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Mohammad Taghi Sidgi, one of the devoted representatives of Azerbaijani education, was one of the pioneers of the new method school movement in Nakhchivan, and tried to clarify many serious issues related to linguistics in his work. Today, some lexical units found in M.T.Sidgi's works seem like common words. Observations suggest that the poet, while assigning term status to words of national or Arabic and Persian origin, equally took into account the degree of functionality of the words in the language, the lexical meaning, the integration of the society into the new world, and the conditions of the time. More precisely, the prominent intellectual succeeded in uniting people around the enlightenment movement by writing the concepts related to different fields of knowledge in a language that most of his contemporaries would understand, in a time and place where ignorance prevailed in the minds. It is for the same reason that sometimes in M. T. Sidgin's works, determining which word is general and which word is term requires special attention. In the works of progressive intellectuals who lived and created at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, including M. T. Sidgin, we see that pedagogical terms related to schooling occupy a rather wide place. In general, M.T.Sidgi's work allows us to say that in the second half of the 19th century, as a result of the Enlightenment movement, the tendency to term in the literary language of Azerbaijan increased considerably. When following the terminology of common words in T.Sidqi's work, it becomes clear that the process of meaning specialization is still ongoing at some points. Unreservedly, in a country called Azerbaijan, Mamammad Taghi Sidgi was one of the intellectuals who stood at the forefront of the struggle in "the purposeful struggle of intellectuals for the literary, socio-political, and ideological position of their mother tongue for years". Theoretical ideas are based on literary facts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the history of the publication and reception of I.S. Shmelev’s works in the USSR from the point of view of his emigrant status after the Great Patriotic War. In the after-war decade, Shmelev practically disappeared not only from the readers’ but also from the research area. He is not considered a figure of sufficient significance in the literary process, even in the fundamental academic “History of Russian Literature.” Only in 1957, Shmelev’s first book with a preface by B.V. Mikhailovsky was published in the USSR after a long break, and then two more collections prepared by O.N. Mikhailov (in 1960 and 1966), which gradually filled in the gaps in educational and academic works. Shmelev’s works entered the scholarly interpretation of the literary process as full-fledged components only in the 1970s, but this applies only to the pre-revolutionary period. The complete description of the emigrant period is still a few pages in the preface by O.N. Mikhailov (1966). In 1957–1966, Shmelev was published but practically not studied, and in the 1970s and early 1980s, Shmelev was studied but not published. Only since 1988 Shmelev’s books begin to be published in the USSR one after another. A new stage of his “presence” in his homeland begins, during which his emigre works first rose to the level of pre-revolutionary works and then came forward.

Despite the growing investment in literary tourism projects throughout the country in recent years, this offer is still too scattered and disorganised in Portugal, given its acknowledged literary wealth. This scenario led to the creation of the Cascais Literary Tour, a project developed as a master’s thesis at the School of Arts and Humanities of the University of Lisbon (FLUL), with the decisive support of the Cascais Municipality. Based mainly on documentary research, it was a quest for the local literary heritage that culminated in the birth of a new tourist experience. Today, the Cascais Literary Tour can be followed independently, with the help of the material available online or with the free assistance of a guide. The first results showed that the lack of coordination between culture and tourism, highlighted in previous studies on the subject, had extended to the municipal level. Consequently, there is room for improvement in the dialogue. Although the Cascais Literary Tour was officially launched at the end of 2019, it has already inspired master’s students at the Estoril Institute for Hotel and Tourism Studies (ESHTE). They have added a gastronomic component to the existing route with their A Taste of Cascais project, with special gastro-literary events held in 2021, 2022 and 2023. If the recognition of the literary value of a place is based on the importance attached to a lively interpretation of the literary heritage, we can say that this principle has been respected in these initiatives, reinforcing the conviction that it is essential to go beyond the text and give to the literary experience a performative component.

