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2. Ozone Profiles in the High-latitude Stratosphere and Lower Mesosphere Measured by the Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer (ILAS)-II: Comparison with other Satellite Sensors and Ozonesondes

Author

Sugita, T, Nakajima, H, Yokota, T, Kanzawa, H, Gernandt, H, Herber, A, VonderGathen, P, Koenig-Langlo, G, Sato, K, Dorokhov, V, Yushkov, V. A, Murayama, Y, Yamamori, M, Godin-Beekmann, S, Goutail, F, Roscoe, H. K, Deshler, T, Yela, M, Taalas, P, Kyroe, E, Oltmans, S. J, Johnson, B. J, Allaart, M, Litynska, Z, and Klekociuk, A

Subjects
Meteorology And Climatology
Abstract

A solar occultation sensor, the Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer (ILAS)-II, measured 5890 vertical profiles of ozone concentrations in the stratosphere and lower mesosphere and of other species from January to October 2003. The measurement latitude coverage was 54-71degN and 64-88degS, which is similar to the coverage of ILAS (November 1996 to June 1997). One purpose of the ILAS-II measurements was to continue such high-latitude measurements of ozone and its related chemical species in order to help accurately determine their trends. The present paper assesses the quality of ozone data in the version 1.4 retrieval algorithm, through comparisons with results obtained from comprehensive ozonesonde measurements and four satellite-borne solar occultation sensors. In the Northern Hemisphere (NH), the ILAS-II ozone data agree with the other data within +/-10% (in terms of the absolute difference divided by its mean value) at altitudes between 11 and 40 km, with the median coincident ILAS-II profiles being systematically up to 10% higher below 20 km and up to 10% lower between 21 and 40 km after screening possible suspicious retrievals. Above 41 km, the negative bias between the NH ILAS-II ozone data and the other data increases with increasing altitude and reaches 30% at 61-65 km. In the Southern Hemisphere, the ILAS-II ozone data agree with the other data within 10% in the altitude range of 11-60 km, with the median coincident profiles being on average up to 10% higher below 20 km and up to 10% lower above 20 km.

Published
2006
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3. Arctic winter 2005: Implications for stratospheric ozone loss and climate change

Author

Rex, M. Salawitch, R.J. Deckelmann, H. von der Gathen, P. Harris, N.R.P. Chipperfield, M.P. Naujokat, B. Reimer, E. Allaart, M. Andersen, S.B. Bevilacqua, R. Braathen, G.O. Claude, H. Davies, J. De Backer, H. Dier, H. Dorokhov, V. Fast, H. Gerding, M. Godin-Beekmann, S. Hoppel, K. Johnson, B. Kyrö, E. Litynska, Z. Moore, D. Nakane, H. Parrondo, M.C. Risley Jr., A.D. Skrivankova, P. Stübi, R. Viatte, P. Yushkov, V. Zerefos, C.

Abstract

The Arctic polar vortex exhibited widespread regions of low temperatures during the winter of 2005, resulting in significant ozone depletion by chlorine and bromine species. We show that chemical loss of column ozone (ΔO3) and the volume of Arctic vortex air cold enough to support the existence of polar stratospheric clouds (VPSC) both exceed levels found for any other Arctic winter during the past 40 years. Cold conditions and ozone loss in the lowermost Arctic stratosphere (e.g., between potential temperatures of 360 to 400 K) were particularly unusual compared to previous years. Measurements indicate ΔO3 = 121 ± 20 DU and that ΔO3 versus VPSC lies along an extension of the compact, near linear relation observed for previous Arctic winters. The maximum value of VPSC during five to ten year intervals exhibits a steady, monotonic increase over the past four decades, indicating that the coldest Arctic winters have become significantly colder, and hence are more conducive to ozone depletion by anthropogenic halogens. Copyright 2006 by the American Geophysical Union.

Published
2006

4. Arctic ozone loss in threshold conditions: Match observations in 1997/1998 and 1998/1999

Author

Schulz, A. Rex, M. Harris, N.R.P. Braathen, G.O. Reimer, E. Alfier, R. Kilbane-Dawe, I. Eckermann, S. Allaart, M. Alpers, M. Bojkov, B. Cisneros, J. Claude, H. Cuevas, E. Davies, J. De Backer, H. Dier, H. Dorokhov, V. Fast, H. Godin, S. Johnson, B. Kois, B. Kondo, Y. Kosmidis, E. Kyrö, E. Litynska, Z. Mikkelsen, I.S. Molyneux, M.J. Murphy, G. Nagai, T. Nakane, H. O'Connor, F. Parrondo, C. Schmidlin, F.J. Skrivankova, P. Varotsos, C. Vialle, C. Viatte, P. Yushkov, V. Zerefos, C. Von Der Gathen, P.

Abstract

Chemical ozone loss rates inside the Arctic polar vortex were determined in early 1998 and early 1999 by using the Match technique based on coordinated ozonesonde measurements. These two winters provide the only opportunities in recent years to investigate chemical ozone loss in a warm Arctic vortex under threshold conditions, i.e., where the preconditions for chlorine activation, and hence ozone destruction, only occurred occasionally. In 1998, results were obtained in January and February between 410 and 520 K. The overall ozone loss was observed to be largely insignificant, with the exception of late February, when those air parcels exposed to temperatures below 195 K were affected by chemical ozone loss. In 1999, results are confined to the 475 K isentropic level, where no significant ozone loss was observed. Average temperatures were some 8° - 10° higher than those in 1995, 1996, and 1997, when substantial chemical ozone loss occurred. The results underline the strong dependence of the chemical ozone loss on the stratospheric temperatures. This study shows that enhanced chlorine alone does not provide a sufficient condition for ozone loss. The evolution of stratospheric temperatures over the next decade will be the determining factor for the amount of wintertime chemical ozone loss in the Arctic stratosphere. Copyright 2001 by the American Geophysical Union.

Published
2001

5. Match observations in the Arctic winter 1996/97: High stratospheric ozone loss rates correlate with low temperatures deep inside the polar vortex

Author

Schulz, A. Rex, M. Steger, J. Harris, N.R.P. Braathen, G.O. Reimer, E. Alfier, R. Beck, A. Alpers, M. Cisneros, J. Claude, H. De Backer, H. Dier, H. Dorokhov, V. Fast, H. Godin, S. Hansen, G. Kanzawa, H. Kois, B. Kondo, Y. Kosmidis, E. Kyrö, E. Litynska, Z. Molyneux, M.J. Murphy, G. Nakane, H. Parrondo, C. Ravegnani, F. Varotsos, C. Vialle, C. Viatte, P. Yushkov, V. Zerefos, C. Von Der Gathen, P.

Abstract

With the Match technique, which is based on the coordinated release of ozonesondes, chemical ozone loss rates in the Arctic stratospheric vortex in early 1997 have been quantified in a vertical region between 400 K and 550 K. Ozone destruction was observed from mid February to mid March in most of these levels, with maximum loss rates between 25 and 45 ppbv/day. The vortex averaged loss rates and the accumulated vertically integrated ozone loss have been smaller than in the previous two winters, indicating that the record low ozone columns observed in spring 1997 were partly caused by dynamical effects. The observed ozone loss is inhomogeneous through the vortex with the highest loss rates located in the vortex centre, coinciding with the lowest temperatures. Here the loss rates per sunlit hour reached 6 ppbv/h, while the corresponding vortex averaged rates did not exceed 3.9 ppbv/h.

