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In this paper, a comprehensive review of the impacts and imminent design challenges concerning such EV charging stations that are based on solar photovoltaic infrastructures is presented, which is based on state-of-the-art frameworks for PV-powered charging stations and the latest case studies. The main factors that are targeted in this review are the management of an EV charging system that is a composite of PV and public grid, as well as a charging system business model that can affect consumer behavior by charging at different rates and the best design infrastructure for a PV electric vehicle charging services. The economic, environmental, and social impacts caused by the installation of PV-driven charging infrastructures are also compared. Moreover, the framework for recently emerging vehicle-to-grid and vehicle-to-home services, as well as the integration of these frameworks, is discussed. Finally, survey results for future EV demand and its public acceptance are presented. Appertaining to these issues, the case studies highlight that EV transportation between parking lots and charging stations is necessary to make the best use of the available charging stations. Statistically, in this study, it was inferred that there are no limitations on the amount of EV battery capacity that can be stored, and users of EVs can charge in both slow and fast modes. Furthermore, V2G systems are not suitable for widespread industrial use. Moreover, finding solutions and overcoming numerous obstacles remain unaddressed issues, and the size of the EV industry must reach a certain level to make profitable sales of V2B, V2H, V2G, and other V2X systems. The collected statistics indicate that although respondents generally have a favorable opinion of the mobility applications powered by photovoltaic cells, it seems unlikely that they will use them anytime soon.

During the large-scale vegetation restoration on the Loess Plateau, the introduction of exotic species with high water consumption, such as Robinia pseudoacacia L., led to widespread soil desiccation, and resulted in severe drought stress and increasing risk of forest degradation and mortality. Accurate assessment of drought-induced mortality risk in plantation forests is essential for evaluating and enhancing the sustainability of ecological restoration, yet quantitative research at the regional scale on the Loess Plateau is lacking. With a focus on Robinia pseudoacacia L. plantations, we utilized a coupled model of the Biome BioGeochemical Cycles model and plant supply–demand hydraulic model (BBGC-SPERRY model) to simulate the dynamics of the annual average percentage loss of whole-plant hydraulic conductance (APLK) at 124 meteorological stations over an extended period (1961–2020) to examine changes in plant hydraulic safety in Robinia pseudoacacia L. plantations. Based on the probability distribution of APLK at each site, the drought-induced mortality risk probability (DMRP) in Robinia pseudoacacia L. was determined. The results indicate the BBGC-SPERRY model could effectively simulate the spatiotemporal variations in transpiration and evapotranspiration in Robinia pseudoacacia L. stands on the Loess Plateau. The mean APLK and DMRP exhibited increasing trends from southeast to northwest along a precipitation gradient, with their spatial patterns on the Loess Plateau mainly driven by mean annual precipitation and also significantly influenced by other climatic and soil factors. The low-risk (DMRP < 2%), moderate-risk (2% ≤ DMRP ≤ 5%), and high-risk (DMRP > 5%) zones for drought-induced mortality in Robinia pseudoacacia L. accounted for 60.0%, 30.7%, and 9.3% of the study area, respectively. These quantitative findings can provide an important basis for rational forestation and sustainable vegetation management on the Loess Plateau. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose/TiO2 composite was prepared by sol-gel method using the ionic liquid BMIMCl as reactive medium and Ti(OBu)4 as a precursor. The synthesis conditions were optimized by single-factor experiment. The structure and properties of the composite were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD),Fourier transform infrared spectoscopy(FT-IR),UV-vis-diffuse reflectance spectroscope(DRS) and thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. The photocatalytic activity of the composite was investigated via testing the photodegradation of methyl orange in aqueous suspension under UV-light. The results show that the high active photocatalytic composite is prepared by using ionic liquid BMIMCl as medium at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The photo catalytic degradation rate of composite on methyl orange(MO) reaches 97.09% in 80min. Comparing with bare TiO2, the degradation rate of MO increases by 37%. Moreover, the composite still shows 62.66% degradation rate towards MO after recycling 4 times.