Despite the growing investment in literary tourism projects throughout the country in recent years, this offer is still too scattered and disorganised in Portugal, given its acknowledged literary wealth. This scenario led to the creation of the Cascais Literary Tour, a project developed as a master's thesis at the School of Arts and Humanities of the University of Lisbon (FLUL), with the decisive support of the Cascais Municipality. Based mainly on documentary research, it was a quest for the local literary heritage that culminated in the birth of a new tourist experience. Today, the Cascais Literary Tour can be followed independently, with the help of the material available online or with the free assistance of a guide. The first results showed that the lack of coordination between culture and tourism, highlighted in previous studies on the subject, had extended to the municipal level. Consequently, there is room for improvement in the dialogue. Although the Cascais Literary Tour was officially launched at the end of 2019, it has already inspired master's students at the Estoril Higher Institute for Hotel and Tourism Studies (ESHTE). They have added a gastronomic component to the existing route with their A Taste of Cascais project, with special gastro-literary events held in 2021, 2022 and 2023. If the recognition of the literary value of a place is based on the importance attached to a lively interpretation of the literary heritage, we can say that this principle has been respected in these initiatives, reinforcing the conviction that it is essential to go beyond the text and give to the literary experience a performative component. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of Ablai Khan KazUIRandWL: Series 'Philological sciences' is the property of Kazakh Ablai Khan University of International Relations & World Languages and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background & Statement of the problem: The poetic framework within Khalil Hawi’s anthology, “Bayader Al-Jow” served as a compelling catalyst for delving into the intellectual aspects and varied poetic influences of the poet. These elements played a pivotal role in utilizing a plethora of metaphorical images, thereby shaping the artistic imagery within the poetic text. Objectives: The research endeavours to uncover the intellectual directions and intertextual patterns within Khalil Hawi’s compilation, “Baydar al-Jow” It also seeks to illuminate the pivotal role these orientations and intertextual elements play in shaping artistic images. Furthermore, the research aims to unveil the poetic sources that influenced the poet’s creation within this collection. Methods: The research depended on the examination of poetic texts to unveil the poet’s philosophical inclinations and identify his poetic influences. Additionally, the study aimed to emphasize poetic methodologies and artistic techniques through the implementation of a descriptive, analytical, and stylistic approach. Results: The research concluded that the poetic text within “Baydar al-Jow” serves as a dynamic catalyst for investigating the poet’s intellectual foundations and poetic inspirations. The poet’s sources encompassed religious, heritage, literary, and linguistic references. Hawi skillfully employed these sources through the technique of intertextuality, infusing them with condensed yet evocative connotations that mirror the poet’s cultural and philosophical stance. Conclusions (Recommendations and contributions): The researchers suggest delving into the diverse poetic themes, artistic phenomena, and stylistic elements that set apart Khalil Hawi’s poetic journey within the realm of Arab modern poetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the advances in computational literary analysis of Western literature, in-depth analysis of the South Asian literature has been lacking. Thus, social network analysis of the main characters in the Indian epic Mahabharata was performed, in which it was prepossessed into verses, followed by a term frequency–inverse document frequency (TF-IDF) transformation. Then, Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) word vectors were obtained by applying compact Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) on the term–document matrix. As a novel innovation to this study, these word vectors were adaptively converted into a fully connected similarity matrix and transformed, using a novel locally weighted K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) algorithm, into a social network. The viability of the social networks was assessed by their ability to (i) recover individual character-to-character relationships; (ii) embed the overall network structure (verified with centrality measures and correlations); and (iii) detect communities of the Pandavas (protagonist) and Kauravas (antagonist) using spectral clustering. Thus, the proposed scheme successfully (i) predicted the character-to-character connections of the most important and second most important characters at an F-score of 0.812 and 0.785, respectively, (ii) recovered the overall structure of the ground-truth networks by matching the original centralities (corr. > 0.5, p < 0.05), and (iii) differentiated the Pandavas from the Kauravas with an F-score of 0.749. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the advances in computational literary analysis of Western literature, in-depth analysis of the South Asian literature has been lacking. Thus, social network analysis of the main characters in the Indian epic Mahabharata was performed, in which it was prepossessed into verses, followed by a term frequency–inverse document frequency (TF-IDF) transformation. Then, Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) word vectors were obtained by applying compact Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) on the term–document matrix. As a novel innovation to this study, these word vectors were adaptively converted into a fully connected similarity matrix and transformed, using a novel locally weighted K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) algorithm, into a social network. The viability of the social networks was assessed by their ability to (i) recover individual character-to-character relationships; (ii) embed the overall network structure (verified with centrality measures and correlations); and (iii) detect communities of the Pandavas (protagonist) and Kauravas (antagonist) using spectral clustering. Thus, the proposed scheme successfully (i) predicted the character-to-character connections of the most important and second most important characters at an F-score of 0.812 and 0.785, respectively, (ii) recovered the overall structure of the ground-truth networks by matching the original centralities (corr. > 0.5, p < 0.05), and (iii) differentiated the Pandavas from the Kauravas with an F-score of 0.749.