Published
2000

6. A study of ozone laminae using diabatic trajectories, contour advection and photochemical trajectory model simulations

Author

Reid, SJ, Rex, M, Von der Gathen, P, Floisand, I, Stordal, F, Carver, GD, Beck, A, Reimer, E, Kruger-Carstensen, R: De Haan, LL, Braathen, G, Dorokhov, V, Fast, H, Kyro, E, Gil, M, Litynska, Z, Molyneux, M, Murphy, G, O'Connor, F, Ravegnani, F, Varotsos, C, Wenger, J, and Zerefos, C

Abstract

In this paper, we show that the rate of ozone loss in both polar and mid-latitudes, derived from ozonesonde and satellite data, has almost the same vertical distribution (although opposite sense) to that of ozone laminae abundance. Ozone laminae appear in the lower stratosphere soon after the polar vortex is established in autumn, increase in number throughout the winter and reach a maximum abundance in late winter or spring. We indicate a possible coupling between mid-winter, sudden stratospheric warmings (when the vortex is weakened or disrupted) and the abundance of ozone laminae using a 23-year record of ozonesonde data from the World Ozone Data Center in Canada combined with monthly-mean January polar temperatures at 30 hPa. Results are presented from an experiment conducted during the winter of 1994/95, in phase II of the Second European Stratospheric And Mid-latitude Experiment (SESAME), in which 93 ozone-enhanced laminae of polar origin observed by ozonesondes at different time and locations are linked by diabatic trajectories, enabling them to be probed twice or more. It is shown that, in general, ozone concentrations inside laminae fall progressively with time, mixing irreversibly with mid-latitude air on time-scales of a few weeks. A particular set of laminae which advected across Europe during mid February 1995 are examined in detail. These laminae were observed almost simultaneously at seven ozonesonde stations, providing information on their spatial scales. The development of these laminae has been modelled using the Contour Advection algorithm of Norton (1994), adding support to the concept that many laminae are extrusions of vortex air. Finally, a photochemical trajectory model is used to show that, if the air in the laminae is chemically activated, it will impact on mid-latitude ozone concentrations. An estimate is made of the potential number of ozone molecules lost each winter via this mechanism.

Published
1998

7. Arctic winter 2005: Implications for stratospheric ozone loss and climate change

Author

Rex, Markus, Salawitch, R. J., Deckelmann, Holger, von der Gathen, Peter, Harris, N. R. P., Chipperfield, M. P., Naujokat, B., Reimer, E., Allaart, M., Andersen, S. B., Bevilacqua, R., Braathen, G. O., Claude, H., Davies, J., De Backer, H., Dier, H., Dorokov, V., Fast, H., Gerding, M., Hoppel, K., Johnson, B., Kyrö, E., Litynska, Z., Moore, D., Nagai, T., Parrondo, M. C., Risley, D., Skrivankova, P., Stübi, R., Trepte, C., Viatte, P., Zerefos, C., Rex, Markus, Salawitch, R. J., Deckelmann, Holger, von der Gathen, Peter, Harris, N. R. P., Chipperfield, M. P., Naujokat, B., Reimer, E., Allaart, M., Andersen, S. B., Bevilacqua, R., Braathen, G. O., Claude, H., Davies, J., De Backer, H., Dier, H., Dorokov, V., Fast, H., Gerding, M., Hoppel, K., Johnson, B., Kyrö, E., Litynska, Z., Moore, D., Nagai, T., Parrondo, M. C., Risley, D., Skrivankova, P., Stübi, R., Trepte, C., Viatte, P., and Zerefos, C.

Abstract

The Arctic polar vortex exhibited widespread regions of low temperatures during the winter of 2005, resulting in significant ozone depletion by chlorine and bromine species. We show that chemical loss of column ozone (deltaO3) and the volume of Arctic vortex air cold enough to support the existence of polar stratospheric clouds (V_PSC) both exceed levels found for any other Arctic winter during the past 40 years. Cold conditions and ozone loss in the lowermost Arctic stratosphere (e.g., between potential temperatures of 360 to 400 K) were particularly unusual compared to previous years. Measurements indicate DO3 = 121 ± 20 DU and that deltaO3 versus V_PSC lies along an extension of the compact, near linear relation observed for previous Arctic winters. The maximum value of V_PSC during five to ten year intervals exhibits a steady, monotonic increase over the past four decades, indicating that the coldest Arctic winters have become significantly colder, and hence are more conducive to ozone depletion by anthropogenic halogens.

Published
2006

8. Chemical ozone loss in the Arctic winter 2002/2003 determined with Match

Author

Streibel, M., Rex, Markus, von der Gathen, Peter, Lehmann, Ralph, Harris, N. R. P., Braathen, G. O., Reimer, E., Deckelmann, Holger, Chipperfield, M., Millard, G., Allaart, M., Andersen, S. B., Claude, H., Davies, J., De Backer, H., Dier, H., Dorokhov, V., Fast, H., Gerding, M., Kyrö, E., Litynska, Z., Moore, D., Moran, E., Nagai, T., Nakane, H., Parrondo, C., Skrivankova, P., Stübi, R., Vaughan, G., Viatte, P., Yushkov, V., Streibel, M., Rex, Markus, von der Gathen, Peter, Lehmann, Ralph, Harris, N. R. P., Braathen, G. O., Reimer, E., Deckelmann, Holger, Chipperfield, M., Millard, G., Allaart, M., Andersen, S. B., Claude, H., Davies, J., De Backer, H., Dier, H., Dorokhov, V., Fast, H., Gerding, M., Kyrö, E., Litynska, Z., Moore, D., Moran, E., Nagai, T., Nakane, H., Parrondo, C., Skrivankova, P., Stübi, R., Vaughan, G., Viatte, P., and Yushkov, V.

Published
2006

9. Ozone profiles in the high-latitude stratosphere and lower mesosphere measured by the Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer (ILAS)-II: Comparison with other satellite sensors and ozonesondes

Author

Sugita, T., Nakajima, H., Yokota, T., Kanzawa, H., Gernandt, Hartwig, Herber, Andreas, von der Gathen, Peter, König-Langlo, Gert, Sato, K., Dorokhov, V., Yushkov, V. A., Murayama, Y., Yamamori, M., Godin-Beekmann, S., Goutail, F., Roscoe, H. K., Deshler, T., Yela, M., Taalas, P., Kyrö, E., Oltmans, S. J., Johnson, B. J., Allaart, M., Litynska, Z., Klekociuk, A., Andersen, S. B., Braathen, G. O., De Backer, H., Randall, C. E., Bevilacqua, R. M., Taha, G., Thomason, L. W., Irie, H., Ejiri, M. K., Saitoh, N., Tanaka, T., Terao, Y., Kobayashi, H., Sasano, Y., Sugita, T., Nakajima, H., Yokota, T., Kanzawa, H., Gernandt, Hartwig, Herber, Andreas, von der Gathen, Peter, König-Langlo, Gert, Sato, K., Dorokhov, V., Yushkov, V. A., Murayama, Y., Yamamori, M., Godin-Beekmann, S., Goutail, F., Roscoe, H. K., Deshler, T., Yela, M., Taalas, P., Kyrö, E., Oltmans, S. J., Johnson, B. J., Allaart, M., Litynska, Z., Klekociuk, A., Andersen, S. B., Braathen, G. O., De Backer, H., Randall, C. E., Bevilacqua, R. M., Taha, G., Thomason, L. W., Irie, H., Ejiri, M. K., Saitoh, N., Tanaka, T., Terao, Y., Kobayashi, H., and Sasano, Y.

