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When tiles decorated to lower their symmetry are joined together, they can form aperiodic and labyrinthine patterns. Such Truchet tilings offer an efficient mechanism of visual data storage related to that used in barcodes and QR codes. We show that the crystalline metal–organic framework [OZn 4 ][1,3-benzenedicarboxylate] 3 (TRUMOF-1) is an atomic-scale realization of a complex three-dimensional Truchet tiling. Its crystal structure consists of a periodically arranged assembly of identical zinc-containing clusters connected uniformly in a well-defined but disordered fashion to give a topologically aperiodic microporous network. We suggest that this unusual structure emerges as a consequence of geometric frustration in the chemical building units from which it is assembled.

To evaluate the psychometric properties of common health-related quality-of-life instruments used post stroke and provide recommendations for research and clinical use with this diagnostic group. A systematic review of the psychometric properties of the five most commonly used quality-of-life measurement tools (EQ-5D, SF-36, SF-6D, AQoL, SS-QOL) was conducted. Electronic searches were performed in MEDLINE, CINAHL, and EMBASE on November 27th 2019. Two authors screened papers against the inclusion criteria and where consensus was not reached, a third author was consulted. Included papers were appraised using the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health status Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) checklist and findings synthesized to make recommendations. A total of n = 50,908 papers were screened and n = 45 papers reporting on 40 separate evaluations of psychometric properties met inclusion criteria (EQ-5D = 19, SF-36 = 16, SF-6D = 4, AQoL = 2, SS-QOL = 4). Studies reported varied psychometric quality of instruments, and results show that psychometric properties of quality-of-life instruments for the stroke population have not been well established. The strongest evidence was identified for the use of the EQ-5D as a quality-of-life assessment for adult stroke survivors. This systematic evaluation of the psychometric properties of self-reported quality-of-life instruments used with adults after stroke suggests that validity across tools should not be assumed. Clinicians and researchers alike may use findings to help identify the most valid and reliable measurement instrument for understanding the impact of stroke on patient-reported quality of life.

To identify the impact of upper limb spasticity on stroke survivors by linking their shared experience to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF).Ten community dwelling adults with a chronic stroke and spasticity, who had completed an upper limb rehabilitation trial participated in semi-structured interviews. Data were analysed using content analysis and linked to the ICF Comprehensive Core Set for stroke using standard linking rules.Four hundred and thirty-nine meaningful concepts eligible for linking were identified. The majority (Half of the Comprehensive Core Set categories for stroke were relevant, but to adequately capture experience an additional eight were needed. The ICF category profile may be unique to our participants or may suggest further research is needed to determine if additions to core set categories are required.Implications for rehabilitationOur ICF mapping demonstrated that the Brief Core Set for stroke was not sufficient to capture the range of experience for stroke survivors with upper limb spasticity, instead the Comprehensive Core Set for stroke supplemented with eight clinical-cohort specific second-level-categories should be used.Our findings suggest that rehabilitation may better reflect lived experience if it focuses on Body Function (Chapters 1, 2, 4, 7), Activity and Participation (Chapters 1-9), and Environment (Chapters 1, 2, 3, 5) because Body Structure was rarely mentioned in this or previous post-stroke ICF mapping research.

To evaluate the psychometric properties of common health-related quality-of-life instruments used post stroke and provide recommendations for research and clinical use with this diagnostic group.A systematic review of the psychometric properties of the five most commonly used quality-of-life measurement tools (EQ-5D, SF-36, SF-6D, AQoL, SS-QOL) was conducted. Electronic searches were performed in MEDLINE, CINAHL, and EMBASE on November 27th 2019. Two authors screened papers against the inclusion criteria and where consensus was not reached, a third author was consulted. Included papers were appraised using the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health status Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) checklist and findings synthesized to make recommendations.A total of n = 50,908 papers were screened and n = 45 papers reporting on 40 separate evaluations of psychometric properties met inclusion criteria (EQ-5D = 19, SF-36 = 16, SF-6D = 4, AQoL = 2, SS-QOL = 4). Studies reported varied psychometric quality of instruments, and results show that psychometric properties of quality-of-life instruments for the stroke population have not been well established. The strongest evidence was identified for the use of the EQ-5D as a quality-of-life assessment for adult stroke survivors.This systematic evaluation of the psychometric properties of self-reported quality-of-life instruments used with adults after stroke suggests that validity across tools should not be assumed. Clinicians and researchers alike may use findings to help identify the most valid and reliable measurement instrument for understanding the impact of stroke on patient-reported quality of life.

