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The Common Problems Project (CP2) is an interdisciplinary, problem-based pedagogy that was launched in 2015 by four partner colleges in the State University of New York (SUNY) system (Cortland, Oneonta, Oswego, and Plattsburgh). Since its inception, 100 faculty have participated in CP2 and integrated the pedagogy into 134 courses to implement 47 collaborative projects. CP2 is based on a simple but innovative approach in which instructors from different disciplines identify a real-world problem they have in common. They pair their relevant existing classes so that students can work in interdisciplinary teams to propose solutions to the problem. This paper describes CP2 and its theoretical underpinnings, provides the results of a three-pronged approach to assessment, and outlines recommendations for faculty and institutions who may be interested in replicating CP2 on their campuses. CP2 model holds promise for a future of collaborative problem solving as a pedagogical approach, and, as such, this article will be of interest to a wide range of scholars, practitioners, educators, and administrators.

Introduction. Total knee arthroplasty is a widely performed procedure in orthopedics. One of its complications is periprosthetic joint infection. Efforts should be made to reduce their frequency by implementing appropriate preventive protocols.Objective. To assess the incidence of infectious complications and their association with comorbidities and to retrospectively evaluate the effectiveness of a polymodal protocol for preventing periprosthetic infections implemented in 2015. Further the paper aims to evaluate the spectrum of pathogens responsible for these complications.Materials and methods. A total of 590 cases were analyzed, 277 of which were operated on before the preventive protocol was introduced and 313 after its implementation.Results. Eleven cases of periprosthetic joint infections were diagnosed. Prolonged wound healing was observed in older individuals and diabetic patients. Increased risk of periprosthetic infections was found in obese individuals and those with inflammatory arthropathies. The implemented protocol did not impact the overall incidence of infectious complications in the studied population but a reduction in complications was observed in diabetic patients. The most commonly isolated pathogens were coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, followed by Staphylococcus aureus.Conclusions. The implemented protocol was effective in diabetic patients. The identified pathogens corresponded to those typically observed in periprosthetic infections in Europe.

Effective UV protection is a key aspect of substrates directly exposed to UV radiation. Therefore, in the present study, fibrous substrates of core–shell morphology (PCL-core, PVP-shell) containing peptides based on tryptophan, tyrosine and cysteine (W6, YYC2 and YYC3) were prepared. Spectrophotometric studies showed UV absorption by peptides containing tyrosine and tryptophan in the UVB (up to 80%) and UVA (up to 40%) ranges. Cysteine, in turn, contributed to high antioxidant properties, confirmed by DPPH assay. The presence of peptides contributed to a nonwoven fabric characterized by the ability to absorb UV radiation and prevent the occurrence of oxidative stress (caused by the presence of free radicals). In turn, the increase in the surface zeta potential of the nonwoven after UV irradiation and higher thermal stability (demonstrated by DSC studies) indicated the crosslinking of the PVP layer under UVR, which further contributes to the increased protection of the nonwoven against its effects. In summary, obtained nonwoven exhibited functional similarity to the native cornea, providing a potential solution for enhancing corneal tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications.

The median age of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) at diagnosis is 71 years; however, around 10% present with early‐onset pancreatic cancer (EOPC), i.e., before age 50. The molecular mechanisms underlying such an early onset are unknown. We assessed the role of common PDAC drivers (KRAS, TP53, CDKN2A and SMAD4) and determined their mutational status and protein expression in 90 formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissues, including multiple primary and matched metastases, from 37 EOPC patients. KRAS was mutated in 88% of patients; p53 was altered in 94%, and p16 and SMAD4 were lost in 86% and 71% of patients, respectively. Meta‐synthesis showed a higher rate of p53 alterations in EOPC than in late‐onset PDAC (94% vs. 69%, P = 0.0009) and significantly higher loss of SMAD4 (71% vs. 44%, P = 0.0025). The majority of EOPC patients accumulated aberrations in all four drivers; in addition, high tumour heterogeneity was observed across all tissues. The cumulative effect of an exceptionally high rate of alterations in all common PDAC driver genes combined with high tumour heterogeneity suggests an important mechanism underlying the early onset of PDAC.

Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is an important crop plant with pharmaceutical significance. It is described in pharmacopoeias (the United States Pharmacopeia and the European Pharmacopoeia), which confirms that it (especially the seeds) is a valuable medicinal product. Similar to flax seeds, which accumulate bioactive compounds, flax in vitro cultures are also a rich source of flavonoids, phenolics, lignans and neolignans. In the present study, flax suspension cultures after treatment of the non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum strain Fo47 were established and analyzed. The study examined the suitability of Fo47 as an elicitor in flax suspension cultures and provided interesting data on the impact of these endophytic fungi on plant metabolism and physiology. Two flax cultivars (Bukoz and Nike) and two compositions of media for flax callus liquid cultures were tested. Biochemical analysis revealed enhanced levels of secondary metabolites (total flavonoid and total phenolic content) and photosynthetically active pigments in the flax callus cultures after treatment with the non-pathogenic fungal strain F. oxysporum Fo47 when compared to control, untreated cultures. In cultures with the selected, optimized conditions, FTIR analysis was performed and revealed changes in the structural properties of cell wall polymers after elicitation of cultures with F. oxysporum Fo47. The plant cell wall polymers were more strongly bound, and the crystallinity index (Icr) of cellulose was higher than in control, untreated samples. However, lignin and pectin levels were lower in the flax callus liquid cultures treated with the non-pathogenic strain of Fusarium when compared to the untreated control. The potential application of the non-pathogenic strain of F. oxysporum for enhancing the synthesis of desired secondary metabolites in plant tissue cultures is discussed.

There is currently a growing interest in health-promoting foods. The beneficial effects of food on human health are actively promoted by health professionals and nutritionists. This growing awareness is influencing the increasing range of functional foods and the pursuit of more innovative solutions. Recent research indicates that spherical nanoparticles have the potential to be used as functional biomaterials in the food industry, particularly for encapsulating hydrophobic natural phytochemicals. Techniques and systems based on micro- and nano-encapsulation are of great importance in the food and pharmaceutical industries. It is of paramount importance that encapsulation materials are safe for use in food. The aim of this study was to obtain micelles containing extracts from chokeberry fruit pomace using egg yolk powder (EYP) for emulsification (as a source of lecithin) and egg white powder (EWP) for stabilisation. The structural properties of the micelles in the resulting powders were characterised using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis confirmed the presence of spherical micellar structures between 500 and 1000 nm in size. The water activity and water content of the obtained powders were determined, and the thermal (DSC) and antioxidant properties were investigated. The results indicated that the powder with the micellar structures had a higher stability compared to the powder obtained by simple mixing without the use of encapsulation techniques.

Understanding and managing the response of marine ecosystems to human pressures including climate change requires reliable large-scale and multi-decadal information on the state of key populations. These populations include the pelagic animals that support ecosystem services including carbon export and fisheries. The use of research vessels to collect information using scientific nets and acoustics is being replaced with technologies such as autonomous moorings, gliders, and meta-genetics. Paradoxically, these newer methods sample pelagic populations at ever-smaller spatial scales, and ecological change might go undetected in the time needed to build up large-scale, long time series. These global-scale issues are epitomised by Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), which is concentrated in rapidly warming areas, exports substantial quantities of carbon and supports an expanding fishery, but opinion is divided on how resilient their stocks are to climatic change. Based on a workshop of 137 krill experts we identify the challenges of observing climate change impacts with shifting sampling methods and suggest three tractable solutions. These are to: improve overlap and calibration of new with traditional methods; improve communication to harmonise, link and scale up the capacity of new but localised sampling programs; and expand opportunities from other research platforms and data sources, including the fishing industry. Contrasting evidence for both change and stability in krill stocks illustrates how the risks of false negative and false positive diagnoses of change are related to the temporal and spatial scale of sampling. Given the uncertainty about how krill are responding to rapid warming we recommend a shift towards a fishery management approach that prioritises monitoring of stock status and can adapt to variability and change.

The development of genetic research over recent decades has enabled the discovery of new genetic markers, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). This, as well as the full sequencing of the dog genome, has enabled genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to be used in the search for genetic causes of canine mammary tumours (CMTs).