Published
2006

10. Arctic Ozone Loss and Climate Change - Large Ozone Loss in Arctic Winter 2004/2005

Author

Rex, Markus, Salawitch, R. J., Harris, N. R. P., Chipperfield, M. P., Naujokat, B., von der Gathen, Peter, Deckelmann, Holger, Reimer, E., Braathen, G. B., Allaart, M., Andersen, S. B., Claude, H., Davies, J., De Backer, H., Dier, H., Dorokov, V., Fast, H., Gerding, M., Kyrö, E., Litynska, Z., Moore, D., Moran, E., Nagai, T., Nakane, H., Parrondo, C., Skrivankova, P., Stübi, R., Vaughan, G., Viatte, P., Yushkov, V., Zerefos, C., Rex, Markus, Salawitch, R. J., Harris, N. R. P., Chipperfield, M. P., Naujokat, B., von der Gathen, Peter, Deckelmann, Holger, Reimer, E., Braathen, G. B., Allaart, M., Andersen, S. B., Claude, H., Davies, J., De Backer, H., Dier, H., Dorokov, V., Fast, H., Gerding, M., Kyrö, E., Litynska, Z., Moore, D., Moran, E., Nagai, T., Nakane, H., Parrondo, C., Skrivankova, P., Stübi, R., Vaughan, G., Viatte, P., Yushkov, V., and Zerefos, C.

Published
2005

11. Vortex-averaged Arctic ozone depletion in the winter 2002/2003

Author

Christensen, T., Knudsen, B. M., Streibel, M., Andersen, S. B., Benesova, A., Braathen, G., Claude, H., Davies, J., Backer, H. De, Dier, H., Dorokhov, V., Gerding, M., Gil, M., Henchoz, B., Kelder, H., Kivi, R., Kyrö, E., Litynska, Z., Moore, D., Peters, G., Skrivankova, P., Stübi, R., Turunen, T., Vaughan, G., Viatte, P., Vik, A. F., Zaitcev, I., von der Gathen, Peter, Christensen, T., Knudsen, B. M., Streibel, M., Andersen, S. B., Benesova, A., Braathen, G., Claude, H., Davies, J., Backer, H. De, Dier, H., Dorokhov, V., Gerding, M., Gil, M., Henchoz, B., Kelder, H., Kivi, R., Kyrö, E., Litynska, Z., Moore, D., Peters, G., Skrivankova, P., Stübi, R., Turunen, T., Vaughan, G., Viatte, P., Vik, A. F., Zaitcev, I., and von der Gathen, Peter

Abstract

A total ozone depletion of 68±7 Dobson units between 380 and 525K from 10 December 2002 to 10 March 2003 is derived from ozone sonde data by the vortex-average method, taking into account both diabatic descent of the air masses and transport of air into the vortex. When the vortex is divided into three equal-area regions, the results are 85±9DU for the collar region (closest to the edge), 52±5DU for the vortex centre and 68±7DU for the middle region in between centre and collar.Our results compare well with other studies: We find good agreement with ozone loss deduced from SAOZ data, with results inferred from POAM III observations and with results from tracer-tracer correlations using HF as the long-lived tracer. We find a higher ozone loss than that deduced by tracer-tracer correlations using CH4.We have made a careful comparison with Match results: The results were recalculated using a common time period, vortex edge definition and height interval. The two methods generally compare very well, except at the 475K level which exhibits an unexplained discrepancy.

Published
2005

12. Non-coincident inter-instrument comparisons of ozone measurements using quasi-conservative coordinates

Author

Lait, L. R., Newman, P. A., Schoeberl, M. R., McGee, T., Twigg, L., Browell, E. V., Fenn, M. A., Grant, W. B., Butler, C. F., Bevilacqua, R., Davies, J., DeBacker, H., Andersen, S. B., Kyrö, E., Kivi, R., Claude, H., Benesova, A., Skrivankova, P., Dorokhov, V., Zaitcev, I., Braathen, G., Gil, M., Litynska, Z., Moore, D., Gerding, M., von der Gathen, Peter, Lait, L. R., Newman, P. A., Schoeberl, M. R., McGee, T., Twigg, L., Browell, E. V., Fenn, M. A., Grant, W. B., Butler, C. F., Bevilacqua, R., Davies, J., DeBacker, H., Andersen, S. B., Kyrö, E., Kivi, R., Claude, H., Benesova, A., Skrivankova, P., Dorokhov, V., Zaitcev, I., Braathen, G., Gil, M., Litynska, Z., Moore, D., Gerding, M., and von der Gathen, Peter

Abstract

Ozone measurements from ozonesondes, AROTAL, DIAL, and POAM III instruments during the SOLVE-2/VINTERSOL period are composited in a time-varying, flow-following quasi-conservative (PV-θ) coordinate space; the resulting composites from each instrument are mapped onto the other instruments' locations and times. The mapped data are then used to intercompare data from the different instruments. Overall, the four ozone data sets are found to be in good agreement. AROTAL shows somewhat lower values below 16 km, and DIAL has a positive bias at the upper limits of its altitude range. These intercomparisons are consistent with those obtained from more conventional near-coincident profiles, where available. Although the PV-θ mapping technique entails larger uncertainties of individual profile differences compared to direct near-coincident comparisons, the ability to include much larger numbers of comparisons can make this technique advantageous.

Published
2004

13. Vortex-averaged ozone losses in the winter 2002/2003

Author

Christensen, T., Knudsen, B. M., Andersen, S. B., Benesova, A., Bojkov, B. R., Claude, H., Davies, J., Backer, H. De, Dier, H., Dorokhov, V., Gerding, M., Gil, M., Henchoz, B., Kelder, H., Kivi, R., Kyrö, E., Litynska, Z., Peters, G., Shearman, R. J., Skrivankova, P., Stübi, R., Turunen, T., Vaughan, G., Viatte, P., Zaitcev, I., von der Gathen, Peter, Christensen, T., Knudsen, B. M., Andersen, S. B., Benesova, A., Bojkov, B. R., Claude, H., Davies, J., Backer, H. De, Dier, H., Dorokhov, V., Gerding, M., Gil, M., Henchoz, B., Kelder, H., Kivi, R., Kyrö, E., Litynska, Z., Peters, G., Shearman, R. J., Skrivankova, P., Stübi, R., Turunen, T., Vaughan, G., Viatte, P., Zaitcev, I., and von der Gathen, Peter