To explore the ways clinicians engage rehabilitation patients in patient-centered goal setting and identify factors influencing the goal-setting process.Ethnographic study utilizing observed practice-thematic analysis.Four rehabilitation wards of a large metropolitan hospital in Melbourne, Australia.Participants included 17 rehabilitation patients, 18 allied health clinicians and one family member. Disciplines represented were speech pathology, occupational therapy, social work and physiotherapy.Multiple qualitative methods were used. A total of 18 routine goal-setting interviews between clinicians and patients were audio recorded and transcribed. Together with associated entries in the patient medical record, transcripts were coded and developed into themes using thematic analysis. Finally, focus groups with clinicians were conducted to validate themes identified.Three themes were identified describing factors which influence patient centeredness: "a goal-setting collaboration"-the interpersonal exchange between client and clinician; "the environment"-physical, temporal and structural; and "clinician self-awareness"-clinicians' insight into the ways they influence goal setting. The practice of patient-centered goal setting varied considerably between clinicians. Goals developed were strongly influenced by the clinician's views, although strategies of respect for the patient and reflective listening skills increased patient participation and the patient centeredness of goals developed.Goals developed with rehabilitation patients are more likely to be patient-centered when the interaction encourages the patient to express their needs and preferences, and these are heard by the clinician. For this to influence treatment, it must occur in an environment structured to support and value patient-centered goals.

Crystalline salts of a series of cationic multimetallic cobalt complexes reversibly, selectively and stoichiometrically chemisorb dioxygen in a process involving the two electron oxidation of dimetallic sites with concurrent reduction of two equivalents of sorbed O2 to form μ-η1,η2-peroxide ligands. The coordinating ability of counteranions, ClO4−, PF6−, BF4−, CF3SO3− and NO3− determine the O2 affinity of the deoxygenated forms, and the nitrate and triflate salts sorb dioxygen at a significantly slower rate compared to the PF6− and BF4− salts (hours versus sub-seconds at ambient temperature and pressure). Single crystal X-ray structural determination for a nitrate salt of the 2-aminoterephthalato-linked deoxy system, [{(bpbp)Co2II(NO3)}2(NH2bdc)](NO3)2·2H2O (bpbp− = 2,6-bis(N,N-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)aminomethyl)-4-tert-butylphenolato, NH2bdc2− = 2-amino-1,4-benzenedicarboxylato) shows that nitrate ions are coordinated as bridging ligands. These crystals undergo reversible single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SC-to-SC) transformations on the stoichiometric uptake of O2. During this process O2 replaces the two nitrate ligands. Thus the Co ions are six coordinated in both the oxy and deoxy states. This SC-to-SC process involves the concerted fast migration of neutral dioxygen through the crystal lattice and the translational movement by 4–6 A of at least two of nitrate anions. Rapid hydration/dehydration processes involving several molecules of co-crystallized water per unit cell accompany the reaction. Besides large atom movements involving O2, NO3− and H2O, these impressive examples of consecutive SC-to-SC-to-SC transformations involve the cleavage of four bonds, and the creation of four new bonds, in one single molecule. The solid state structural rearrangements observed provide an explanation for the slower rates of dioxygen uptake for the complexes isolated as nitrate salts, and by inference, the triflate salts, compared to the salts of more weakly coordinating counteranions, ClO4−, PF6− and BF4−.

