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Objective To explore the correlation between uric acid/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (UHR) and visceral fat area (VFA) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods A total of 909 patients with T2DM treated in National Metabolic Management Center (MMC) of the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University from May 2018 to July 2020 were enrolled in this study. The general clinical information and physical examination [including height, weight, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), neck circumference, waist circumference, hip circumference, VFA and subcutaneous fat area (SFA)] were collected. Body mass index (BMI), waist hip ratio (WHR) and VFA/SFA ratio (V/S) were calculated. And glucose metabolism indexes [fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting insulin (FINS), 2 hour postprandial plasma glucose (2hPG), 2 hour postprandial insulin (2hINS) and glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbAlc)], biochemical indexes [total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), --glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (Scr)] and thyroid hormone [free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), sensitivity thyrotropin stimulating hormone (sTSH)] were conducted on all subjects. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), homeostasis model assessment of β--cell function (HOMA-β) and UHR were calculated. Meanwhile, according to UHR, all patients were divided into tertiles, which included group Q1 (UHR≤21.10%, 303 cases), group Q2 (21.10%31.06%, 303 cases). Based on VFA, patients were divided into control group (VFA<100, 597 cases) and visceral obesity (VO) group (VFA≥100, 312 cases). The differences between groups were compared by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test and χ2 test. Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between UHR and various indicators, and multiple linear regression analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors of VFA in T2DM patients. Results Compared with group Q1, the proportions of males, smoking, drinking, the proportion of hyperlipidemia, FINS, HOMA-β, TG, GGT, Scr, BMI, neck circumference, waist circumference, hip circumference, WHR, VFA, SFA and V/S in groups Q2 and Q3 were all increased, while SBP, DBP, 2hINS, HOMA-IR, ALT, AST, FT3 only increased in group Q3. Age, TC, LDL-C only decreased in group Q3. Compared with group Q2, the proportion of males, hyperlipidemia, DBP, HOMA-IR, TG, ALT, γ-GT, BMI, waist circumference and VFA in group Q3 were increased, while age and LDL-C decreased (P<0.05). Spearman correlation analysis indicated that UHR was positively correlated with VFA and V/S(r=0.328, 0.205, both P<0.001. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that UHR was independently correlated with VFA (β =0.241, 95%CI 0.097-0.384, P<0.01). Compared with control group, UHR in VO group was statistically significantly higher (P<0.01). Conclusion There is a positive correlation between UHR and VFA as well as V/S in patients with T2DM, and it has clinical value for early warning of VO in the T2DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vocal individuality is a prerequisite for individual recognition, especially when visual and chemical cues are not available or effective. Vocalizations encoding information of individual identity have been reported in many social animals and should be particularly adaptive for species living in large and complexly organized societies. Here, we examined the individuality in coo calls of adult male golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) living in a large and multilevel society. Coo calls are one of the most frequently occurring call types in R. roxellana and likely serve as the signals for contact maintenance or advertisement in various contexts including group movement, foraging, and resting. From April to October 2016, April to July 2017, and September to October 2017, we recorded a total of 721 coo calls from six adult males in a provisioned, free-ranging group and one adult male in captivity in Shennongjia National Park, China. We selected 162 high-quality recordings to extract 14 acoustic parameters based on the source-filter theory. Results showed that each of all parameters significantly differed among individuals, while pairwise comparisons failed to detect any parameter that was different between all pairs. Furthermore, a discriminant function analysis indicated that the correct assignment rate was 80.2% (cross-validation: 67.3%), greater than expected by chance (14.3%). In conclusion, we found evidence that coo calls of adult male R. roxellana allowed the reliable accuracy of individual discrimination complementarily enhanced by multiple acoustic parameters. The results of our study point to the selective pressures acting on individual discrimination via vocal signals in a highly gregarious forest-living primate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]