Published
2004

14. Ozone loss rates over the Arctic 2002/03 and Antarctic 2003 measured with the Match approach

Author

Streibel, M., von der Gathen, Peter, Rex, Markus, Deckelmann, Holger, Harris, N. R. P., Braathen, G. O., Chipperfield, M. P., Millard, G., Reimer, E., Alfier, R., Allaart, M., Andersen, S. B., Araujo, J., Balis, D., Billett, O., Cambridge, C., Claude, H., Colwell, S. R., Davies, J., De Backer, H., Deshler, T., Dier, H., Dorokhov, V., Easson, J., Fast, H., Gerding, M., Ginzburg, Michael, Godin-Beekmann, S., Johnson, B., Karhu, J. A., Klekociuk, A., Kyrö, E., Litynska, Z., Moore, D., Moran, E., Nagai, T., Nakane, H., Parrondo, C., Ravegnani, F., Roscoe, H. K., Sato, K., Shanklin, J. D., Skrivankova, P., Stübi, R., Tripathi, O. P., Varotsos, C., Vialle, C., Viatte, P., Yamanouchi, T., Yela, M., Yoshizawa, N., Yushkov, V., Zerefos, C. S., Streibel, M., von der Gathen, Peter, Rex, Markus, Deckelmann, Holger, Harris, N. R. P., Braathen, G. O., Chipperfield, M. P., Millard, G., Reimer, E., Alfier, R., Allaart, M., Andersen, S. B., Araujo, J., Balis, D., Billett, O., Cambridge, C., Claude, H., Colwell, S. R., Davies, J., De Backer, H., Deshler, T., Dier, H., Dorokhov, V., Easson, J., Fast, H., Gerding, M., Ginzburg, Michael, Godin-Beekmann, S., Johnson, B., Karhu, J. A., Klekociuk, A., Kyrö, E., Litynska, Z., Moore, D., Moran, E., Nagai, T., Nakane, H., Parrondo, C., Ravegnani, F., Roscoe, H. K., Sato, K., Shanklin, J. D., Skrivankova, P., Stübi, R., Tripathi, O. P., Varotsos, C., Vialle, C., Viatte, P., Yamanouchi, T., Yela, M., Yoshizawa, N., Yushkov, V., and Zerefos, C. S.

Published
2004

15. Assessment of the Version 1.3 ILAS-II ozone data quality in the high lower stratosphere

Author

Sugita, T., Kanzawa, H., Nakajima, H., Yokota, T., Gernandt, Hartwig, Herber, Andreas, König-Langlo, Gert, Murayama, Y., Yamamori, M., Sato, K., Yushkov, V. A., Dorokhov, V., Allaart, M., Litynska, Z., Braathen, G. O., Kyrö, E., Backer, H., Yela, M., Klekociuk, A., Goutail, F., Godin-Beekmann, S., Taalas, P., Deshler, T., Roscoe, H. K., Oltmans, S. J., Johnson, B., Kobayashi, H., Sasano, Y., von der Gathen, Peter, Sugita, T., Kanzawa, H., Nakajima, H., Yokota, T., Gernandt, Hartwig, Herber, Andreas, König-Langlo, Gert, Murayama, Y., Yamamori, M., Sato, K., Yushkov, V. A., Dorokhov, V., Allaart, M., Litynska, Z., Braathen, G. O., Kyrö, E., Backer, H., Yela, M., Klekociuk, A., Goutail, F., Godin-Beekmann, S., Taalas, P., Deshler, T., Roscoe, H. K., Oltmans, S. J., Johnson, B., Kobayashi, H., Sasano, Y., and von der Gathen, Peter

Published
2004

16. Ozone loss from quasi-conservative coordinate mapping during the 1999-2000 SOLVE/THESEO 2000 campaigns

Author

Lait, L. R., Schoeberl, M. R., Newman, P. A., McGee, T., Burris, J., Browell, E. V., Richard, E., Braathen, G. O., Bojkov, B. R., Goutail, F., Kyrö, E., Vaughan, G., Kelder, H., Kirkwood, S., Woods, P., Dorokhov, V., Zaitcev, I., Litynska, Z., Kois, B., Benesova, A., Skrivankova, P., Backer, H. de, Davies, J., Jørgensen, T., Mikkelsen, I. S., von der Gathen, Peter, Lait, L. R., Schoeberl, M. R., Newman, P. A., McGee, T., Burris, J., Browell, E. V., Richard, E., Braathen, G. O., Bojkov, B. R., Goutail, F., Kyrö, E., Vaughan, G., Kelder, H., Kirkwood, S., Woods, P., Dorokhov, V., Zaitcev, I., Litynska, Z., Kois, B., Benesova, A., Skrivankova, P., Backer, H. de, Davies, J., Jørgensen, T., Mikkelsen, I. S., and von der Gathen, Peter

Abstract

Ozone observations made by the Airborne Raman Ozone, Temperature, and Aerosol Lidar(AROTEL) and Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) on board the NASA DC-8 aircraft, the NOAAin situ instrument on board the NASA ER-2 aircraft, and Third European Stratospheric Experimenton Ozone 2000 (THESEO 2000) ozonesondes are analyzed by applying a quasi-conservativecoordinate mapping technique. Measurements from the late winter/early spring SAGE III OzoneLoss and Validation Experiment (SOLVE) period (January through March 2000) are incorporatedinto a time-varying composite field in a potential vorticity-potential temperature coordinate space;ozone loss rates are calculated both with and without diabatic effects. The average loss rate frommid-January to mid-March near the 450 K isentropic surface in the polar vortex is found to beapproximately 0.03 ppmv/d.

Published
2002

17. Chemical depletion of Arctic ozone in winter 1999/2000

Author

Rex, Markus, Salawitch, R. J., Harris, N. R. P., Braathen, G. O., Schulz, Astrid, Deckelmann, Holger, Chipperfield, M., Sinnhuber, B. M., Reimer, E., Alfier, R., Bevilacqua, R., Hoppel, K., Fromm, M., Lumpe, J., Küllmann, H., Kleinböhl, A., Bremer, H., König, Matthias, Künzi, K., Toohey, D., Vömel, H., Richard, E., Aikin, K., Jost, H., Greenblatt, J. B., Loewenstein, M., Podolske, J. R., Webster, C. R., Flesch, G. J., Scott, D. C., Herman, R. L., Elkins, J. W., Ray, E. A., Moore, F. L., Hurst, D. F., Romashkin, P., Toon, G. C., Sen, B., Margitan, J. J., Wennberg, P., Neuber, Roland, Allart, M., Bojkov, R. B., Claude, H., Davies, J., Davies, W., Backer, H. de, Dier, H., Dorokhov, V., Fast, H., Kondo, Y., Kyrö, E., Litynska, Z., Mikkelsen, I. S., Molyneux, M. J., Moran, E., Murphy, G., Nagai, T., Nakane, H., Parrondo, C., Ravegnani, F., Skrivankova, P., Viatte, P., Yushkov, V., von der Gathen, Peter, Rex, Markus, Salawitch, R. J., Harris, N. R. P., Braathen, G. O., Schulz, Astrid, Deckelmann, Holger, Chipperfield, M., Sinnhuber, B. M., Reimer, E., Alfier, R., Bevilacqua, R., Hoppel, K., Fromm, M., Lumpe, J., Küllmann, H., Kleinböhl, A., Bremer, H., König, Matthias, Künzi, K., Toohey, D., Vömel, H., Richard, E., Aikin, K., Jost, H., Greenblatt, J. B., Loewenstein, M., Podolske, J. R., Webster, C. R., Flesch, G. J., Scott, D. C., Herman, R. L., Elkins, J. W., Ray, E. A., Moore, F. L., Hurst, D. F., Romashkin, P., Toon, G. C., Sen, B., Margitan, J. J., Wennberg, P., Neuber, Roland, Allart, M., Bojkov, R. B., Claude, H., Davies, J., Davies, W., Backer, H. de, Dier, H., Dorokhov, V., Fast, H., Kondo, Y., Kyrö, E., Litynska, Z., Mikkelsen, I. S., Molyneux, M. J., Moran, E., Murphy, G., Nagai, T., Nakane, H., Parrondo, C., Ravegnani, F., Skrivankova, P., Viatte, P., Yushkov, V., and von der Gathen, Peter