The paper introduces the phenomenon of semantic editions: a new digital representation of texts and personalities of the Great Literature, e. g., The World of Dante, Mapping the Republic of Letters, Chekhov Digital, Tolstoy Digital, and Pushkin Digital. The author analyzed these platforms to reveal the methods and ideology behind this new format. The everyday practice of social networks and messengers serves as a cognitive strategy: the literary heritage undergoes fragmentation, tagging, clustering, and visualization. Semantic editions and network communication share the following features. Information is fragmented and classified by tagging for subsequent clustering. The links are horizontal, e. g., co-occurrence graphs, contact networks, etc. Quantitative data provide qualitative conclusions, e. g., frequencies of mention for toponyms and anthroponyms. Expert comments and hypertext merge into a polyphony.

Considering the devastating impact of Fascism and National Socialism on exiles and their literary heritage through the lens of adaptation history, this essay focuses on German-language literature in international cinema from 1933–45 and, by implication, on the role of refugees in major film industries abroad. When Adolf Hitler was appointed Reich Chancellor, most notable authors and filmmakers were forced to leave their homes in Germany and soon Austria. Many of them went to Paris and quite a few eventually made it to Hollywood. Several exile filmmakers sought to claim German-language literature for that 'other Germany' in foreign language films, but — especially after Hitler's troops had invaded Poland — the literary canon of Germany and Austria was considered a liability by most international film producers. In desperate need of income, many exile authors actively pursued adaptations of their own works, but only rarely did their plans materialize, even for bestselling writers; Remarque, Seghers, and Werfel were among the lucky few. Max Ophuls' effort to preserve at least a fragment of the German literary canon and ensure the survival of German culture abroad, by filming Goethe's Die Leiden des jungen Werthers (1774), was an exception. For the most part neither international film studios nor audiences were interested in German literary culture during the Hitler era unless an exile writers' works provided useful and entertaining insights into current challenges and/or had established a wide-ranging readership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of Ablai Khan KazUIRandWL: Series 'Philological sciences' is the property of Kazakh Ablai Khan University of International Relations & World Languages and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Contextos Educativos is the property of Universidad de la Rioja, Servicio de Publicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Contextos Educativos is the property of Universidad de la Rioja, Servicio de Publicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Contextos Educativos is the property of Universidad de la Rioja, Servicio de Publicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Patrimônio e Memória is the property of Centro de Documentacao e Apoio a Pesquisa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This interview explores the rationale and plans for the creation of a Literature House in Edinburgh, which was the first location to be designated a UNESCO World City of Literature and is seeking to find the best ways to curate and promote its literary past and present in order to foster its future.

Copyright of Angles: French Perspectives on the Anglophone World is the property of Societe des Anglicistes de l Enseignement Superieur and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turkish Studies - Language & Literature is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article examines the history of the publication of the academic series Literary Heritage based on new archival materials. The publication was initiated in 1931, when archival and publishing activities were affected by political trials. The author of the draft used political rhetoric to get permission to publish it from the Central Committee of the CPSU(b). In 1932, following the decree “On the Restructuring of Literary and Artistic Organizations,” Literary Heritage became an exemplary academic publication and received international recognition. Literary Heritage developed a new method as it placed the author in the position of a student at the editorial board. In Soviet times, the Literary Heritage existed under the conditions of censorship and ideological control but still managed to publish a volume on Russian symbolism in 1937. The years 1947–1959 were difficult for Literary Heritage when the editorial office was accused of cosmopolitanism. In its publishing policy, Literary Heritage was ahead of time and above the reader’s dogmatism which led to the sequestration of several volumes. The history of Literary Heritage contributed to creating an intellectual and ideological platform that nurtured a new generation of literary historians.

