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7. Restart-Based Security Mechanisms for Safety-Critical Embedded Systems

Author

Abdi, Fardin, Chen, Chien-Ying, Hasan, Monowar, Liu, Songran, Mohan, Sibin, and Caccamo, Marco

Subjects
Computer Science - Cryptography and Security
Abstract

Many physical plants that are controlled by embedded systems have safety requirements that need to be respected at all times - any deviations from expected behavior can result in damage to the system (often to the physical plant), the environment or even endanger human life. In recent times, malicious attacks against such systems have increased - many with the intent to cause physical damage. In this paper, we aim to decouple the safety of the plant from security of the embedded system by taking advantage of the inherent inertia in such systems. In this paper we present a system-wide restart-based framework that combines hardware and software components to (a) maintain the system within the safety region and (b) thwart potential attackers from destabilizing the system. We demonstrate the feasibility of our approach using two realistic systems - an actual 3 degree of freedom (3-DoF) helicopter and a simulated warehouse temperature control unit. Our proof-of-concept implementation is tested against multiple emulated attacks on the control units of these systems.

Published
2017

8. Learning Analytics Data Flow and Visualizing for Ubiquitous Learning Logs in LMS and Learning Analytics Dashboard

Author

Liu, Songran, Mouri, Kousuke, Ogata, Hiroaki, Goos, Gerhard, Founding Editor, Hartmanis, Juris, Founding Editor, Bertino, Elisa, Editorial Board Member, Gao, Wen, Editorial Board Member, Steffen, Bernhard, Editorial Board Member, Woeginger, Gerhard, Editorial Board Member, Yung, Moti, Editorial Board Member, Streitz, Norbert, editor, and Konomi, Shin'ichi, editor

Published
2020
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9. EDF-VD Scheduling of Mixed-Criticality Systems with Degraded Quality Guarantees

Author

Liu, Di, Spasic, Jelena, Chen, Gang, Guan, Nan, Liu, Songran, Stefanov, Todor, and Yi, Wang

Subjects
Computer Science - Other Computer Science
Abstract

This paper studies real-time scheduling of mixed-criticality systems where low-criticality tasks are still guaranteed some service in the high-criticality mode, with reduced execution budgets. First, we present a utilization-based schedulability test for such systems under EDF-VD scheduling. Second, we quantify the suboptimality of EDF-VD (with our test condition) in terms of speedup factors. In general, the speedup factor is a function with respect to the ratio between the amount of resource required by different types of tasks in different criticality modes, and reaches 4/3 in the worst case. Furthermore, we show that the proposed utilization-based schedulability test and speedup factor results apply to the elastic mixed-criticality model as well. Experiments show effectiveness of our proposed method and confirm the theoretical suboptimality results.

Published
2016
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10. RTeX: An Efficient and Timing-Predictable Multithreaded Executor for ROS 2

Author

Liu, Songran, Jiang, Xu, Guan, Nan, Wang, Zilong, Yu, Minghe, and Yi, Wang

Abstract

Robot operating system (ROS) is a widely used robotic software development framework. In safety-critical applications that require timing guarantees, the first generation of ROS falls short. The introduction of ROS 2 has addressed some of these limitations, but its multithreaded executor still struggles to meet real-time requirements. To address this issue, we design a new multithreaded executor called RTeX for ROS 2. The goal of RTeX is to improve system performance in terms of both run-time efficiency and timing predictability. We have implemented RTeX in the latest version of ROS 2 and conducted experiments on a real platform. The experimental results demonstrate that RTeX outperforms both the default ROS 2 multithreaded executor and its state-of-the-art variant, achieving significant real-time performance improvements.