Abstract

Large losses of Arctic ozone occur during winters with cold, stable stratospheric circulations that result in the extensive occurrence of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs). Reactions on the surface of PSCs lead to elevated abundances of chlorine monoxide (ClO) that, in the presence of sunlight, destroys ozone. Here we show that PSCs were more widespread during the 1999/2000 Arctic winter than for any other winter in the past two decades. We have used three fundamentally different approaches to derive the degree of chemical ozone loss from ozone sonde, balloon, aircraft and satelite instruments. We show that the ozone losses derived from these different instruments and approaches agree very well, resulting in a high level of confidence in the results. Chemical processes led to a 70% reduction of ozone for a ~1 km thick region of the lower stratosphere, the largest degree of local loss ever reported for the Arctic. The chemical loss of ozone in the total column amounted to about 100 DU by the end of the winter. This total column loss was balanced by transport, resulting in relatively constant total ozone between early January and late March, which is in contrast to the climatological increase of the total ozone column during this period, that is observed during most years.

Published
2002

18. Arctic ozone loss in threshold conditions: Match observations in 1997/1998 and 1998/1999

Author

Schulz, Astrid, Rex, Markus, Harris, N. R. P., Braathen, G. O., Reimer, E., Alfier, R., Kilbane-Dawe, I., Eckermann, S., Allaart, M., Alpers, M., Bojkov, B., Cisneros, J., Claude, H., Cuevas, E., Davies, J., Backer, H. de, Dier, H., Dorokhov, V., Fast, H., Godin, S., Johnson, B., Kois, B., Kondo, Y., Kosmidis, E., Kyrö, E., Litynska, Z., Mikkelsen, I. S., Molyneux, M. J., Murphy, G., Nagai, T., Nakane, H., O'Connor, F., Parrondo, C., Schmidlin, F. J., Skrivankova, P., Varotsos, C., Vialle, C., Viatte, P., Yushkov, V., Zerefos, C., von der Gathen, Peter, Schulz, Astrid, Rex, Markus, Harris, N. R. P., Braathen, G. O., Reimer, E., Alfier, R., Kilbane-Dawe, I., Eckermann, S., Allaart, M., Alpers, M., Bojkov, B., Cisneros, J., Claude, H., Cuevas, E., Davies, J., Backer, H. de, Dier, H., Dorokhov, V., Fast, H., Godin, S., Johnson, B., Kois, B., Kondo, Y., Kosmidis, E., Kyrö, E., Litynska, Z., Mikkelsen, I. S., Molyneux, M. J., Murphy, G., Nagai, T., Nakane, H., O'Connor, F., Parrondo, C., Schmidlin, F. J., Skrivankova, P., Varotsos, C., Vialle, C., Viatte, P., Yushkov, V., Zerefos, C., and von der Gathen, Peter

Abstract

Chemical ozone loss rates inside the Arctic polar vortexweredetermined in early 1998 and early 1999 by using the Match techniquebased on coordinated ozonesonde measurements. These two wintersprovide the only opportunities in recent years to investigatechemical ozone loss in a warm Arctic vortex under thresholdconditions, i.e., where the preconditions for chlorine activation,and hence ozone destruction, only occurred occasionally. In 1998,results were obtained in January and February between 410 and 520 K.The overall ozone loss was observed to be largely insignificant,with the exception of late February, when those air parcels exposedto temperatures below 195 K were affected by chemical ozone loss. In1999, results are confined to the 475 K isentropic level, where nosignificant ozone loss was observed. Average temperatures were some8 -10 K higher than those in 1995, 1996, and 1997,when substantial chemical ozone loss occurred. The results underlinethe strong dependence of the chemical ozone loss on thestratospheric temperatures. This study shows that enhanced chlorinealone does not provide a sufficient condition for ozone loss. Theevolution of stratospheric temperatures over the next decade will bethe determining factor for the amount of wintertime chemical ozoneloss in the Arctic stratosphere.

Published
2001

19. Match observations in the Arctic winter 1996/97: High stratospheric ozone loss rates correlate with low temperatures deep inside the polar vortex

Author

Schulz, Astrid, Rex, Markus, Steger, J., Harris, N. R. P., Braathen, G. O., Reimer, E., Alfier, R., Beck, A., Alpers, M., Cisneros, J., Claude, H., De Backer, H., Dier, H., Dorokhov, V., Fast, H., Godin, S., Hansen, G., Kanzawa, H., Kois, B., Kondo, Y., Kosmidis, E., Kyrö, E., Litynska, Z., Molyneux, M. J., Murphy, G., Nakane, H., Parrondo, C., Ravegnani, F., Varotsos, C., Vialle, C., Viatte, P., Yushkov, V., Zerefos, C., von der Gathen, Peter, Schulz, Astrid, Rex, Markus, Steger, J., Harris, N. R. P., Braathen, G. O., Reimer, E., Alfier, R., Beck, A., Alpers, M., Cisneros, J., Claude, H., De Backer, H., Dier, H., Dorokhov, V., Fast, H., Godin, S., Hansen, G., Kanzawa, H., Kois, B., Kondo, Y., Kosmidis, E., Kyrö, E., Litynska, Z., Molyneux, M. J., Murphy, G., Nakane, H., Parrondo, C., Ravegnani, F., Varotsos, C., Vialle, C., Viatte, P., Yushkov, V., Zerefos, C., and von der Gathen, Peter

Abstract

With the Match technique, which is based on the coordinated release of ozonesondes, chemicalozone loss rates in the Arctic stratospheric vortex in early 1997 have been quantified in a verticalregion between 400K and 550K. Ozone destruction was observed from mid February to midMarch in most of these levels, with maximum loss rates between 25 and 45ppbv/day. The vortexaveraged loss rates and the accumulated vertically integrated ozone loss have been smaller than inthe previous two winters, indicating that the record low ozone columns observed in spring 1997were partly caused by dynamical effects. The observed ozone loss is inhomogeneous through thevortex with the highest loss rates located in the vortex centre, coinciding with the lowesttemperatures. Here the loss rates per sunlit hour reached 6 ppbv/h, while the correspondingvortex averaged rates did not exceed 3.9 ppbv/h.

