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A hallmark of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is its functional heterogeneity. Functional and imaging studies revealed its importance in the encoding of anxiety-related and social stimuli, but it is unknown how microcircuits within the ACC encode these distinct stimuli. One type of inhibitory interneuron, which is positive for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), is known to modulate the activity of pyramidal cells in local microcircuits, but it is unknown whether VIP cells in the ACC (VIPACC) are engaged by particular contexts or stimuli. Additionally, recent studies demonstrated that neuronal representations in other cortical areas can change over time at the level of the individual neuron. However, it is not known whether stimulus representations in the ACC remain stable over time. Using in vivo Ca2+ imaging and miniscopes in freely behaving mice to monitor neuronal activity with cellular resolution, we identified individual VIPACC that preferentially activated to distinct stimuli across diverse tasks. Importantly, although the population-level activity of the VIPACC remained stable across trials, the stimulus-selectivity of individual interneurons changed rapidly. These findings demonstrate marked functional heterogeneity and instability within interneuron populations in the ACC. This work contributes to our understanding of how the cortex encodes information across diverse contexts and provides insight into the complexity of neural processes involved in anxiety and social behavior.

Phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) remains the most commonly used electron transport layer in inverted perovskite solar cells (IPSCs). However, its insufficient electrical properties and passivation ability limit the device's performance. In this study, it is demonstrated that introducing an appropriate amount of n‐type polymer N2200 into the PCBM can simultaneously enhance the electrical properties of PCBM and passivate the defects distributed on perovskite surface. This modification of PCBM leads to improved band alignment and enhanced electron mobility. Simultaneously, N2200 polymer contains electron donors such as O, S involved in passivating uncoordinated Pb2+ defects. The PCBM@N2200‐based IPSCs exhibit an enhanced open‐circuit voltage (VOC) of 1.20 V with the minimum 0.36 V voltage loss and reach the champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.53% (certified PCE is 24.05%) with narrow distribution. Impressively, the corresponding module achieves an efficiency of 20.30% (11.19 cm2). Moreover, the PCBM@N2200‐based IPSCs maintain 96% of their initial efficiency after operating at the maximum power point for 500 h, thanks to the interfacial passivation, improved uniformity, and increased hydrophobicity resulting from N2200 doping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unavoidable iodine loss in the perovskite layer is closely related to carrier non‐radiative and device degradation. During the post‐annealing process, the fragile PbI bond is easy to break, leading to the formation of iodine vacancies and inducing stress‐driven structure collapse. Herein, a PbI6 octahedra stabilization strategy via building robust grain boundary modification networks is developed. The introduction of conjugated structure into amides can significantly enhance their anchoring ability with PbI units, while the π–π stacking effect of benzamide enables a passivation network with polymer‐like effect. This is well evidenced by the excellent properties in eliminated iodine loss and stabilized perovskite lattice. Therefore, benzamide modification not only transform the perovskite films from n‐type to p‐type by suppressing the iodine vacancy‐doping effect, but also reduces defect density, ultimately bringing the perovskite layer longer carrier diffusion length and better charge injection efficiency. Finally, the benzamide modified devices realize both high power conversion efficiency of 24.78% and excellent operating stability. Of particular note, the module efficiency with 14 cm2 active area is over 21%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]