Published
2024
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11. The Information Infrastructure for Analyzing and Visualizing Learning Logs in Ubiquitous Learning Environments

Author

Liu, Songran, Mouri, Kousuke, Ogata, Hiroaki, Hutchison, David, Editorial Board Member, Kanade, Takeo, Editorial Board Member, Kittler, Josef, Editorial Board Member, Kleinberg, Jon M., Editorial Board Member, Mattern, Friedemann, Editorial Board Member, Mitchell, John C., Editorial Board Member, Naor, Moni, Editorial Board Member, Pandu Rangan, C., Editorial Board Member, Steffen, Bernhard, Editorial Board Member, Terzopoulos, Demetri, Editorial Board Member, Tygar, Doug, Editorial Board Member, Goos, Gerhard, Founding Editor, Hartmanis, Juris, Founding Editor, Streitz, Norbert, editor, and Konomi, Shin’ichi, editor

Published
2019
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22. Patlak-Ki derived from ultra-high sensitivity dynamic total body [18F]FDG PET/CT correlates with the response to induction immuno-chemotherapy in locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients.

Author

Wang, DaQuan, Qiu, Bo, Liu, QianWen, Xia, LiangPing, Liu, SongRan, Zheng, ChaoJie, Liu, Hui, Mo, YiWen, Zhang, Xu, Hu, YingYing, Zheng, ShiYang, Zhou, Yin, Fu, Jia, Chen, NaiBin, Liu, FangJie, Zhou, Rui, Guo, JinYu, and Fan, Wei

Subjects
NON-small-cell lung carcinoma, URODYNAMICS, NUCLEOTIDE sequencing, CANCER patients, MANN Whitney U Test, INDUCED labor (Obstetrics)
Abstract

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the predictive value of metabolic features in response to induction immuno-chemotherapy in patients with locally advanced non-small cell cancer (LA-NSCLC), using ultra-high sensitivity dynamic total body [18F]FDG PET/CT. Methods: The study analyzed LA-NSCLC patients who received two cycles of induction immuno-chemotherapy and underwent a 60-min dynamic total body [18F]FDG PET/CT scan before treatment. The primary tumors (PTs) were manually delineated, and their metabolic features, including the Patlak-Ki, Patlak-Intercept, maximum SUV (SUVmax), metabolic tumor volume (MTV) and total lesion glycolysis (TLG) were evaluated. The overall response rate (ORR) to induction immuno-chemotherapy was evaluated according to RECIST 1.1 criteria. The Patlak-Ki of PTs was calculated from the 20–60 min frames using the Patlak graphical analysis. The best feature was selected using Laplacian feature importance scores, and an unsupervised K-Means method was applied to cluster patients. ROC curve was used to examine the effect of selected metabolic feature in predicting tumor response to treatment. The targeted next generation sequencing on 1021 genes was conducted. The expressions of CD68, CD86, CD163, CD206, CD33, CD34, Ki67 and VEGFA were assayed through immunohistochemistry. The independent samples t test and the Mann–Whitney U test were applied in the intergroup comparison. Statistical significance was considered at P < 0.05. Results: Thirty-seven LA-NSCLC patients were analyzed between September 2020 and November 2021. All patients received two cycles of induction chemotherapy combined with Nivolumab/ Camrelizumab. The Laplacian scores showed that the Patlak-Ki of PTs had the highest importance for patient clustering, and the unsupervised K-Means derived decision boundary of Patlak-Ki was 2.779 ml/min/100 g. Patients were categorized into two groups based on their Patlak-Ki values: high FDG Patlak-Ki (H-FDG-Ki, Patlak-Ki > 2.779 ml/min/100 g) group (n = 23) and low FDG Patlak-Ki (L-FDG-Ki, Patlak-Ki ≤ 2.779 ml/min/100 g) group (n = 14). The ORR to induction immuno-chemotherapy was 67.6% (25/37) in the whole cohort, with 87% (20/23) in H-FDG-Ki group and 35.7% (5/14) in L-FDG-Ki group (P = 0.001). The sensitivity and specificity of Patlak-Ki in predicting the treatment response were 80% and 75%, respectively [AUC = 0.775 (95%CI 0.605–0.945)]. The expression of CD3+/CD8+ T cells and CD86+/CD163+/CD206+ macrophages were higher in the H-FDG-Ki group, while Ki67, CD33+ myeloid cells, CD34+ micro-vessel density (MVD) and tumor mutation burden (TMB) were comparable between the two groups. Conclusions: The total body [18F]FDG PET/CT scanner performed a dynamic acquisition of the entire body and clustered LA-NSCLC patients into H-FDG-Ki and L-FDG-Ki groups based on the Patlak-Ki. Patients with H-FDG-Ki demonstrated better response to induction immuno-chemotherapy and higher levels of immune cell infiltration in the PTs compared to those with L-FDG-Ki. Further studies with a larger patient cohort are required to validate these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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24. Ubiquitous Learning Project Using Life-Logging Technology in Japan

