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Aging related diseases seriously affect the health of the elderly. Studies on the roles and mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in aging related diseases have attracted more and more attention. Besides, a number of relative clinical trials have been carried out in the domestic and overseas. This review summarizes the roles, molecular mechanisms, clinical trials of MSCs and MSCs-derived exosomes in several typical age-related diseases such as osteoporosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, chronic obstruc-tive pulmonary disease and tumor. This review may provide some theoretical reference and advices for future studies of MSCs in aging related diseases.

Commercial scale decarbonization through carbon capture and storage may likely involve many CO2 storage projects located in close proximity. The close proximity could raise concerns over caprock integrity associated with reservoir pressure buildup and interference among adjacent projects. Commercial-scale injection will also require large prospective CO2 storage resource and high injectivity in the targeted storage formations. To accommodate the need for both large resource and high injectivity, project operators could consider injecting CO2 into a stacked sequence of formations. This analysis investigates the benefits of injecting CO2 into a vertically stacked sequence of saline formations, over injecting the same amount of CO2 into a single saline formation, in addressing these challenges. Our analysis shows that injecting into the stacked sequence mitigates the extent of pressure buildup among the stacked formations, while still achieving the same or greater target CO2 storage volumes. Among cases modeled, the resulting pressure buildup front is most reduced when each storage site distributes injection volumes over several wells, each of which injects a portion of the total CO2 mass across the stacked sequence. This favorable case not only results in the smallest CO2 aerial footprint, but also shows the largest reduction in the pressure buildup at the top of perforation at the injection wells (upwards of approximately 46% compared to the single-formation storage), the result of which is crucial to maintain caprock integrity. This analysis provides insights into required decision-making when considering multi-project deployment in a shared basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epilithic green algae play crucial roles in aquatic ecosystems. While traditional morphological approaches have provided valuable insights into these algae, their limitations in resolving cryptic species and fully capturing the extent of diversity have impeded a comprehensive understanding. The diversity and phylogenetic relationships of these algae largely remain unexplored. In the present study, single molecular real-time (SMRT) sequencing of the full-length 18S rDNA was employed to investigate the molecular diversity and phylogenetic relationships of epilithic green algae in biodiversity conservation hotspots. A total of 79 709 algal reads were generated, yielding 169 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) from 21 epilithic riverine green algal assemblages classified in the Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyceae and Trebouxiophyceae. The 10 families in which the greatest number of unique ASVs (diversity) were observed were the Ulvellaceae, Protosiphonaceae, Chlorococcaceae, Watanabeaceae, Chlorellaceae, Neochloridaceae, Chaetophoraceae, Hazeniaceae, Tupiellaceae and Scenedesmaceae. Unique clades formed by a substantial number of sequences of green algae were detected within the Ulvales/Ulotrichales (Ulvophyceae) and the Chlorococcaceae/Protosiphonaceae (Chlorophyceae). This study has unveiled hidden diversity within epilithic green algae, expanding our knowledge of their evolutionary relationships and providing fundamental data for taxonomic investigations within this group, as well as contributing to the assessment of algal diversity in biodiversity conservation hotspots. This study suggests that these epilithic green algal assemblages may be significantly more diverse than previously recognized, but we acknowledge the limited ecological and temporal scope of our sampling effort and the resulting effects on which taxa are identified, warranting further research. Molecular analysis shows high hidden diversity of epilithic green algae The families Ulvellaceae and Protosiphonaceae had the greatest number of unique ASVs Many unique clades within the Ulvales/Ulotrichales and Chlorococcaceae/Protosiphonaceae [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cephaleuros species are well-known as plant pathogens that cause red rust or algae spot diseases in many economically cultivated plants that grow in shady and humid environments. Despite their prevalence, the adaptive evolution of these pathogens remains poorly understood. We sequenced and characterized three Cephaleuros (Cephaleuros lagerheimii, Cephaleuros diffusus, and Cephaleuros virescens) chloroplast genomes, and compared them with seven previously reported chloroplast genomes. The chloroplast sequences of C. lagerheimii, C. diffusus, and C. virescens were 480,613 bp, 383,846 bp, and 472,444 bp in length, respectively. These chloroplast genomes encoded 94 genes, including 27 tRNA genes, 3 rRNA genes, and 64 protein-coding genes. Comparative analysis uncovered that the variation in genome size was principally due to the length of intergenic spacer sequences, followed by introns. Furthermore, several highly variable regions (trnY-GTA, trnL-TAG, petA, psbT, trnD-GTC, trnL-TAA, ccsA, petG, psaA, psaB, rps11, rps2, and rps14) were identified. Codon bias analysis revealed that the codon usage pattern of Cephaleuros is predominantly shaped by natural selection. Additionally, six chloroplast protein-coding genes (atpF, chlN, psaA, psaB, psbA, and rbcL) were determined to be under positive selection, suggesting they may play a vital roles in the adaptation of Cephaleuros to low-light intensity habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundWith the rapid increase in the incidence and mortality of lung cancer, a growing number of lung cancer patients and their families are faced with a tremendous economic burden because of the high cost of treatment in China. This study was conducted to estimate the economic burden and patient responsibility of lung cancer patients and the impact of this burden on family income.MethodsThis study uses data from a retrospective questionnaire survey conducted in 10 communities in urban China and includes 195 surviving lung cancer patients diagnosed over the previous five years. The calculation of direct economic burden included both direct medical and direct nonmedical costs. Indirect costs were calculated using the human capital approach, which measures the productivity lost for both patients and family caregivers. The price index was applied for the cost calculation.ResultsThe average economic burden from lung cancer was $43,336 per patient, of which the direct cost per capita was $42,540 (98.16%) and the indirect cost per capita was $795 (1.84%). Of the total direct medical costs, 35.66% was paid by the insurer and 9.84% was not covered by insurance. The economic burden for diagnosed lung cancer patients in the first year following diagnosis was $30,277 per capita, which accounted for 171% of the household annual income, a percentage that fell to 107% after subtracting the compensation from medical insurance.ConclusionsThe economic burden for lung cancer patients is substantial in the urban areas of China, and an effective control strategy to lower the cost is urgently needed.