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Precise protein supplementation strategies for muscle improvement are still lacking. The timing or type of protein supplementation has been debated as a window of opportunity to improve muscle mass, strength, and physical performance. We conducted a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials with protein supplements and resistance training. PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and SPORTDiscus databases were searched until May 1, 2023. We included 116 eligible trials with 4,711 participants that reported on 11 timing and 14 types of protein supplementation. Compared with placebo, protein supplementation after exercise (mean difference [MD]: 0.54 kg [95% confidence intervals 0.10, 0.99] for fat-free mass, MD: 0.34 kg [95% confidence intervals 0.10, 0.58] for skeletal muscle mass) and at night (MD: 2.85 kg [0.49, 5.22] for handgrip strength, MD: 12.12 kg [3.26, 20.99] for leg press strength) was most effective in improving muscle mass and strength, respectively (moderate certainty). Milk proteins (milk, whey protein, yogurt, casein, and bovine colostrum), red meat, and mixed protein were effective for gains in both muscle mass and strength (moderate certainty). No timing or type of protein showed a significant enhancement in physical performance (timed up-to-go test, 6-min walk test, and gait speed). Pre/postexercise and Night are key recommended times of protein intake to increase muscle mass and strength, respectively. Milk proteins are the preferred types of protein supplements for improving muscle mass and strength. Future randomized controlled trials that directly compare the effects of protein timing or types are needed. This trial was registered at International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews as CRD42022358766. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveTo establish an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the detection of two typical advanced glycation end products （AGEs） in bread.MethodsProtein-bound carboxymethyl lysine （CML） and carboxyethyl lysine （CEL） were used as the detection objects. Bread sample was subjected to reduction incubation， protein precipitation， addition of isotope internal standard， acid hydrolysis， nitrogen blowing， reconstitution with nonafluorovaleric acid aqueous solution， and then underwent multi-reaction monitoring to quantitative analysis.ResultsThe detection limit and quantification limit of the method were 4.5 ng/g and 20 ng/g for CML， and 0.5 ng/g and 2 ng/g for CEL. The spike recovery rates of CML and CEL were 89.62%-95.65% and 86.38%-97.17%. The linear range were 2.5-800 ng/mL and 0.25-80 ng/mL， and the coefficients of determination were both above 0.999.ConclusionThe method was accurate and sensitive， and could meet the detection requirements of AGEs in bread.

Background The influence of overall lifestyle behaviors on diabetic microvascular complications remains unknown. In addition, the potential mediating biomarkers underlying the association is unclear. This study aimed to examine the associations of the combined lifestyle factors with risks of total and individual microvascular complications among patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and to explore the potential mediation effects of metabolic biomarkers. Methods and findings This retrospective cohort study included 15,104 patients with T2D free of macro- and microvascular complications at baseline (2006 to 2010) from the UK Biobank. Healthy lifestyle behaviors included noncurrent smoking, recommended waist circumference, regular physical activity, healthy diet, and moderate alcohol drinking. Outcomes were ascertained using electronic health records. Over a median of 8.1 years of follow-up, 1,296 cases of the composite microvascular complications occurred, including 558 diabetic retinopathy, 625 diabetic kidney disease, and 315 diabetic neuropathy, with some patients having 2 or 3 microvascular complications simultaneously. After multivariable adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics, history of hypertension, glycemic control, and medication histories, the hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals (CIs)) for the participants adhering 4 to 5 low-risk lifestyle behaviors versus 0 to 1 were 0.65 (0.46, 0.91) for diabetic retinopathy, 0.43 (0.30, 0.61) for diabetic kidney disease, 0.46 (0.29, 0.74) for diabetic neuropathy, and 0.54 (0.43, 0.68) for the composite outcome (all Ps-trend [less than or equal to]0.01). Further, the population-attributable fraction (95% CIs) of diabetic microvascular complications for poor adherence to the overall healthy lifestyle ( Conclusions Adherence to overall healthy lifestyle behaviors was associated with a significantly lower risk of microvascular complications in patients with T2D, and the favorable associations were partially mediated through improving biomarkers of glycemic control, systemic inflammation, liver function, and lipid profile., Author(s): Tingting Geng 1, Kai Zhu 1, Qi Lu 1, Zhenzhen Wan 1, Xue Chen 1, Liegang Liu 1, An Pan 2,*, Gang Liu 1,* Introduction Diabetes is a global [...]