Author

Ogata, Hiroaki, Hou, Bin, Li, Mengmeng, Uosaki, Noriko, Mouri, Kosuke, and Liu, Songran

Abstract

A Ubiquitous Learning Log (ULL) is defined as a digital record of what a learner has learned in daily life using ubiquitous computing technologies. In this paper, a project which developed a system called SCROLL (System for Capturing and Reusing Of Learning Log) is presented. The aim of developing SCROLL is to help learners record, organize, recall and evaluate ULLs. Using SCROLL, learners can not only receive personalized quizzes and answers to the questions, but also navigate and be aware of their past ULLs supported by augmented reality views. In particular, this paper introduces an approach that helps learners record their learning experiences in daily life from life-log photos with the help of SenseCam. To evaluate the effectiveness of this system, a case study of an undergraduate English course is presented to show how it can be used to facilitate seamless learning.

Published
2014

28. DNTTIP1 promotes nasopharyngeal carcinoma metastasis via recruiting HDAC1 to DUSP2 promoter and activating ERK signaling pathway

Author

Ding, Shirong, primary, Gao, Ying, additional, Lv, Dongming, additional, Tao, Yalan, additional, Liu, Songran, additional, Chen, Chen, additional, Huang, Zilu, additional, Zheng, Shuohan, additional, Hu, Yujun, additional, Chow, Larry Ka-Yue, additional, Wei, Yinghong, additional, Feng, Ping, additional, Dai, Wei, additional, Wang, Xin, additional, and Xia, Yunfei, additional

Published
2022
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34. Assessing dynamic metabolic heterogeneity in non-small cell lung cancer patients via ultra-high sensitivity total-body [18F]FDG PET/CT imaging: quantitative analysis of [18F]FDG uptake in primary tumors and metastatic lymph nodes.

Author

Wang, DaQuan, Zhang, Xu, Liu, Hui, Qiu, Bo, Liu, SongRan, Zheng, ChaoJie, Fu, Jia, Mo, YiWen, Chen, NaiBin, Zhou, Rui, Chu, Chu, Liu, FangJie, Guo, JinYu, Zhou, Yin, Zhou, Yun, and Fan, Wei

Subjects
NON-small-cell lung carcinoma, METABOLISM, LYMPH node cancer, CANCER treatment, CANCER immunotherapy
Abstract

Purpose: This study aimed to quantitatively assess [18F]FDG uptake in primary tumor (PT) and metastatic lymph node (mLN) in newly diagnosed non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) using the total-body [18F]FDG PET/CT and to characterize the dynamic metabolic heterogeneity of NSCLC. Methods: The 60-min dynamic total-body [18F]FDG PET/CT was performed before treatment. The PTs and mLNs were manually delineated. An unsupervised K-means classification method was used to cluster patients based on the imaging features of PTs. The metabolic features, including Patlak-Ki, Patlak-Intercept, SUVmean, metabolic tumor volume (MTV), total lesion glycolysis (TLG), and textural features, were extracted from PTs and mLNs. The targeted next-generation sequencing of tumor-associated genes was performed. The expression of Ki67, CD3, CD8, CD34, CD68, and CD163 in PTs was determined by immunohistochemistry. Results: A total of 30 patients with stage IIIA–IV NSCLC were enrolled. Patients were divided into fast dynamic FDG metabolic group (F-DFM) and slow dynamic FDG metabolic group (S-DFM) by the unsupervised K-means classification of PTs. The F-DFM group showed significantly higher Patlak-Ki (P < 0.001) and SUVmean (P < 0.001) of PTs compared with the S-DFM group, while no significant difference was observed in Patlak-Ki and SUVmean of mLNs between the two groups. The texture analysis indicated that PTs in the S-DFM group were more heterogeneous in FDG uptake than those in the F-DFM group. Higher T cells (CD3+/CD8+) and macrophages (CD68+/CD163+) infiltration in the PTs were observed in the F-DFM group. No significant difference was observed in tumor mutational burden between the two groups. Conclusion: The dynamic total-body [18F]FDG PET/CT stratified NSCLC patients into the F-DFM and S-DFM groups, based on Patlak-Ki and SUVmean of PTs. PTs in the F-DFM group seemed to be more homogenous in terms of [18F]FDG uptake than those in the S-DFM group. The higher infiltrations of T cells and macrophages were observed in the F-DFM group, which suggested a potential benefit from immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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35. Adaptive Task-Based Intermittent Computing System With Parallel State Backup

