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Coarse-grained (CG) molecular models greatly reduce the computational cost of simulations allowing for longer and larger simulations, but come with an artificially increased acceleration of the dynamics when compared to the parent atomistic (AA) simulation. This impedes their use for the quantitative study of dynamical properties. During coarse-graining, grouping several atoms into one CG bead not only reduces the number of degrees of freedom but also reduces the roughness on the molecular surfaces, leading to the acceleration of dynamics. The RoughMob approach [M. K. Meinel and F. Müller-Plathe, J. Phys. Chem. B 126(20), 3737–3747 (2022)] quantifies this change in geometry and correlates it to the acceleration by making use of four so-called roughness volumes. This method was developed using simple one-bead CG models of a set of hydrocarbon liquids. Potentials for pure components are derived by the structure-based iterative Boltzmann inversion. In this paper, we find that, for binary mixtures of simple hydrocarbons, it is sufficient to use simple averaging rules to calculate the roughness volumes in mixtures from the roughness volumes of pure components and add a correction term quadratic in the concentration without the need to perform any calculation on AA or CG trajectories of the mixtures themselves. The acceleration factors of binary diffusion coefficients and both self-diffusion coefficients show a large dependence on the overall acceleration of the system and can be predicted a priori without the need for any AA simulations within a percentage error margin, which is comparable to routine measurement accuracies. Only if a qualitatively accurate description of the concentration dependence of the binary diffusion coefficient is desired, very few additional simulations of the pure components and the equimolar mixture are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyolefins such as polyethylenes and polypropylenes are the most‐produced plastic waste globally, yet are difficult to convert into useful products due to their unreactivity. Pyrolysis is a practical method for large‐scale treatment of mixed, contaminated plastic, allowing for their conversion into industrially‐relevant petrochemicals. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), despite their tremendous utility in heterogeneous catalysis, have been overlooked for polyolefin depolymerization due to their perceived thermal instabilities and inability of polyethylenes and polypropylenes to penetrate their pores. Herein, we demonstrate the viability of UiO‐66 MOFs containing coordinatively‐unsaturated zirconium nodes, as effective catalysts for pyrolysis that significantly enhances the yields of valuable liquid and gas hydrocarbons, whilst halving the amounts of residual solids produced. Reactions occur on the Lewis‐acidic UiO‐66 nodes, without the need for noble metals, and yield aliphatic product distributions distinctly different from the aromatic‐rich hydrocarbons that can be obtained from zeolite catalysis. We also demonstrate the first unambiguous characterization of polyolefin penetration into UiO‐66 pores at pyrolytic temperatures, allowing access to the abundant Zr‐oxo nodes within the MOF interior for efficient C−C cleavage. Our work highlights the potential of MOFs as highly‐designable heterogeneous catalysts for depolymerisation of plastics, which can complement conventional catalysts in reactivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complexity of petroleum phases in deep formations plays an important role in the evaluation of hydrocarbon resources. Pressure is considered to have a positive impact on the preservation of liquid oils, yet direct evidence for this phenomenon is lacking in the case of deep reservoirs due to late destruction. Here, we present fluid-inclusion assemblages from a deep reservoir in the Tazhong area of the Tarim Basin, northwestern China, which formed as a direct consequence of fluid pressure evolution. Based on thermodynamic measurements and simulations of the coexisting aqueous and petroleum inclusions in these assemblages, the history of petroleum activities was reconstructed. Our results show that all analyzed fluid-inclusion assemblages demonstrated variable pressure conditions in different charging stages, ranging from hydrostatic to overpressure (a pressure coefficient of up to 1.49). Sequential petroleum charging and partial oil cracking may have been the main contributors to overpressure. By comparing the phases of petroleum and fluid pressures in the two wells, ZS1 and ZS5, it can be inferred that overpressure inhibits oil cracking. Thus, overpressure exerts an important influence on the preservation of liquid hydrocarbon under high temperatures. Furthermore, our results reveal that the exploration potential for liquid petroleum is considerable in the deep reservoirs of the Tarim Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-quality liquid biofuels can be produced from renewable lignin-derived phenolic compounds through an efficient hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) process in which the traditional catalysts usually include metal sites and acid sites that catalyze the hydrogenation and deoxygenation procedures respectively. This work presents a novel acid-free NixMoyN/C catalyst from the perspective of green chemistry providing a new pathway for HDO of lignin-derived phenolic compounds that involves hydrogenation deoxygenation and hydrogenolysis at the same time. A series of NixMoyN/C catalysts were prepared by varying the Ni :Mo molar ratio among which the Ni1Mo3N/C catalyst showed the best HDO performance. Guaiacol could be completely converted at 260 °C after 4 h with 95.8% cyclohexane selectivity. In addition a small amount of benzene could be obtained as a valuable fuel additive by-product by altering the conventional HDO reaction path. By shortening the reaction time benzene could be obtained as an intermediate