringomas., Methods: We tried the intralesional radiofrequency ablation for 64 patients with periorbital syringomas from 2007 to 2011. The operation was performed under 2.5 loupe magnifications. The handpiece was assembled with a needle electrode and connected to the radiofrequency ablation apparatus. The electrode was then inserted into the target lesions in dermis and delivering injury to the base of these tumors. Results were assessed clinically by comparing pre- and post-treatment photographs and patient satisfaction rates., Results: Clinical improvement increased with each subsequent treatment session. The percent of patients whose clinic improvement grade were≥3 after each session was respectively 71.9%(Session1), 83.3%(Session2), and 100%(Session3). The statistical results indicated the concordance of the clinical assessment and the satisfaction level of patients (kappa=0.78 of the session1; kappa=0.82 of the session2). The majority of patients had good or excellent cosmetic results. Postoperatively, there were no permanent side effects or recurrences., Conclusion: As a new technique of minimally invasion, the intralesional radiofrequency ablation was found to be an effective, inexpensive, highly precise and safe way of treating periorbital syringomas.

Purpose: To investigate the efficacies of different concentrations of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in preventing hyperoxia-induced lens opacification and changes to biochemical parameters in organ-cultured rabbit lenses., Methods: Thirty-six lenses from adult rabbits were divided into the control group (group A), the hyperoxia-exposed group (group B), and the hyperoxia-exposed, NAC-treated groups: 5 mM NAC (group C), 10 mM NAC (group D), 20 mM NAC (group E), and 40 mM NAC (group F). Groups B-F were incubated with hyperoxia (pO(2)>80%) for 4 h per day for 7 d. Lens transparency, histology, and enzymatic activities were measured after incubation., Results: Gross examination of these lenses revealed some severe cortical opacification in group B, and moderate cortical opacification in the lenses of groups C and D. There was minimal cortical opacification in groups A, E, and F. The activities of Na, K-ATPase, and catalase were significantly (p<0.05) lower in group B (38.2%) than in group A (39.9%). It was also lower in group E and F lenses (p<0.05), which had higher levels of NAC-protected enzymes. The glutathione and water-soluble protein content were significantly lower in group B lenses than in group A, E, or F lenses (p<0.05). However, there was no difference between group E and F lenses (p>0.05)., Conclusions: The present data suggests that NAC (20 mM-40 mM) significantly prevented experimental lenses' hyperoxia-induced cortical opacification, indicating NAC's potential role in protecting lenses against cataracts induced by high oxygen levels.