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Few studies investigated the effects of exposure to NO2 on health status in the Chinese floating population. The present cross-sectional study evaluated the association of ambient NO2 with health status in a floating population in China. Data on 168961 floating individuals in 338 cities were obtained from the 2017 China Migrants Dynamic Survey. The association between exposure to NO2 and self-related health (SRH) status was assessed by binary logistic regression analysis, both in the entire subject cohort and in subgroups assorted by socioeconomic levels and demographic characteristics. The robustness of the associations between NO2 exposure and health status was evaluated by sensitivity analyses. Each grade increment of annual average NO2 exposure was found to increase the risk of poor SRH by 2.4% in the floating population (odds ratio [OR] = 1.024, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.011–1.038). When subgrouped by age, subjects in the floating population aged 31–49 years had the highest NO2 associated health risk (OR = 1.036, 95% CI: 1.018–1.054). When subgrouped by per capita gross domestic product (PGDP), subjects in regions with mid-level PDGP had the highest NO2 associated SRH (OR = 1.116, 95% CI: 1.091–1.141). These findings indicated that exposure to NO2 increases the risk of poor SRH in the floating population, with individuals aged 31–49 years and those living in mid-level PGDP regions being more sensitive to the adverse effects of NO2. More effective strategies to reduce air pollution may improve the health status of the floating population in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]