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Objective: Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune hemorrhagic disease. The immune imbalance of T cells is an essential pathological mechanism of ITP, more specific, the balance of Effector T cells (Teff)/Regulatory T cell (Treg) maintains T cell immune homeostasis. Dendritic cells (DC), the largest antigen-presenting cell, interfere with T cell differentiation pathways and exert immune regulatory functions. Our team created and applied the " NingXueShengBan" (NXSB) decoction. According to our prior studies, we found that NXSB decoction could restore Th17/Treg balance in ITP mice by regulating protein expression in Notch pathway. Therefore, we further research the mechanism of NXSB decoction that regulates ITP immune homeostasis through affecting the interaction between DC and T cells. Methods: In this study, we collected peripheral blood from health donors and ITP patients and extracted DC and CD4 + T cells then grouped in control group, model group and NXSB group. Moreover, we established a co-culture model simulating the immune environment in ITP patient to further investigate whether NXSB had therapeutic effects by the interaction between DC and CD4 + T cells. Results: In the current study, we found that NXSB decoction potently regulated interaction between DC and T cells by inhibiting DC development and function, specifically, the differentiation of CD4+ T cells was inhibited after NXSB decoction intervened. Our data showed that NXSB decoction inhibited Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4), reduced the expression of Nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and led to the reduction of downstream inflammatory factors, thereby inhibiting the inflammatory response. More importantly, NXSB decoction reduced the DC surface expression of activation and maturation markers. Moreover, we detected that the decreased expression of the phosphorylated Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3 K), Protein kinase B (Akt), Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and their downstream effectors indicated, we found that NXSB decoction could inhibit PI3 K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways significantly. Conclusions: Collectively, our data suggested that NXSB decoction ameliorates ITP-induced immune imbalance via its anti-inflammation and immunosuppressive by regulating TLR-4/ NF-κB and PI3 K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fe-Mn carbonate is the dominant mineral in the Erdaokan Ag deposit, which represents the first large independent silver deposit during the Late Triassic Period in the Duobaoshan Cu-Mo-Au mineralization concentrated area of Heilongjiang Province, NE China. The Fe-Mn carbonates in the deposit frequently co-exist with Ag minerals. Thus, the presence of Fe-Mn carbonates plays a crucial role in the ore-formation process, making their analysis essential for obtaining valuable metallogenic information about the Erdaokan deposit. Through microexamination, SEM and EDS analysis, a clear relationship between Fe-Mn carbonate minerals and Ag minerals was established. Furthermore, electron probe microanalysis, LA-ICP-MS, and Sr-Nd isotope tests were conducted to analyze Fe-Mn carbonates for significant metallogenic insights. The distribution pattern of trace elements and rare-earth elements in Fe-Mn carbonates is similar, characterized by Zr depletion (below 0.131 ppm), enrichment of light rare-earth elements, a noticeable deficit of Eu (δEu = 0.06–0.63), and an average Y/Ho value of 34.29, indicating the involvement of upper mantle-derived deep magma in the formation of ore-forming materials. The samples had a Sm-Nd isochron age of 233.7 ± 1.2 Ma, suggesting that the Erdaokan Ag deposit was formed during the Late Triassic Period. This study highlights the significance of Fe-Mn carbonate as a valuable mineral indicator for regional silver prospecting purposes, and confirms the Late Triassic Period as another important metallogenic stage in the Duobaoshan Cu-Mo-Au mineralization concentrated area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines a firm's strategic choices of self-development or cooperation with (wholesaling from) its stronger rival. Both choices can improve the efficiency and competitive strength. We develop a benchmark of a full competition model, coopetition strategy, self-development strategy and hybrid strategy to investigate the effect of coopetition and self-development on firms who sell substitutive products in the end market. We show that both coopetition and self-development can benefit the high-cost firm. While the low-cost firm prefers the coopetition strategy. And in the hybrid strategy, the high-cost firm just utilises