CD19-targeted CAR-T cell therapy has revolutionized the treatment of relapsed/refractory (r/r) pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). However, it can be associated with acute toxicities related to immune activation, particularly cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS). Cytokines released from activated immune cells play a key role in their pathophysiology. This study was a prospective analysis of proinflammatory proteins and cytokines in children treated with tisagenlecleucel. Serial measurements of C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, ferritin, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IFNγ, and TNFα were taken before treatment and on consecutive days after infusion. The incidence of CRS was 77.8%, and the incidence of ICANS was 11.1%. No CRS of grade ≥ 3 was observed. All complications occurred within 14 days following infusion. Higher biomarker concentrations were found in children with CRS grade ≥ 2. Their levels were correlated with disease burden and CAR-T cell dose. While cytokine release syndrome was common, most cases were mild, primarily due to low disease burden before lymphodepleting chemotherapy (LDC). ICANS occurred less frequently but exhibited various clinical courses. None of the toxicities were fatal. All of the analyzed biomarkers rose within 14 days after CAR-T infusion, with most reaching their maximum around the third day following the procedure.

The paper presents and discusses the results of a study of the thermal properties of cement composites with different contents of magnetite aggregate (0%, 20%, 40% and 60% by volume). The effect of grain size on the evaluated thermal properties was also investigated. For this purpose, concrete containing 50% by volume of magnetite aggregate with four different fractions (1–2 mm, 2–4 mm, 4–8 mm and 8–16 mm) was used. Thermal parameters were evaluated on specimens fully saturated with water and dried to a constant mass at 65 °C. The series with varying grain sizes of magnetite achieved thermal conductivity values in the range of 2.76–3.03 W/(m·K) and 2.00–2.21 W/(m·K) at full water saturation and after drying to a constant mass, respectively. In the case of the series with 20% magnetite by volume, the thermal conductivity was 2.65 W/(m·K) and 1.99 W/(m·K) for the material fully saturated with water and dried to a constant mass, respectively. The series with a 60% volume share of magnetite obtained values of this parameter of 3.47 W/(m·K) and 2.66 W/(m·K), respectively, under the same assumptions.

Abstract Iodine (I) is considered a beneficial element or even micronutrient for plants. The aim of this study was to determine the molecular and physiological processes of uptake, transport, and metabolism of I applied to lettuce plants. KIO3, KIO3 + salicylic acid, 5-iodosalicylic acid and 3,5-diiodosalicylic acid were applied. RNA-sequencing was executed using 18 cDNA libraries constructed separately for leaves and roots from KIO3, SA and control plants. De novo transcriptome assembly generated 1937.76 million sequence reads resulting in 27,163 transcripts with N50 of 1638 bp. 329 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in roots were detected after application of KIO3, out of which 252 genes were up-regulated, and 77 were down-regulated. In leaves, 9 genes revealed differential expression pattern. DEGs analysis indicated its involvement in such metabolic pathways and processes as: chloride transmembrane transport, phenylpropanoid metabolism, positive regulation of defense response and leaf abscission, and also ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, circadian rhythm including flowering induction as well as a putative PDTHA (i.e. Plant Derived Thyroid Hormone Analogs) metabolic pathway. qRT-PCR of selected genes suggested their participation in the transport and metabolism of iodine compounds, biosynthesis of primary and secondary metabolites, PDTHA pathway and flowering induction.

Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is an evergreen coniferous tree with wide distribution and good growth performance in a range of habitats. Therefore, wood from P. sylvestris is produced in many managed forests and is frequently used in industry. Despite the importance of pine wood, we still do not fully understand its molecular structure what limits improvements in its processing. One of the basic features leading to variation in wood properties is the presence of earlywood and latewood which form annual growth rings. Here, we characterise biochemical traits that differentiate cell walls of earlywood and latewood in Scots pine. We discover that latewood is less recalcitrant to enzymatic digestion, with galactoglucomannan showing particularly pronounced difference in accessibility. Interestingly, characterisation of lignin reveals a higher proportion of coniferaldehydes in pine latewood and suggests the presence of a different linkage landscape in this wood type. With complementary analysis of wood polysaccharides this enabled us to propose the first detailed molecular model of earlywood and latewood and to conclude that the variation in lignin structure is likely the main determinant of differences in recalcitrance observed between the two wood types in pine. Our discoveries lay the foundation for improvements in industrial processes that use pine wood since we show clear pathways for increasing the efficiency of enzymatic processing of this renewable material. Our work will help guide future breeding of pine trees with desired timber properties and can help link molecular structure of softwood cell walls to function of the different types of xylem in conifers.

