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ObjectiveTo study the effects of different heat treatments on milk digestion in vitro.MethodsThe dynamic human stomach-intestine Ⅳ+ was used to analyze the pH change， protein digestibility， gastric emptying and peptide distribution of four different heat-treated milk products： raw milk， pasteurized milk， ultra-high-temperature sterilized （UHT） milk and direct steam infusion （INF） milk.ResultsThe pH change trends of raw milk and pasteurized milk in the stomach were very similar. Pasteurized milk took the shortest time to digest into a near-fasting state in the stomach. The protein digestibility of pasteurized milk was also the highest， whereas that of UHT milk was significantly lower than the other three samples. The molecular weight of peptides generated by the four kinds of milk after in vitro gastric digestion was below 5 000 u. After in vitro gastrointestinal digestion， the molecular weight of the peptides reached below 1 000 u， which is easy for digestion and absorption by the human body. Pasteurized milk and INF milk have advantages in protein digestibility and the molecular weight analysis of peptides of their digestion products. However， the general trend was the same without significant differences： they were both superior to UHT milk.ConclusionThe in vitro digestion profiles of INF milk and pasteurized milk were the same， which were better than those of UHT milk， providing consumers with a new choice for dairy products.

Corn peptide-iron chelates serve a dual purpose, enhancing the utilization of corn peptides while also offering a novel approach for the development of iron supplements. To examine the structural properties and thermal stability of corn peptide-iron chelates, samples of this compound were prepared from corn peptides and ferrous chloride. Following ultraviolet spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis, the binding sites of the identified corn peptide fragments and ferrous ions were simulated by molecular docking. The stability of the corn peptide-iron chelate was observed at different temperatures and pH values, as well as under different in vitro digestion conditions. The results showed that the ultraviolet absorption peak changed. More specifically, the characteristic absorption peak shifted from 274.99 nm to 275.01 nm. Moreover, the corn peptide and corn peptide-iron chelate were compared and found to differ in a number of their properties. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed residual rates of 34.94% and 18.74% for corn chelate and peptide, respectively, while thermal stability of the corn peptide-iron chelate was found to be significantly higher that of the corn peptide. The binding energy levels of FSAASYPDLIDALP and LQQRQQLLNPL with Fe2+ were -50.50 and -48.61 kJ/mol, respectively, and the amino group of Asp8 (aspartic acid) was found to provide the ligand site. In addition, Pro7 (proline), Ser5 (serine), Tyr6 (tyrosine), and Leu7 (leucine) were found to bind to the ferrous ions to form hydrophobic interactions. The relative molecular masses were mostly below 1 000 u under the action of different temperatures. In addition, small peptides were more easily chelated and absorbed, and were stable under relatively alkaline conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twin support vector machine (TWSVM) is an efficient binary classification algorithm based on support vector machine (SVM). Since most of the problems in reality are multi-classified, it is very important to extend binary classification twin support vector machine to multi-classification twin support vector machine (MTWSVM). At present, the commonly used MTWSVM is generally based on the “one-versus-one” strategy, but each sub-classifier uses the same penalty parameters and core parameters, ignoring the differences between different sub-classifiers, so it cannot play its best role. This paper proposes a multi-classification twin support vector machine based on mixed parameters (MP-MTWSVM). This algorithm selects appropriate parameters for different sub-classifiers, maintaining the diversity of classifiers, then constructing MTWSVM in terms of the “one-versus-one” strategy. TWSVM faces the problem that its parameters are difficult to be appointed, and MP-MTWSVM algorithm introduces a large number of parameters. This paper optimizes the parameters of MP-MTWSVM by using grey wolf optimizer algorithm (GWO), and further proposes a mixed parameter multi-classification twin support vector machine based on grey wolf optimizer (GWO-MP-MTWSVM). Experiments show that GWO can quickly find the optimal parameters of sub-classifiers and further improve the accuracy of the algorithm.

Abstract Background An accurate diagnosis for high-suspicion nodules based on the 2015 American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines would reduce unnecessary invasive examinations. Elastography is a useful tool for discriminating benign and malignant thyroid nodules. The aim of this study is to investigate the diagnostic efficiency of elastography for high-suspicion thyroid nodules based on the 2015 ATA guidelines in the Chinese population. Methods Thyroid nodules with high-suspicion characteristics based on the 2015 ATA guidelines were subjected to conventional ultrasound (US) and ultrasound strain elastography (USE) examinations at 12 hospitals from 4 geographic regions across China. Cytology/histology of thyroid nodules was used as a reference method. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the elasticity score (ES) and strain ratio (SR). Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the predictors of malignancy. Results Overall, a total of 1445 thyroid nodules (834 malignant, 611 benign) from 12 centers were included in the final analysis. The areas under the curve of the ES and SR were 0.828 and 0.732, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of the ES were 92.4, 60.7, 79.0, 76.3 and 85.5%, respectively, and those of the SR were 81.1, 50.1, 68.9, 65.9 and 67.9%, respectively. The combination of the Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS) and ES led to a significant increase in the sensitivity and NPV (97.1 and 91.9%, respectively) compared with the TI-RADS alone. Logistic regression analysis showed that microcalcifications (OR = 5.290), taller than wide (OR = 12.710), irregular margins (OR = 10.117), extrathyroidal extension (ETE; OR = 6.412), the ES (OR = 3.741) and the SR (OR = 1.083) were independent predictors of malignant thyroid nodules. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, PPV and NPV of the ES were all superior in nodules ≥1 cm than in those

Introduction: Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) with autoreactivity is often resistant to antihistamines. Autologous whole blood injection (AWBI) has shown potential efficacy in the treatment of this disease, but it is controversial. It is necessary to screen patients who are suitable for this therapy in advance. This study aimed to identify biomarkers that predict the efficacy of AWBI treatment in CSU patients with autoreactivity. Methods: A total of 30 patients with autologous serum skin test-positive CSU treated with AWBI were included in this study; urticaria activity score (UAS7) was recorded and the treatment response was judged based on it. Levels of total serum IgE, anti-high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) IgG, and basophils CD63 and FcεRI expressions, and D-dimer of all patients were determined and analyzed. Results: Baseline levels of total IgE, D-dimer, basophil FcεRI and CD63 expressions showed good correlations with UAS7 variations. D-dimer, basophil FcεRI and CD63 expressions changed significantly before and after AWBI treatment in AWBI responders, and the basophil FcεRI and CD63 expressions consistently and dynamically decreased in AWBI responders during the treatment. Baseline levels of total IgE, D-dimer, basophil FcεRI and CD63 expressions showed certain predictive values for AWBI response. Conclusions: Baseline levels of total IgE, D-dimer, basophil FcεRI and CD63 expressions could be biomarkers of predicting AWBI efficacy in patients with CSU with autoreactivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]