Interdisciplinary narrative studies are of great importance in several disciplines, especially in the humanities and social sciences. Cultural tourism and its sub-disciplines, including the complex issue of 'literary tourism', is an interdisciplinary field of investigation, positioned in between geography and urban–rural studies. In Iran, this form of tourism has been neglected so far—with no distinction between urban and rural areas—despite a particularly rich literary heritage. The present study recognizes the challenge of literary tourism in Iran, delineating some possible actions to develop it as a future engine of economic growth, especially in rural districts. As a contribution to a refined comprehension of literary tourism development paths, a content analysis was run collecting views and textual data on literary tourism in Iran. The empirical results of this study indicate that the mentioned challenges can be classified into several main dimensions and a broader set of sub-themes. The possible actions responding to such challenges can be classified into more dimensions and a vast number of sub-themes. Actions reducing territorial disparities and fueling entrepreneurship in local communities are appropriate to stimulate the emergence (and, possibly, consolidation) of literary tourism districts in Iran, giving an original contribution to sustainable development especially—but not exclusively—in rural settlements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article interprets the scientific category „literary heritage“ in the logic of Bulgarian legislation and current social reality. The connections between literary heritage and museums are outlined. The narrow meaning of the category is represented mainly by the activities of literary museums. Other institutional spaces have been pointed out, which take care of the artifacts of the literary tradition - archives, libraries, community centers, universities, and research organizations. In conclusion, a concept for defragmenting the structures and activities preserving the literary heritage has been formulated. The key factor in this case are the activities of the National Literary Museum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Literary heritage presents a dialectic relationship between tangible and intangible elements. This complex duality presents challenges for curators, who must try to communicate this immaterial essence through the exhibition language. This article, structured on a two-phase research process, aims to identify the main challenges for literary heritage valorisation and communication in the museum context. First, interviews with specialists in literary heritage and museology from Catalonia and Russia were carried out to identify the main issues to be considered when designing a literary heritage exhibition and managing a literary heritage centre. Second, the websites of three renowned literary European museums were analysed to inspect whether and how these aspects are tackled by these museums and presented to their potential visitors. Results show that, firstly, the duality of literary heritage is vital in the designing of the exhibition; and secondly, that concepts such as human mediation, literary tourism, and promotion are important in finding new strategies to communicate and visibilise literary heritage intangible meanings.

The article is devoted to understanding the role of reflection in the multifaceted activities by Nikolai Karlovich Metner, a remarkable composer, an outstanding pianist of the 20th century, an originally thinking philosopher. We analyze the relationship of creative reflection, reflected in his literary heritage, with the author’s performing interpretations. The organic connection between the Master of composer’s thinking and performance style in the creative process is revealed. The following aspects are considered: reflection in Metner’s performance of the main composer goals and features of the composition process; the relationship of the performing style and aesthetic positions of the musician in matters of piano art. According to the author of the article, reflection as the most important feature of N. K. Metner’s creative consciousness is included in the process of composing and performing music the “dialogue with oneself” is part of the artistic image of the works that he creates, and the essence of his interpretative intentions. A holistic understanding of the art of interpretation and reflection by Metner-composer and pianist can give a key to understanding the characteristic features of his unique manner of performance, and allow us to feel the continuation of the creative process of composing music in it. It is concluded that the study of the reflexive processes by N. K. Metner in his philosophical and methodological works helps modern teachers to realize the most important professional tasks: to teach young musicians to think critically, to pose essential questions, to find their own strategies for mastering the artistic content of the studied works, and analyze their own performing experience in detail.

A review of the first volume of new collection of Alexander Ostrovsky’s complete works published under the editorship of Irina Ovchinina, Yuriy Lebedev, Vladimir Tikhomirov in 2018 in Kostroma, is presented in the article. The author of the article tells about the team of authors from the cities of Ivanovo, Kostroma, Moscow and St. Petersburg, who took on a lot of work and a huge responsibility to prepare such a large-scale publication. The grounds that make the reissue of Alexander Ostrovsky’s complete works necessary, as well as the objective difficulties that inevitably arose before the team of authors — including the unique attitude of the playwright to the texts of his works when publishing, the presence of a difficult stage history of plays with certain accents in acting, knotty problems with censorship of Alexander Ostrovsky’s works — are considered in the article. The author states that the complete works’ editors had adequately handled all difficulties — the texts of Alexander Ostrovsky appeared before the readers in the first volume of the new full complete works along with editions and versions, the creative history of works, an overview of critical responses in Alexander Ostrovsky’s lifetime, information about stage history and estimates of theatre performances, as well as real, historical and linguistic commentary. Some points do not pass without comment of the reviewer; however, considering the content of the volume, describing important discoveries and findings, the author of the article concludes that the entire Russian philology has been significantly enriched by the publication of that scientific work.

This paper focuses on Creative Cities of Literature of United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and analyses how the policies and actions of the cities in this network can contribute to their cultural environment. It builds a mixed theoretical framework that looks at UNESCO’s Creative Cities Network, the Educating Cities Network and the European Heritage Strategy for the 21st Century. Then, to establish a set of recommendations that assesses the management of literary heritage in creative cities of literature, we have carried out a two-phase content analysis of the participating cities’ monitoring reports. In the first phase, the analysis is found on the specific criteria of cities of literature that are already part of UNESCO’s Creative Cities Network. In the second phase, the analysis is based on the list of challenges and recommendations defined by the European Heritage Strategy for the 21st century. This analysis shows that the City of Literature programme as a whole is a database of best practices for developing an urban literary environment. The article presents a set of actions to enhance the cultural environment of a literary city by focusing on its use of its literary heritage.