Since February 24th, 2022, millions of Ukrainians have sought refuge in other, mainly European countries. Hungary, after Poland, is the second largest host of Ukrainian refugees. Only a portion of them are asylum seekers (~11.0% in Poland and ~ 1.1% in Hungary). The aim of the study is to compare the integrative acculturation attitudes between the war refugees residing in the two European countries. The comparison takes into account both the suffering of posttraumatic stress symptoms and social support. It is the first comparative study of this kind pertaining to the Ukrainian refugees in European countries. The data were obtained by a survey method using the modified CAPI (Computer Assisted Personal Interview) technique. The data analyzed were collected between November 21st and December 20th, 2022 from 728 adult Ukrainian individuals who crossed the borders of Poland and Hungary after February 24th, 2022. The research results show that refugees in Poland perceive significantly more social support and show stronger integrative attitudes than refugees in Hungary. The two samples do not differ regarding the presence of posttraumatic stress. The integrative attitudes proved not to be linked to gender and age, but linked to the host country. Besides social support and the host country, posttraumatic stress also proved to be a significant predictor of integrative attitudes.

Background: For decades, intraperitoneal chemotherapy (IPC) has been delivered into the abdominal cavity as a liquid solution. Recently the concept of foam as a carrier-solution for IPC was suggested. This in-vivo swine study aims to evaluate the safety, intraoperative parameters, limitations and postoperative complications of foam-based intraperitoneal chemotherapy (FBIC).Methods: Three 65-day-old swine received FBIC with doxorubicin in a laparoscopy setting. Intraoperative parameters were monitored throughout the procedure and an extensive postoperative laboratory monitoring was conducted for 7 days. At day seven an autopsy was performed for further evaluation.Results: The insufflation of FBIC caused a temporary rise in blood pressure and a simultaneous drop in heart rate. Capnography detected a continuous increase in end-tital CO2 levels. A temporary drop of intraabdominal temperature was noted. Postoperative blood and serum laboratory results did not indicate any organ failure. No indication of intraperitoneal infections was noted and no structural tissue changes were visible in the autopsy.Discussion: The application of FBIC appears to be a feasible approach regarding intraoperative anesthesiology and postoperative surgical management. A lack of postoperative structural changes on the seventh day were a promising sign of safety and biocompatibility. Surgical reintervention would have been possible. To discuss a possible clinical application, further studies are required to investigate long-term safety, pharmacodynamics and the antitumoral potential of FBIC.

Proton-exchange membrane fuel cells are one of the most promising energy conversion technologies for both automotive and stationary applications. Scientists are testing a number of solutions to increase the durability of cells, especially catalysts, which are the most expensive component. These solutions include, among others, the modification of the composition and morphology of supported nanoparticles, the platinum–support interface, and the support itself. A detailed understanding of the mechanism of platinum degradation and the subsequent improvement of the durability of the entire cell requires the development of methods for effectively monitoring the behavior of catalytic nanoparticles under various cell operating conditions. The Identical-Location Transmission Electron Microscopy (IL-TEM) method makes it possible to visually track structural and morphological changes in the catalyst directly. Because the tests are performed with a liquid electrolyte imitating a membrane, they provide better control of the degradation conditions and, consequently, facilitate the understanding of nanoparticle degradation processes in various operating conditions. This review is primarily intended to disseminate knowledge about this technique to scientists using electron microscopy in the study of energy materials and to draw attention to issues related to the characterization of the structure of carbon supports.

The article focuses primarily on the institutions of the parish and family in relation to the cultural heritage of Polish Texans of the second wave since 1867. Reaching back to the beginnings of Polish emigration to the United States, which is associated with the settlement of Panna Maria in Texas by emigrants from Opole Silesia, the article presents the second wave of emigration from Galicia and Greater Poland. The analysis was based on the archival materials of the Polish Genealogical Society of Texas (PGST), which cover the periods from 1984 to 2021. The research material was collected from 124 PGST ­volumes (4,358 pages). The document proves that both the parish and the family were the basic units in the lives of Polish emigrants, around whom everyday family, social and religious life revolved.