Aims: Population‐based evidence regarding circulating advanced glycation end‐products (AGEs) and the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is conflicting and insufficient. We aimed to examine the association of plasma AGEs and plasma soluble receptors for AGEs (sRAGE) with T2D. Materials and Methods: We conducted a hospital‐based case–control study including 1072 pairs (53.9 ± 9.7 years, 56.0% male) of newly diagnosed T2D and age‐ and sex‐matched controls. We further performed a nested case–control study within an ongoing prospective cohort consisting of 127 incident T2D cases and 381 well‐matched controls (62.2 ± 5.1 years, 71.7% male). Plasma AGEs were detected using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, and plasma sRAGE was measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Conditional logistic regression was used to evaluate the association of plasma AGEs and sRAGE concentrations with T2D. Results: Higher plasma AGEs and lower sRAGE concentrations were associated with higher odds of T2D. The multivariable‐adjusted odds ratios of T2D comparing the highest with the lowest quartile levels were 3.28 (95% CI: 2.14, 5.02) for plasma AGEs and 0.25 (95% CI: 0.16, 0.39) for plasma sRAGE. Participants in the highest quartile of plasma AGEs and the lowest quartile of sRAGE concentrations had the greatest odds of T2D. The positive association of AGEs and inverse association of sRAGE with T2D risk was confirmed in the replication‐nested case–control study. Conclusions: Increased circulating AGEs and decreased sRAGE concentrations were associated with elevated T2D risk. Our findings may have implications for the strategies of T2D prevention and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Several epidemiological studies have suggested that vitamin D status is associated with risk of dementia in general populations. However, due to the synergistic effect between diabetic pathology and neuroinflammation, and the prothrombotic profile in patients with diabetes, whether vitamin D is associated with risk of dementia among patients with diabetes is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the associations of circulating vitamin D levels with risks of all-cause dementia, Alzheimer disease (AD), and vascular dementia (VD) among adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods and findings This study included 13,486 individuals ([greater than or equal to]60 years) with T2D and free of dementia at recruitment (2006-2010) from the UK Biobank study. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentrations were measured using the chemiluminescent immunoassay method at recruitment. Serum 25(OH)D [greater than or equal to] 75 nmol/L was considered sufficient, according to the Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guidelines. Incidence of all-cause dementia, AD, and VD cases was ascertained using electronic health records (EHRs). Each participant's person-years at risk were calculated from the date of recruitment to the date that dementia was reported, date of death, date of loss to follow-up, or 28 February 2018, whichever occurred first. Among the 13,486 individuals with T2D (mean age, 64.6 years; men, 64.3%), 38.3% had vitamin D [greater than or equal to] 50 nmol/L and only 9.1% had vitamin D [greater than or equal to] 75 nmol/L. During a mean follow-up of 8.5 years, we observed 283 cases of all-cause dementia, including 101 AD and 97 VD cases. Restricted cubic spline analysis demonstrated a nonlinear relationship between serum 25(OH)D and risk of all-cause dementia (P.sub.nonlinearity < 0.001) and VD (P.sub.nonlinearity = 0.007), and the nonlinear association reached borderline significance for AD (P.sub.nonlinearity = 0.06), with a threshold at around a serum 25(OH)D value of 50 nmol/L for all the outcomes. Higher serum levels of 25(OH)D were significantly associated with a lower risk of all-cause dementia, AD, and VD. The multivariate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for participants who had serum 25(OH)D [greater than or equal to] 50 nmol/L, compared with those who were severely deficient (25[OH]D < 25 nmol/L), were 0.41 (0.29-0.60) for all-cause dementia (P.sub.trend < 0.001), 0.50 (0.27-0.92) for AD (P.sub.trend = 0.06), and 0.41 (0.22-0.77) for VD (P.sub.trend = 0.01). The main limitation of the current analysis was the potential underreporting of dementia cases, as the cases were identified via EHRs. Conclusions In this study, we observed that higher concentrations of serum 25(OH)D were significantly associated with a lower risk of all-cause dementia, AD, and VD among individuals with T2D. Our findings, if confirmed by replication, may have relevance for dementia prevention strategies that target improving or maintaining serum vitamin D concentrations among patients with T2D., Author(s): Tingting Geng 1,2, Qi Lu 1, Zhenzhen Wan 1, Jingyu Guo 1, Liegang Liu 1, An Pan 2, Gang Liu 1,* Introduction Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a serious [...]