product with a relative high selectivity. Based on the characterizations using XRD BET SEM TEM XPS H2-TPD and EPR, the results demonstrate that the multiple active components of the Ni1Mo3N/C catalyst allow it to efficiently catalyze the hydrogen activation and C--O bond cleavage even under acid-free conditions. The existence of the active phases of Ni Ni2Mo3N and β-Mo2C as well as the interaction between Ni and Mo metals together contributed toward efficient HDO performance. Not only for the various phenolic model compounds the feasibility of Ni1Mo3N/C catalysts for upgrading raw lignin oil was also demonstrated with the hydrocarbon content increasing from 5.7% to 88.4%. Notably arenes accounted for 18.2% of the hydrocarbon products which confirmed the occurrence of hydrogenolysis in the catalytic process. This work provides a novel route for the conversion of lignin-derived phenolic compounds to produce high-quality hydrocarbon liquid biofuels especially the direct production of arene components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unlike fossil fuels, biomass has oxygen amounts exceeding 10 wt%. Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) is a crucial step in upgrading biomass to higher heating value liquid fuels. Oxygen removal has many challenges due to the complex chemistry and the high reactivity leading to irreversible catalyst deactivation. In this study, the focus is on the catalytic HDO of aromatic oxygen‐containing model compounds in biomass: phenols and cresols. In the current work, literature on catalytic HDO of phenols using molecular hydrogen is reviewed, with a focus on non‐nickel‐based mono‐ and bi‐metallic catalysts, as nickel‐based catalysts were reviewed elsewhere. In addition, the catalytic HDO of m‐cresol using molecular hydrogen is examined. This review also addresses the use of hydrogen donors for the HDO of phenols and cresols. The operating conditions, catalysts, products, and yields are summarized to find the catalyst with promising activity and high selectivity toward aromatics. A critical review of the reactions that successfully led to HDO is presented and research gaps related to the HDO of phenols and cresols are highlighted. The conclusions provide potential successful catalyst combinations that can be used for HDO of phenols, cresols, and liquid aromatic hydrocarbons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shale oil saturated by high temperature (20 MPa) and high pressure (60 °C) conditions can not only realize the efficient saturation of shale, but also invert the shale oil return and drainage characteristics under the stratum temperature and pressure due to the heterogeneity of shale formations. In this study, the Chang 7 Member shale samples were collected, and the high-temperature and high-pressure containment device was utilized to saturate the shale oil efficiently under 20 MPa and 60 °C, and the differences of liquid hydrocarbon saturation and the degree of liquid hydrocarbon saturation for different types of pores and fractures in the shale were quantitatively characterized with a low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology. The results show that under the condition of formation temperature (60 °C) and pressure (20 MPa), shale oil saturation can be reached after 14 d of saturation in the shale samples. The shale oil saturation process can be roughly divided into three stages according to the various saturation rates: the rapid saturation stage, the slow saturation stage, and the second rapid saturation stage, and the degree of saturation of shale oil is characterized by a V-shape. The shale oil was distributed into four types of pore-fracture systems: adsorption pores, micropores, seepage fractures, and layer fractures. Additionally, the fluid dominantly distributes in the micropores and seepage fractures, the shale oil saturation degree of the micropores features a continuous increase, while that for the seepage fractures presents a V-shape, which finally determines the shale oil saturation characteristics of the shale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method is proposed for calculating low interfacial tension (IFT) based on molecular dynamics simulation of systems with superdense packing of surfactant molecules at the water–liquid hydrocarbon interface. The interfacial tension was calculated by the molecular dynamics method using the all-atom and coarse-grained models in water–alkane (decane, dodecane) two-phase systems in the presence of various individual surfactants. The following ionic and nonionic surfactants were considered: sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC), sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS), sodium decet-6 sulfate C10E6SO4Na, hexaethylene glycol monodecyl ether (C10E6), triethylene glycol monononadecyl ether (C19E3), and octapropoxypentaethylene glycol monododecyl ether (C12P8E5). It was shown that the interfacial tension decreases to zero when surfactant adsorption increases to the limiting values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the direct conversion of syngas to gasoline fuel offers a promising route to produce liquid fuel from non-petroleum carbon resources, it remains a great challenge owing to low target product selectivity and poor catalyst stability. Hence, we designed a bifunctional catalyst consisting of SiO2-coated novel hierarchical porous cage active particles and hierarchical porous zeolite, which provided a C5–C11 hydrocarbon selectivity of 63.5 wt%, and the yield reached 99.3% in C5+ hydrocarbons, with an aromatic content of 25.7% at 280 °C. Particularly, this value is within the range of the restricted aromatic content. As the reaction temperature was elevated to 310 °C, zeolite-24 presented an excellent aromatic selectivity of 64.4% in liquid hydrocarbons. This is mainly because the zeolite provides higher acidity at a rather high reaction temperature, facilitating the formation of hydrocarbons in the liquid phase, which were predominantly