Copper, iron, and gallium coordination chemistries of the new pentadentate bis-sulfonamide ligand 2,6-bis(N-2-pyridylmethylsulfonamido)-4-methylphenol (psmpH3) were investigated. PsmpH3 is capable of varying degrees of deprotonation, and notably, complexes containing the fully trideprotonated ligand can be prepared in aqueous solutions using only divalent metal ions. Two of the copper(II) complexes, [Cu2(psmp)(OH)] and [Cu2(psmp)(OAc)2](-), demonstrate the anticipated 1:2 ligand/metal stoichiometry and show that the dimetallic binding site created for exogenous ligands possesses high inherent flexibility since additional one- and three-atom bridging ligands bridge the two copper(II) ions in each complex, respectively. This gives rise to a difference of 0.4 Å in the Cu···Cu distances. Complexes with 2:3 and 2:1 ligand/metal stoichiometries for the divalent and trivalent metal ions, respectively, were observed in [Cu3(psmp)2(H2O)] and [M(psmpH)(psmpH2)], where M = Ga(III), Fe(III). The deprotonated tridentate N-2-pyridylsulfonylmethylphenolato moieties chelate the metal ions in a meridional fashion, whereas in [Cu3(psmp)2(H2O)] the rare μ2-N-sulfonamido bridging coordination mode is observed. In the bis-ligand mononuclear complexes, one picolyl arm of each ligand is protonated and uncoordinated. Magnetic susceptibility measurements on the doubly and triply bridged dicopper(II) complexes indicate strong and medium strength antiferromagnetic coupling interactions, with J = 234 cm(-1) and 115 cm(-1) for [Cu2(psmp)(OH)] and [Cu2(psmp)(OAc)2](-), respectively (in HHDvV =...+JS1S2 convention). The trinuclear [Cu3(psmp)2(H2O)], in which the central copper ion is linked to two flanking copper atoms by two μ2-N-sulfonamido bridges and two phenoxide bridges shows an overall magnetic behavior of antiferromagnetic coupling. This is corroborated computationally by broken-symmetry density functional theory, which for isotropic modeling of the coupling predicts an antiferromagnetic coupling strength of J = 70.5 cm(-1).

Multi-temperature X-ray diffraction studies show that twisting, rotation, and libration cause negative thermal expansion (NTE) of the nanoporous metal−organic framework MOF-5, Zn4O(1,4-benzenedicarboxylate)3. The near-linear lattice contraction is quantified in the temperature range 80−500 K using synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction. Vibrational motions causing the abnormal expansion behavior are evidenced by shortening of certain interatomic distances with increasing temperature according to single-crystal X-ray diffraction on a guest-free crystal over a broad temperature range. Detailed analysis of the atomic positional and displacement parameters suggests two contributions to cause the effect: (1) local twisting and vibrational motion of the carboxylate groups and (2) concerted transverse vibration of the linear linkers. The vibrational mechanism is confirmed by calculations of the dynamics in a molecular fragment of the framework.

Numerous engineering studies claim that certain energy-efficient technologies pay for themselves, while at the same time reducing carbon emissions that contribute to climate change. These studies often proceed to argue that government policy should be used to promote such technologies, because they would be sound investments even if it were discovered that climate change itself did not produce significant damages. Our study establishes a framework for evaluating these claims. We review several prominent engineering-based studies in light of our framework and show that the role for beneficial policy intervention is much more limited than engineering-based studies would suggest.

Increased pressure to improve teaching quality has intensified the emphasis on the development of conceptual understanding in mathematics rather than reliance on procedural understanding. A particularly problematic content area is fractions. This article explores the shifts in pedagogical content knowledge for fractions in a group of 12 primary teachers during a professional learning project. Responses to a ‘before and after’ fractions task and reflective comments revealed the majority of teachers developed a more comprehensive understanding. We propose that emphasizing different representations of fractions for teaching, especially number lines and grids, has the potential to positively influence teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge.

Michael Crew and David Parker have compiled a comprehensive, up-to-date and detailed analytical work on leading research issues in the economics of regulation. With contributions from international specialists in economic regulation, the Handbook provides a comprehensive discussion of major developments in both the theory and practice of regulatory economics. This book will be an indispensable source for both students and practitioners of regulation.