This article refers to the results of research that was conducted on the eve of the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland, shortly before the first confirmed laboratory case was registered. The research was carried out with 240 people who dealt daily with youth, including NEETs activation, through work or volunteering in various types of institutions (public, NGO, and private). The results allowed us to back upthe hypothesis that people who deal with NEET youth support on a daily basis value traditional methods of professional activation more than digital methods. The analysis also answered the question of which demo-social variables among the respondents had an impact on their assessment of the methods used for professional activation. The variables that were found to significantly differentiate the respondents’ assessments included gender, education, place of residence, the type of institution in which the respondents worked, and the age range of the respondents.

Abstract Supraphysiological loading induced by unstable orthopedic implants initiates osteoclast formation, which results in bone degradation. We aimed to investigate which mechanosensitive cells in the peri-implant environment produce osteoclast-stimulating factors and how the production of these factors is stimulated by supraphysiological loading. The release of osteoclast-stimulating factors by different types of isolated bone marrow-derived hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells from six osteoarthritic patients was analyzed after one hour of supraphysiological loading (3.0 ± 0.2 Pa, 1 Hz) by adding their conditioned medium to osteoclast precursors. Monocytes produced factors that enhanced osteoclastogenesis by 1.6 ± 0.07-fold and mesenchymal stem cells by 1.4 ± 0.07-fold. Medium from osteoprogenitors and pre-osteoblasts enhanced osteoclastogenesis by 1.3 ± 0.09-fold and 1.4 ± 0.03-fold, respectively, where medium from four patients elicited a response and two did not. Next generation sequencing analysis of osteoprogenitors revealed that genes encoding for inflammation-related pathways and cytoskeletal rearrangements were regulated differently between responders and non-responders. Our data suggest that released osteoclast-stimulating soluble factors by progenitor cells in the bone marrow after supraphysiological loading may be related to cytoskeletal arrangement in an inflammatory environment. This connection could be relevant to better understand the aseptic loosening process of orthopedic implants.

The results of a self-paced reading study with advanced German, Dutch and French second language (L2) learners of English showed that their online comprehension of early closure (EC) sentences which are initially misanalysed by native English speakers (e.g. "While John hunted the frightened rabbit escaped") was affected by whether or not, like English, their first language (L1) encodes aspect grammatically (French) or only via lexical means (German, Dutch). The English and the higher proficiency French participants showed a processing asymmetry in their online reading of the temporarily ambiguous sentences, assumed to be caused by the difference in the aspectual perspective a comprehender takes when initial verbs appear in the past simple vs. the past progressive. In contrast, the German and Dutch learners, irrespective of proficiency, treated both progressive and simple sentences in the same way, despite the fact that all the L2 learners were matched according to their metalinguistic knowledge of English aspectual distinctions. Furthermore, despite patterning with the German learners online, the Dutch L2 learners' offline judgments were more akin to those of the English native speakers and the French L2 learners, showing an effect of aspect, which could be argued to lend support to the idea that progressive aspect may be becoming grammaticalized in Dutch. Taken together, the results of this study add to our growing understanding of cross-linguistic influences during online L2 sentence processing, and differences between L2 parsing and learners' metalinguistic L2 performance.

Introduction: B lymphocytes are responsible for humoral immune response. They play a crucial role in the development of the immune response and are essential in preventing infections as well as autoimmune and neoplastic diseases. They also constitute an important therapeutic target and are used in genetic and immunological therapies. In some cases, B cells can contribute to the pathogenesis of various diseases. Aim of study: The aim of this study is to summarize the current knowledge on the diverse role of B lymphocytes in selected rheumatic and neurological diseases using available scientific literature. Materials and Methods: This review was conducted using Pubmed and Google Scholar databases from 2009-2023. The research strategy was based on the following terms: B lymphocytes, monoclonal antibodies, myasthenia gravis, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, central nervous system damage, optic neuritis, Devic's syndrome. Conclusion: B lymphocytes play a significant role in the pathogenesis of many rheumatic and neurological diseases, therefore they represent a target for modern therapies. Their role and potential use are complex and differ depending on the specific disease entity. Further research will allow for the development of new targeted therapies, giving hope for improving the effectiveness of patient treatment.

