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C12H12N2O8Co, orthorhombic, Pbca (no. 61), a = 11.4542(10) Å, b = 9.2421(8) Å, c = 25.501(2) Å, V = 2699.6(4) Å3, Z = 2, Rgt (F) = 0.0342, wRref (F2) = 0.0888, T = 296 K.

In this study, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate was used as a stabilizer, and NaOH, TBHP, and benzoyl chloride were used as reactants in the preparation of tert–butyl peroxybenzoate (TBPB) using a two–step process. The process conditions were optimized by a three–factor, three–level Box–Behnken design approach. The results showed that the yield of TBPB achieved 88.93% under the optimum conditions of temperature of 31.50 °C, feeding time of 22.00 min, and NaOH concentration of 15%. The exothermic properties of the synthesis of TBPB were investigated using reaction calorimetry. The thermal decomposition characteristics of reactants and products were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC), and the changes in substance types, characteristic peaks, and exothermic quantities during the reaction were analyzed before and after the reaction by FTIR. The reaction mechanism was proposed by combining EasyMax 102, RC1e, gas chromatography (GC), and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR). A comprehensive study of the reaction mechanism and reaction exotherm was carried out using density functional theory (DFT) to predict the reaction energy change and the direction of the reaction and to determine whether the reaction was reversible or not. The risk level for the synthesis of TBPB in semi–batch mode was evaluated using a risk matrix and the Stoessel criticality diagram. The optimal conditions for the TBPB synthesis process in a plate microreactor were explored. Both microreactors and semi–batch modes were comparatively analyzed using the m–ITHI quantitative assessment method. The results indicated a hazard class 2 in semi–batch mode and a hazard class 1 in the microreactor. The results of the study may provide a reference for the further improvement of the intrinsically safe design of the synthetic TBPB process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our study investigates the genetic mechanisms underlying the spotted leaf phenotype in rice, focusing on the spl43 mutant. This mutant is characterized by persistent reddish-brown leaf spots from the seedling stage to maturity, leading to extensive leaf necrosis. Using map-based cloning, we localized the responsible locus to a 330 Kb region on chromosome 2. We identified LOC_Os02g56000, named OsRPT5A, as the causative gene. A point mutation in OsRPT5A, substituting valine for glutamic acid, was identified as the critical factor for the phenotype. Functional complementation and the generation of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout lines in the IR64 background confirmed the central role of OsRPT5A in controlling this trait. The qPCR results from different parts of the rice plant revealed that OsRPT5A is constitutively expressed across various tissues, with its subcellular localization unaffected by the mutation. Notably, we observed an abnormal accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in spl43 mutants by examining the physiological indexes of leaves, suggesting a disruption in the ROS system. Complementation studies indicated OsRPT5A's involvement in ROS homeostasis and catalase activity regulation. Moreover, the spl43 mutant exhibited enhanced resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), highlighting OsRPT5A's role in rice pathogen resistance mechanisms. Overall, our results suggest that OsRPT5A plays a critical role in regulating ROS homeostasis and enhancing pathogen resistance in rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land use profoundly impacts the sustainable development of the ecological environment. Optimizing land use patterns is a vital approach to mitigate climate change and achieve carbon neutrality. Using Shandong Province as a case study, this research evaluates the impacts of land use and land cover change (LUCC) on regional carbon storage and emissions. Employing a coupled PLUS–InVEST–GM(1,1) model, simulations were conducted for scenarios including the natural scenario (NS), cropland protection scenario (CPS), high-speed development scenario (HDS), and low-carbon scenario (LCS), to assess LUCC and changes in carbon storage and emissions from 2030 to 2060 under these scenarios. The findings indicate that due to the expansion of construction land and significant declines in arable and grassland areas, carbon emissions increased by 40,436.44 × 104 t over a 20-year period, while carbon storage decreased by 4881.13 × 104 t. Notably, forests contributed the most to carbon sequestration, while construction land emerged as the primary source of carbon emissions. Simulating four scenarios demonstrates that measures such as protecting cropland, expanding forest, grassland, and aquatic areas, controlling construction land expansion, and promoting intensive development positively affect emission reductions and carbon sequestration in Shandong. These findings underscore the importance of rational planning of land use patterns, which can enhance contributions to carbon neutrality by harmonizing the relationships among cropland protection, ecological conservation, and economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]