Published
2000

20. Ozone loss rates determined with Match: Arctic winters 1997/98 and 1998/99

Author

Schulz, Astrid, Rex, Markus, Harris, N. R. P., Braathen, G. O., Kyrö, E., Reimer, E., Alfier, R., Kilbane-Dawe, I., Allaart, M., Alpers, M., Bojkov, B. R., Cisneros, J., Claude, H., Cuevas, E., Davies, J., De Backer, H., Dier, H., Dorokhov, V., Fast, H., Johnson, B., Kois, B., Kosmidis, E., Litynska, Z., Mikkelsen, I. S., Molyneux, M., Murphy, G., Nakane, H., O'Connor, F., Parrondo, C., Skrivankova, P., Varotsos, C., Vialle, C., Viatte, P., Yushkov, V., Zerefos, C., von der Gathen, Peter, Schulz, Astrid, Rex, Markus, Harris, N. R. P., Braathen, G. O., Kyrö, E., Reimer, E., Alfier, R., Kilbane-Dawe, I., Allaart, M., Alpers, M., Bojkov, B. R., Cisneros, J., Claude, H., Cuevas, E., Davies, J., De Backer, H., Dier, H., Dorokhov, V., Fast, H., Johnson, B., Kois, B., Kosmidis, E., Litynska, Z., Mikkelsen, I. S., Molyneux, M., Murphy, G., Nakane, H., O'Connor, F., Parrondo, C., Skrivankova, P., Varotsos, C., Vialle, C., Viatte, P., Yushkov, V., Zerefos, C., and von der Gathen, Peter

Published
2000

21. Chemical ozone loss in the Arctic winter 1994/95 as determined by the Match technique

Author

Rex, Markus, von der Gathen, Peter, Braathen, G. O., Harris, N. R. P., Reimer, E., Beck, A., Alfier, R., Krüger-Carstensen, R., Chipperfield, M., De Backer, H., Balis, D., O`Connor, F., Dier, H., Dorokhov, V., Fast, H., Gamma, A., Gil, M., Kyrö, E., Litynska, Z., Mikkelsen, S., Molyneux, M., Murphy, G., Reid, S. J., Rummukainen, M., Zerefos, C., Rex, Markus, von der Gathen, Peter, Braathen, G. O., Harris, N. R. P., Reimer, E., Beck, A., Alfier, R., Krüger-Carstensen, R., Chipperfield, M., De Backer, H., Balis, D., O`Connor, F., Dier, H., Dorokhov, V., Fast, H., Gamma, A., Gil, M., Kyrö, E., Litynska, Z., Mikkelsen, S., Molyneux, M., Murphy, G., Reid, S. J., Rummukainen, M., and Zerefos, C.

Abstract

The chemically induced ozone loss inside the Arctic vortex during the winter 1994/95 has beenquantified by coordinated launches of over 1000 ozonesondes from 35 stations within the Match94/95 campaign. Trajectory calculations, which allow diabatic heating or cooling, were used totrigger the balloon launches so that the ozone concentrations in a large number of air parcels areeach measured twice a few days apart. The difference in ozone concentration is calculated foreach pair and is interpreted as a change caused by chemistry. The data analysis has been carriedout far January to March between 370 K and 600 K potential temperature. Ozone loss along thesetrajectories occurred exclusively during sunlit periods, and the periods of ozone loss coincidedwith, but slightly lagged, periods where stratospheric temperatures were low enough for polarstratospheric clouds to exist. Two clearly separated periods of ozone loss show up. Ozone lossrates first peaked in late January with a maximum value of 53 ppbv per day (1.6 % per day) at475 K and faster losses higher up. Then, in mid-March ozone loss rates at 475 K reached 34 ppbvper day (1.3 % per day), faster losses were observed lower down and no ozone loss was foundabove 480 K during that period. The ozone loss in hypothetical air parcels with average diabaticdescent rates has been integrated to give an accumulated loss through the winter. The most severedepletion of 2.0 ppmv (60 %) took place in air that was at 515 K on 1 January and at 450 K on20 March. Vertical integration over the levels from 370 K to 600 K gives a column lass rate,which reached a maximum value of 2.7 Dobson Units per day in mid-March. The accumulatedcolumn loss between 1 January and 31 March was found to be 127 DU (similar to 36 %).

Published
1999

22. Arctic winter 2005: Implications for stratospheric ozone loss and climate change

Author

Rex, M., primary, Salawitch, R. J., additional, Deckelmann, H., additional, von der Gathen, P., additional, Harris, N. R. P., additional, Chipperfield, M. P., additional, Naujokat, B., additional, Reimer, E., additional, Allaart, M., additional, Andersen, S. B., additional, Bevilacqua, R., additional, Braathen, G. O., additional, Claude, H., additional, Davies, J., additional, De Backer, H., additional, Dier, H., additional, Dorokhov, V., additional, Fast, H., additional, Gerding, M., additional, Godin-Beekmann, S., additional, Hoppel, K., additional, Johnson, B., additional, Kyrö, E., additional, Litynska, Z., additional, Moore, D., additional, Nakane, H., additional, Parrondo, M. C., additional, Risley, A. D., additional, Skrivankova, P., additional, Stübi, R., additional, Viatte, P., additional, Yushkov, V., additional, and Zerefos, C., additional

Published
2006
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23. Chemical ozone loss in the Arctic winter 2002/2003 determined with Match

Author

Streibel, M., primary, Rex, M., additional, von der Gathen, P., additional, Lehmann, R., additional, Harris, N. R. P., additional, Braathen, G. O., additional, Reimer, E., additional, Deckelmann, H., additional, Chipperfield, M., additional, Millard, G., additional, Allaart, M., additional, Andersen, S. B., additional, Claude, H., additional, Davies, J., additional, De Backer, H., additional, Dier, H., additional, Dorokov, V., additional, Fast, H., additional, Gerding, M., additional, Kyrö, E., additional, Litynska, Z., additional, Moore, D., additional, Moran, E., additional, Nagai, T., additional, Nakane, H., additional, Parrondo, C., additional, Skrivankova, P., additional, Stübi, R., additional, Vaughan, G., additional, Viatte, P., additional, and Yushkov, V., additional

Published
2006
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24. Chemical ozone loss in the Arctic winter 2002/2003 determined with Match

Author

Streibel, M., primary, Rex, M., additional, von der Gathen, P., additional, Lehmann, R., additional, Harris, N. R. P., additional, Braathen, G. O., additional, Reimer, E., additional, Deckelmann, H., additional, Chipperfield, M., additional, Millard, G., additional, Allaart, M., additional, Andersen, S. B., additional, Claude, H., additional, Davies, J., additional, De Backer, H., additional, Dier, H., additional, Dorokov, V., additional, Fast, H., additional, Gerding, M., additional, Kyrö, E., additional, Litynska, Z., additional, Moore, D., additional, Moran, E., additional, Nagai, T., additional, Nakane, H., additional, Parrondo, C., additional, Skrivankova, P., additional, Stübi, R., additional, Vaughan, G., additional, Viatte, P., additional, and Yushkov, V., additional

Published
2005
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25. Vortex-averaged Arctic ozone depletion in the winter 2002/2003

Author

Christensen, T., primary, Knudsen, B. M., additional, Streibel, M., additional, Andersen, S. B., additional, Benesova, A., additional, Braathen, G., additional, Claude, H., additional, Davies, J., additional, De Backer, H., additional, Dier, H., additional, Dorokhov, V., additional, Gerding, M., additional, Gil, M., additional, Henchoz, B., additional, Kelder, H., additional, Kivi, R., additional, Kyrö, E., additional, Litynska, Z., additional, Moore, D., additional, Peters, G., additional, Skrivankova, P., additional, Stübi, R., additional, Turunen, T., additional, Vaughan, G., additional, Viatte, P., additional, Vik, A. F., additional, von der Gathen, P., additional, and Zaitcev, I., additional