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Resumen: Este artículo pretende abordar la enseñanza del español como lengua extranjera (ELE) valiéndonos de textos de la tradición popular, por su carácter más cercano a la oralidad, enmarcándolo en el aprendizaje por competencias y, más en concreto, en la competencia comunicativa que aparece referenciada en las normativas oficiales. Se propone una recuperación de estos textos patrimoniales para el conocimiento/reconocimiento del patrimonio cultural y, además, como base para la escritura creativa, a través de las tecnologías disponibles en el aula, de textos similares originales con los que conformar una fono/videoteca de aula o centro. Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to address the Teaching of Spanish as a Foreign Language (TSFL) through the use of short traditional or popular texts. These are closer in character to spoken language, thus providing an opportunity to implement a competence-based approach to learning -namely through communicative competence, which is at the centre of standard syllabi today. These popular texts are presented here as a tool for teaching cultural heritage as well as being an optimal base for creative writing workshops. All of which is carried out through the use of new classroom technologies and other, similar texts with which to create an educational audiovisual catalogue for the classroom and/or the school.

The considerations about life and practical activities, examples from compositions of XIII-XXI century representatives of Shaki literary entourage reflected in the book of “The voices coming from Shaki”, compiled by poet-researcher Ramiz Orser, are reflected in this article. This research work is an encyclopedic knowledge book respecting centuries-old exponents of Shaki literary heritage.

This essay elucidates the ways in which Veronique Branquinho, a contemporary Belgian avant-garde fashion designer, appropriates the literary heritage of the Brontë sisters. A well-read, intellectual visual artist, she has presented collections marked with literary references. Her recent works tap into some key aspects of the Brontë oeuvre, re-envisioning them into highly original sartorial forms. The influence of the Brontës manifests itself in the ethos of Branquinho's craftsmanship as well as in the individual artefacts that she has created. The designer's Brontë-inspired dresses with their formal beauty and distinctive aesthetics could be viewed as an intermedial ode to the British writers, her enduring muses, attesting to the universal appeal of the sisters across disciplines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay explores some of the problems that emerge from the imposition of a very narrow conception of the English literary heritage on pupils across England. It considers the role of government and school policy – and of teachers and pupils – in mediating set texts, and the ways in which problematic aspects of these texts are questioned and resisted in the classroom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The writing tradition of the Carpathian region and especially the territory, known in 1772-1918 as Galicia, repeatedly interrupted; the ethnic, cultural and confessional identities of its inhabitants has changed, often dramatically. In the time of the Galicia-Volyn principality (as the part of the ancient Rus') is dominated Cyrillic and literacy Byzantine model. After XIV. Galician-Volyn land gradually appeared in the Polish political and administrative influence, and eventually were incorporated in the Commonwealth. During this period old Cyrillic written culture was gradually replaced by the margin of public life by the Latin and Polish literature. After the partition of Poland in 1772 the Austrian authorities brought new (Germanized) forms of cultural memory, not connected with the traditions of the Commonwealth. On the another hand, the 19th century national renaissance in Galicia formed the canons of the new Ruthenian (Ukrainian) and Polish literature and the Ruthenian (Ukrainian) and the new Polish national/political identity. At the same time the Galician-Rusian/Ruthenian/Ukrainian culture in the form of the Byzantine-Slavonic or Cyril-Methodius writing tradition, together with the Eastern rite, irradiated geographically in various directions. It directly or indirectly formed the Cyrillic written culture of the entire Carpathian region and reached far beyond it. On the other hand, this culture has met with competitive projects generated by Western Christianity and the Western cultural world. In this contexts modern Galicia, as well as Bukovina and Transcarpathia, have become territories of the search for a new Rusian/Ruthenian/Ukrainian political and cultural identity. Thus, the region became a crossroads of the different written cultures, different cultural memories, myths, patterns, ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In 2006 the Cambodian Press Collection of the École française d’Extrême-Orient was opened for free consultation at the Bibliothèque universitaire des langues et civilisations. The author describes here how this extraordinary collection was composed since 1964 and enriched today by regular acquisitions. He also explains the significance of these unique funds for history of Contemporary Cambodia and, hereafter, for research in general.

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