Author

Zhang, Wei, Zhang, Qianling, Lv, Mingsong, Liu, Songran, Zhou, Zimeng, Chen, Qiulin, Guan, Nan, and Ju, Lei

Abstract

Energy harvesting promises to power billions of Internet of Things devices without being restricted by battery life. Since the energy harvester generally outputs weak and unstable energy, the system may suffer frequent and unpredictable power failures, thus falling into cyclically reboots without forward progress. The task-based intermittent computing system which periodically backs up system states into nonvolatile memory (NVM) is proposed to solve the nonprogress problem, with the nontrivial cost of frequent backups. How to reduce the backup overhead becomes a major research problem for intermittent computing. This article, for the first time, proposes to parallelize state backup and program execution with asynchronous direct memory access (DMA) to hide the backup latency into the program’s execution. But, straightforwardly executing the state backup and the program in parallel may cause an inconsistent system state. In specific, the system state may be modified by the program during backup, and therefore may be backed up incorrectly and further cause the system to deliver an incorrect computation result. We make a deep analysis on the system behavior and observe that, although the system state may be backed up incorrectly, the incorrect backup will be covered by the subsequent correct backups soon as the backup operations are performed frequently. In addition, only a small part of variables among all the program states may cause incorrect computation result. So, in this article, we aggressively allow incorrect backups to occur and propose a backup error detection method and a fault-tolerant backup management to guarantee the correctness of the system’s execution. To augment the parallel backup method, an adaptive execution method is further proposed to reduce the number of backups and balance the ratio between task execution time and backup latency. We design a run-time system to implement the proposed approach, and experimental results conducted on an STM32F7-based platform show that the proposed method can achieve a $2.6\times $ average speedup.

Published
2023
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37. Benefit from Adjuvant TKIs Versus TKIs Plus Chemotherapy in EGFR-Mutant Stage III-pN2 Lung Adenocarcinoma

Author

Li, Qiwen, primary, Ma, Li, additional, Qiu, Bo, additional, Wen, Yuzhi, additional, Liang, Wenhua, additional, Hu, Wanming, additional, Chen, Naibin, additional, Zhang, Tian, additional, Xu, Shuangbing, additional, Chen, Lingjuan, additional, Guo, Minzhang, additional, Zhao, Yi, additional, Liu, Songran, additional, Guo, Jinyu, additional, Wang, Junye, additional, Wang, Siyu, additional, Wang, Xin, additional, Pang, Qingsong, additional, Long, Hao, additional, and Liu, Hui, additional

Published
2021
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40. MINImathsizesmallTEE—A Lightweight TrustZone-Assisted TEE for Real-Time Systems

Author

Liu, Songran, Guan, Nan, Guo, Zhishan, and Yi, Wang

Subjects
lcsh:Electronics, ARM TrustZone, real-time system, lcsh:TK7800-8360, trusted execution environment
Abstract

While trusted execution environments (TEEs) provide industry standard security and isolation, TEE requests through secure monitor calls (SMCs) attribute to large time overhead and weakened temporal predictability. Moreover, as current available TEE solutions are designed for Linux and/or Android initially, it will encounter many constraints (e.g., driver libraries incompatible, large memory footprint, etc.) when integrating with low-end Real-Time Operating Systems, RTOSs. In this paper, we present MINImathsizesmallTEE to understand, evaluate and discuss the benefits and limitations when integrating TrustZone-assisted TEEs with RTOSs. We demonstrate how MINImathsizesmallTEE can be adequately exploited for meeting the real-time needs, while presenting a low performance overhead to the rich OSs (i.e., low-end RTOSs).

Published
2020

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