Published
2005
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26. Non-coincident inter-instrument comparisons of ozone measurements using quasi-conservative coordinates

Author

Lait, L. R., primary, Newman, P. A., additional, Schoeberl, M. R., additional, McGee, T., additional, Twigg, L., additional, Browell, E. V., additional, Fenn, M. A., additional, Grant, W. B., additional, Butler, C. F., additional, Bevilacqua, R., additional, Davies, J., additional, DeBacker, H., additional, Andersen, S. B., additional, Kyrö, E., additional, Kivi, E., additional, von der Gathen, P., additional, Claude, H., additional, Benesova, A., additional, Skrivankova, P., additional, Dorokhov, V., additional, Zaitcev, I., additional, Braathen, G., additional, Gil, M., additional, Litynska, Z., additional, Moore, D., additional, and Gerding, M., additional

Published
2004
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27. Vortex-averaged Arctic ozone depletion in the winter 2002/2003

Author

Christensen, T., primary, Knudsen, B. M., additional, Streibel, M., additional, Andersen, S. B., additional, Benesova, A., additional, Braathen, G., additional, Claude, H., additional, Davies, J., additional, de Backer, H., additional, Dier, H., additional, Dorokhov, V., additional, Gerding, M., additional, Gil, M., additional, Henchoz, B., additional, Kelder, H., additional, Kivi, R., additional, Kyrö, E., additional, Litynska, Z., additional, Moore, D., additional, Peters, G., additional, Skrivankova, P., additional, Stübi, R., additional, Turunen, T., additional, Vaughan, G., additional, Viatte, P., additional, Vik, A. F., additional, von der Gathen, P., additional, and Zaitcev, I., additional

Published
2004
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28. A study of ozone laminae using diabatic trajectories, contour advection and photochemical trajectory model simulations

Author

Reid, S. J., Rex, Markus, von der Gathen, Peter, Fløisand, I., Stordal, F., Carver, G. D., Beck, A., Reimer, E., Krüger-Carstensen, R., De Haan, L. L., Braathen, G. O., Dorokhov, V., Fast, H., Kyrö, E., Gil, M., Litynska, Z., Molyneux, M., Murphy, G., O'Connor, F., Ravegnani, F., Varotsos, C., Wenger, J., Zerefos, C., Reid, S. J., Rex, Markus, von der Gathen, Peter, Fløisand, I., Stordal, F., Carver, G. D., Beck, A., Reimer, E., Krüger-Carstensen, R., De Haan, L. L., Braathen, G. O., Dorokhov, V., Fast, H., Kyrö, E., Gil, M., Litynska, Z., Molyneux, M., Murphy, G., O'Connor, F., Ravegnani, F., Varotsos, C., Wenger, J., and Zerefos, C.

Abstract

In this paper, we show that the rate of ozone loss in both polar and mid-latitudes, derived from ozonesonde and satellite data, has almost the same vertical distribution (although opposite sense) to that of ozone laminae abundance. Ozone laminae appear in the lower stratosphere soon after the polar vortex is established in autumn, increase in number throughout the winter and reach a maximum abundance in late winter or spring. We indicate a possible coupling between mid-winter, sudden stratospheric warmings (when the vortex is weakened or disrupted) and the abundance of ozone laminae using a 23-year record of ozonesonde data from the World Ozone Data Center in Canada combined with monthly-mean January polar temperatures at 30 hPa.Results are presented from an experiment conducted during the winter of 1994/95, in phase II of the Second European Stratospheric And Mid-latitude Experiment (SESAME), in which 93 ozone-enhanced laminae of polar origin observed by ozonesondes at different time and locations are linked by diabatic trajectories, enabling them to be probed twice or more. It is shown that, in general, ozone concentrations inside laminae fall progressively with time, mixing irreversibly with mid-latitude air on time-scales of a few weeks.A particular set of laminae which advected across Europe during mid February 1995 are examined in detail. These laminae were observed almost simultaneously at seven ozonesonde stations, providing information on their spatial scales. The development of these laminae has been modelled using the Contour Advection algorithm of Norton (1994), adding support to the concept that many laminae are extrusions of vortex air. Finally, a photochemical trajectory model is used to show that, if the air in the laminae is chemically activated, it will impact on mid-latitude ozone concentrations. An estimate is made of the potential number of ozone molecules lost each winter via this mechanism.

Published
1998

29. Prolonged stratospheric ozone loss in the 1995/96 Arctic winter

Author

Rex, Markus, Harris, N. R. P., von der Gathen, Peter, Lehmann, Ralph, Braathen, G. O., Reimer, E., Beck, A., Chipperfield, M. P., Alfier, R., Allaart, M., O'Connor, F., Dier, H., Dorokhov, V., Fast, H., Gil, M., Kyrö, E., Litynska, Z., Mikkelsen, I. S., Molyneux, M. G., Nakane, H., Notholt, Justus, Rummukainen, M., Viatte, P., Wenger, J., Rex, Markus, Harris, N. R. P., von der Gathen, Peter, Lehmann, Ralph, Braathen, G. O., Reimer, E., Beck, A., Chipperfield, M. P., Alfier, R., Allaart, M., O'Connor, F., Dier, H., Dorokhov, V., Fast, H., Gil, M., Kyrö, E., Litynska, Z., Mikkelsen, I. S., Molyneux, M. G., Nakane, H., Notholt, Justus, Rummukainen, M., Viatte, P., and Wenger, J.

Abstract

It is well established that extensive depletion of ozone, initiated by heterogenous reactions on polar stratospheric clouds(PSCs) can occur in both the Arctic and Antarctic lower stratosphere. Moreover, it has been shown that ozone lossrates in the Arctic region in recent years reached values comparable to those over the Antarctic. But until now theaccumulated ozone losses over the Arctic have been the smaller, mainly because the period of Arctic ozone loss hasnot-unlike over the Antarctic-persisted well into springtime. Here we report the occurrence-during the unusuallycold 1995-96 Arctic winter-of the highest recorded chemical ozone loss over the Arctic region. Two new kinds ofbehaviour were observed. First, ozone loss at some altitudes was observed long after the last exposure to PSCs. Thiscontinued loss appears to be due to a removal of the nitrogen species that slow down chemical ozone depletion. Second,in another altitude range ozone loss rates decreased while PSCs were still present, apparently because of an earlytransformation of the ozone-destroying chlorine species into less active chlorinenitrate. The balance between these twocounteracting mechanisms is probably a fine one, determined by small differences in wintertime stratospherictemperatures. If the apparent cooling trend in the Arctic stratosphere is real, more dramatic ozone losses may occurin the future.