the self-development ability as a threat to enjoy a lower wholesale price. Interestingly, our research indicates that the mixed cooperation and competition relationship varies low-cost firm's attitudes towards product differentiation. On the one hand, the low-cost firm wants to produce homogeneous products to compete with rivals. On the other hand, he also wants to provide heterogenous products to alleviate competition in the coopetition strategy. The result provides company managers with a certain meaning in the complicated cooperative and competitive market environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis calculation of meshing stiffness of helical gear is the basis for the study of gear dynamics. According to the gear meshing principle and coordinate transformation theory the finite element model of helical gear meshing with the installation error is established,a finite element calculation method of the meshing stiffness of helical gear considering the installation error is proposed. Put the installation error parameterized,by using the finite element software,the variation of meshing stiffness of helical gears is analyzed. The time- varying meshing stiffness is got by the way of using the quasi- static process simulation dynamic behavior,the variation law of the time- varying meshing stiffness under different installation errors are analyzed. The results show that the installation error decreasing the meshing stiffness,especially the angle deviation is more serious,and the influence of the angle deviation on the meshing stiffness has a certain rule. The effect of different installation error of the meshing stiffness is different,under a light load condition is obviously heavy.

Heterostructures are often constructed to modulate the electronic states of the two catalysts, achieving high-performance in alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Various mechanisms have been proposed for the heterostructural catalysts, which however awaits further approvement. Herein, a heterostructure composed of Co2P and CoP was successfully prepared with significantly enhanced HER catalytic activity relative to the endmembers. The ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed the effective promotion of the self-driven transferring of electrons from CoP to Co2P and the accumulation of electrons on the P sites in Co2P due to the strong electronic coupling of built-in electric field in the Co2P/CoP interface. In situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and poison experiments confirmed the Heyrovsky step of H* intermediate depleting on electronegative P sites and contributions of both metal and P to the reactivity in the Co2P/CoP. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations clarify that the electronic structure at interface of the heterojunction significantly weakens the hydrogen adsorption free energy (ΔGH* ads) of P site in Co2P/CoP to near zero. We also propose an electronic redistribution strategy for heterostructures that activates the multiple routes mechanism and production of more active sites. The working mechanism is expected to be further extended to other transition metal compounds for efficient HER activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whether a Neoarchean basement existing in the Songnen massif is currently debated. Identification of Archean magmatism from the Songnen Massif is helpful to resolve this issue. Here, we report newly discovered Neoarchean Shanquan pluton in the Western Songnen Massif. These Neoarchean Shanquan pluton are mainly composed of granites that are exposed near the town of Shanquan in Heilongjiang Province. LA‐ICP‐MS zircon U‐Pb dating reveals that the sample 2015TW1 has an upper intercept age of 2801 ± 69 Ma and a weighted mean age of 2708 ± 18 Ma, while samples LJ27QY1 and LJ27QY2 have upper intercept ages of 2677 ± 57 Ma and 2653 ± 18 Ma, and weighted mean ages of 2649 ± 10 Ma and 2653 ± 15 Ma, respectively. This indicates that these granites were formed at ~2.7 Ga. Most of the ~2.7 Ga zircons have older TDM2 ages of 2762–3326 Ma with positive εHf(t) values ranging from 0 to 6.4, while a few of the zircons have negative εHf(t) values ranging from −8.1 to −11.5 and older TDM2 ages varying from 3158 to 3264 Ma. The zircon Hf isotopes indicate that Paleo‐Mesoarchean crusts might once existed in the Songnen Massif, and the studied Neoarchean magmas were principally derived from partial melting of these Paleo‐Mesoarchean ancient crust. Based on the geochronological spectrum of magmatic and detrital zircons, the Songnen, Erguna, Jiamusi, Bureya massifs may have a common basement prior to the Neoproterozoic and may even be linked with the Triam Craton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]