Introduction: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic digestive disorders that affects an increasing number of people. As the peak incidence of IBD occurs during the reproductive age and affects young people, it is worth examining the impact of IBD on the fertility of patients. In view of the growing problem of infertility in society and the probable relationship between decreased reproductive function and the occurrence of chronic diseases, it is reasonable to examine this phenomenon in detail. Objective: The aim of this study is to summarize the current knowledge on the association between IBD and infertility based on available literature. Materials and methods: A literature review was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar databases with the following search terms: IBD, infertility, infertility diagnosis, the relationship between IBD and infertility, drugs and infertility, psychological aspects of infertility in IBD. State of knowledge: There are few meta-analyses on the association between IBD and infertility in the literature, and this is due to the small number of studies on this topic. Conclusions: Infertility is becoming an increasingly common problem in people with IBD. Stress and anxiety disorders can have a negative impact on the course of the disease, and thus limit reproductive opportunities. Taking medications to control the course of the disease is crucial for patients to remain in remission, however, patients should be informed about the impact of some medications on reproduction and adjust their conception plans according to their current therapy. Treatment of the underlying disease, reducing anxiety levels, regular physical activity, and a healthy and balanced diet are all components of appropriate management in people with IBD who are trying to conceive. Without these pillars, it is difficult to guarantee successful pregnancy outcomes.

Background: For decades, both intraperitoneal and pleural chemotherapy (IPC) have been delivered as a liquid solution. Recent studies suggest that foam carriers outperform liquid carriers for locoregional chemotherapy. For the first time, this study aims to evaluate the feasibility, safety, and characteristics of foam-based intrathoracic chemotherapy (FBiTC) in an in vivo setting. Methods: In this study, contrast-enhanced FBiTC with doxorubicin was delivered via video-assisted thoracoscopy (VAT) in three swine under general anesthesia. Intraoperative and postoperative parameters, blood analyses, vital signs, and anesthesiologic data were collected. Additionally, an intraoperative computer tomography (CT) scan was performed, and histological tissue sections were collected and further analyzed using fluorescence microscopy. Results: FBiTC was delivered without major complications. End-tidal capnometry detected increased CO2 levels with reduced peripheral oxygen saturation and increased blood pressure and heart rate. No major intra- or postoperative complications were observed. CT scans confirmed a multidirectional distribution pattern of foam. Postoperative laboratory workup did not reveal any critical changes in hemoglobin, white blood count, or platelets. There was no evidence of critical kidney impairment or liver function. Fluorescence microscopy of tissue specimen detected doxorubicin in pleural tissues. Discussion: Our preliminary results are encouraging and indicate that FBiTC is feasible. However, to consider a possible clinical application, further studies are required to investigate the pharmacologic, pharmacodynamic, and physical properties of FBiTC and to ensure the safety of the overall procedure regarding oxygenation levels and capnography parameters.

Russia’s armed attack on Ukraine on 24 February 2022 started one of the worst refugee crises of the 21st century. It caused involuntary migrations of Ukrainians to other countries, mainly to Europe, and caused the refugees to face the challenge of integrating with the host countries’ labor markets. The aim of this study was to analyze the views of the Ukrainian refugees who migrated to two European countries: Poland and Hungary. We took into account self-esteem, social support, good job expectations, and submissiveness in the labor market. The data were obtained via a survey method using the modified CAPI (Computer-Assisted Personal Interview) technique between 21 November and 20 December 2022 from 807 adult Ukrainian refugees. Results show that disability fosters lower self-esteem, self-assessment of resources, and job demands. Among those who have children, the mean value of self-esteem was higher than in the group without any children. No statistically significant differences were found in the area of professional work. According to the estimation of structural model results, expectations of a good job have a significant, negative effect on the tendency toward submissiveness. The assessment of personal resources and the level of self-esteem have a significant and positive effect on the expectations of a good job. Both a higher level of personal resources and a higher level of self-esteem resulted in higher good job expectations. The assessment of personal resources also has a positive effect on the level of self-esteem. We also found a direct relationship between personal resources, self-esteem, and the tendency toward submissiveness.