Published
1997

30. Chemical depletion of Arctic ozone in winter 1999/2000

Author

Rex, M., primary, Salawitch, R. J., additional, Harris, N. R. P., additional, von der Gathen, P., additional, Braathen, G. O., additional, Schulz, A., additional, Deckelmann, H., additional, Chipperfield, M., additional, Sinnhuber, B.‐M., additional, Reimer, E., additional, Alfier, R., additional, Bevilacqua, R., additional, Hoppel, K., additional, Fromm, M., additional, Lumpe, J., additional, Küllmann, H., additional, Kleinböhl, A., additional, Bremer, H., additional, von König, M., additional, Künzi, K., additional, Toohey, D., additional, Vömel, H., additional, Richard, E., additional, Aikin, K., additional, Jost, H., additional, Greenblatt, J. B., additional, Loewenstein, M., additional, Podolske, J. R., additional, Webster, C. R., additional, Flesch, G. J., additional, Scott, D. C., additional, Herman, R. L., additional, Elkins, J. W., additional, Ray, E. A., additional, Moore, F. L., additional, Hurst, D. F., additional, Romashkin, P., additional, Toon, G. C., additional, Sen, B., additional, Margitan, J. J., additional, Wennberg, P., additional, Neuber, R., additional, Allart, M., additional, Bojkov, B. R., additional, Claude, H., additional, Davies, J., additional, Davies, W., additional, De Backer, H., additional, Dier, H., additional, Dorokhov, V., additional, Fast, H., additional, Kondo, Y., additional, Kyrö, E., additional, Litynska, Z., additional, Mikkelsen, I. S., additional, Molyneux, M. J., additional, Moran, E., additional, Nagai, T., additional, Nakane, H., additional, Parrondo, C., additional, Ravegnani, F., additional, Skrivankova, P., additional, Viatte, P., additional, and Yushkov, V., additional

Published
2002
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31. Arctic ozone loss in threshold conditions: Match observations in 1997/1998 and 1998/1999

Author

Schulz, A., primary, Rex, M., additional, Harris, N. R. P., additional, Braathen, G. O., additional, Reimer, E., additional, Alfier, R., additional, Kilbane‐Dawe, I., additional, Eckermann, S., additional, Allaart, M., additional, Alpers, M., additional, Bojkov, B., additional, Cisneros, J., additional, Claude, H., additional, Cuevas, E., additional, Davies, J., additional, De Backer, H., additional, Dier, H., additional, Dorokhov, V., additional, Fast, H., additional, Godin, S., additional, Johnson, B., additional, Kois, B., additional, Kondo, Y., additional, Kosmidis, E., additional, Kyrö, E., additional, Litynska, Z., additional, Mikkelsen, I. S., additional, Molyneux, M. J., additional, Murphy, G., additional, Nagai, T., additional, Nakane, H., additional, O'Connor, F., additional, Parrondo, C., additional, Schmidlin, F. J., additional, Skrivankova, P., additional, Varotsos, C., additional, Vialle, C., additional, Viatte, P., additional, Yushkov, V., additional, Zerefos, C., additional, and von der Gathen, P., additional

Published
2001
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33. Match observations in the Arctic winter 1996/97: High stratospheric ozone loss rates correlate with low temperatures deep inside the polar vortex

Author

Schulz, A., primary, Rex, M., additional, Steger, J., additional, Harris, N. R. P., additional, Braathen, G. O., additional, Reimer, E., additional, Alfier, R., additional, Beck, A., additional, Alpers, M., additional, Cisneros, J., additional, Claude, H., additional, De Backer, H., additional, Dier, H., additional, Dorokhov, V., additional, Fast, H., additional, Godin, S., additional, Hansen, G., additional, Kanzawa, H., additional, Kois, B., additional, Kondo, Y., additional, Kosmidis, E., additional, Kyrö, E., additional, Litynska, Z., additional, Molyneux, M. J., additional, Murphy, G., additional, Nakane, H., additional, Parrondo, C., additional, Ravegnani, F., additional, Varotsos, C., additional, Vialle, C., additional, Viatte, P., additional, Yushkov, V., additional, Zerefos, C., additional, and von der Gathen, P., additional

Published
2000
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34. A study of ozone laminae using diabatic trajectories, contour advection and photochemical trajectory model simulations

Author

Reid, S.J. Rex, M. Von Der Gathen, P. Fløisand, I. Stordal, F. Carver, G.D. Beck, A. Reimer, E. Krüger-Carstensen, K. De Haan, L.L. Braathen, G. Dorokhov, V. Fast, H. Kyrö, E. Gil, M. Lityn̈ska, Z. Molyneux, M. Murphy, G. O'Connor, F. Ravegnani, F. Varotsos, C. Wenger, J. Zerefos, C.

Abstract

In this paper, we show that the rate of ozone loss in both polar and mid-latitudes, derived from ozonesonde and satellite data, has almost the same vertical distribution (although opposite sense) to that of ozone laminae abundance. Ozone laminae appear in the lower stratosphere soon after the polar vortex is established in autumn, increase in number throughout the winter and reach a maximum abundance in late winter or spring. We indicate a possible coupling between mid-winter, sudden stratospheric warmings (when the vortex is weakened or disrupted) and the abundance of ozone laminae using a 23-year record of ozonesonde data from the World Ozone Data Center in Canada combined with monthly-mean January polar temperatures at 30 hPa. Results are presented from an experiment conducted during the winter of 1994/95, in phase II of the Second European Stratospheric And Mid-latitude Experiment (SESAME), in which 93 ozone-enhanced laminae of polar origin observed by ozonesondes at different time and locations are linked by diabatic trajectories, enabling them to be probed twice or more. It is shown that, in general, ozone concentrations inside laminae fall progressively with time, mixing irreversibly with mid latitude air on time-scales of a few weeks. A particular set of laminae which advected across Europe during mid February 1995 are examined in detail. These laminae were observed almost simultaneously at seven ozonesonde stations, providing information on their spatial scales. The development of these laminae has been modelled using the Contour Advection algorithm of Norton (1994), adding support to the concept that many laminae are extrusions of vortex air. Finally, a photochemical trajectory model is used to show that, if the air in the laminae is chemically activated, it will impact on mid-latitude ozone concentrations. An estimate is made of the potential number of ozone molecules lost each winter via this mechanism.

35. Comparison of models used for UV index calculations.

Author

Koepke P, Bais A, Balis D, Buchwitz M, De Backer H, de Cabo X, Eckert P, Eriksen P, Gillotay D, Heikkilä A, Koskela T, Lapeta B, Litynska Z, Lorente J, Mayer B, Renaud A, Ruggaber A, Schauberger G, Seckmeyer G, Seifert P, Schmalwieser A, Schwander H, Vanicek K, and Weber M

Subjects
Computer Simulation, Models, Statistical, Sunlight adverse effects, Ultraviolet Rays, Weather
Abstract

Eighteen radiative transfer models in use for calculation of UV index are compared with respect to their results for more that 100 cloud-free atmospheres, which describe present, possible future and extreme conditions. The comparison includes six multiple-scattering spectral models, eight fast spectral models and four empirical models. Averages of the results of the six participating multiple-scattering spectral models are taken as a basis for assessment. The agreement among the multiple-scattering models is within +/- 0.5 UV index values for more than 80% of chosen atmospheric parameters. The fast spectral models have very different agreement, between +/- 1 and up to 12 UV index values. The results of the empirical models agree reasonably well with the reference models but only for the atmospheres for which they have been developed. The data to describe the atmospheric conditions, which are used for the comparison, together with the individual results of all participating models and model descriptions are available on the Internet: http://www.meteo.physik.uni-muenchen.de/++ +strahlung/cost/.

Published
1998

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