aromatics rather than i-C5+. Besides aromatics, a high i-C5+ content of 77.4% in liquid hydrocarbons was obtained at 280 °C over FeZ-16. At the given condition, the synthesized hybrid catalysts were beneficial for the production of gasoline fuels consisting of aromatics and i-C5+. Particularly, 280 °C offered optimum selectivity to i-C5+, and 310 °C was suitable for the formation of aromatics. This work provides a strategy for the design and preparation of novel and efficient catalysts for gasoline production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The petroleum potential of onshore basins in Colombia has been partly controlled by the Andean Orogeny since the end of the Cretaceous. Its Axial Zone has at least one understudied active petroleum system with a rather low petroleum potential and few commercial medium to heavy oil accumulations, raising questions about how the Andean deformation influenced the petroleum system and the possible undiscovered accumulations. We examine the timing of this petroleum system in the Axial Zone through oil–source correlations and two 2D petroleum system models across the Boyacá and Soápaga faults based on cross-sections. Modelling reveals the direct control of deformation on generation–accumulation in the Axial Zone, where the Lower Cretaceous source rocks, due to high heat flows during the synrift phase, started generation so early (100 to 60 Ma) that no reservoirs or traps were yet available to allow hydrocarbon entrapment and accumulation. Equally, for the younger Upper Cretaceous source rocks, the tectonic inversion of the basin between 33 and 23 Ma along the Boyacá and Soápaga faults interrupted burial and the maturation in most parts of the basin, leaving only local pods of active source rocks where maturation continues today due to the tectonic overburden along the footwall of the Soápaga Fault. The latter is thus the major kitchen, contributing more than 50% of the liquid hydrocarbons trapped mainly in Upper Cretaceous and Paleocene sandstones. Hydrocarbons migrate upwards where biodegradation and water washing occurred in the near-surface, giving rise to the many tar sand occurrences in the Eocene sandstones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hazard and risk assessment of complex petroleum-derived substances has been in a state of continuous improvement since the 1970s, with the development of approaches that continue to be applied and refined. Alternative feeds are defined here as those coming into a refinery or chemical plant that are not hydrocarbons from oil and gas extraction such as biologically derived oils, pyrolysis oil from biomass or other, and recycled materials. These feeds are increasingly being used for production of liquid hydrocarbon streams, and hence, there is a need to assess these alternatives, subsequent manufacturing and refining processes and end products for potential risk to humans and the environment. Here we propose a tiered, problem formulation-driven framework for assessing the safety of hydrocarbon streams and products derived from alternative feedstocks in use. The scope of this work is only focused on petrochemical safety assessment, though the principles may be applicable to other chemistries. The framework integrates combinations of analytical chemistry, in silico and in vitro tools, and targeted testing together with conservative assumptions/approaches to leverage existing health, environmental, and exposure data, where applicable. The framework enables the identification of scenarios where de novo hazard and/or exposure assessments may be needed and incorporates tiered approaches to do so. It can be applied to enable decisions efficiently and transparently and can encompass a wide range of compositional space in both feedstocks and finished products, with the objective of ensuring safety in manufacturing and use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The colonial green microalga Botryococcus braunii is well known for producing liquid hydrocarbons that can be utilized as biofuel feedstocks. B. braunii is taxonomically classified as a single species made up of three chemical races, A, B, and L, that are mainly distinguished by the hydrocarbons produced. We previously reported a B race draft nuclear genome, and here we report the draft nuclear genomes for the A and L races. A comparative genomic study of the three B. braunii races and 14 other algal species within Chlorophyta revealed significant differences in the genomes of each race of B. braunii. Phylogenomically, there was a clear divergence of the three races with the A race diverging earlier than both the B and L races, and the B and L races diverging from a later common ancestor not shared by the A race. DNA repeat content analysis suggested the B race had more repeat content than the A or L races. Orthogroup analysis revealed the B. braunii races displayed more gene orthogroup diversity than three closely related Chlamydomonas species, with nearly 24-36% of all genes in each B. braunii race being specific to each race. This analysis suggests the three races are distinct species based on sufficient differences in their respective genomes. We propose reclassification of the three chemical races to the following species names: Botryococcus alkenealis (A race), Botryococcus braunii (B race), and Botryococcus lycopadienor (L race). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conversion of methane or natural gas into turquoise H2 and carbon represents a promising pathway towards decarbonised energy. The pyrolysis of biogas (mainly a mixture of methane and CO2) is considered to be a negative carbon-emission technology, as the carbon source comes from biomass and the carbon is captured in solid form. In addition, the presence of CO2 in the gas mixture enables the dry reforming of methane into syngas. In this study, we show that direct biogas conversion in a fluidised catalytic reactor can produce a syngas whose composition meets the requirements for methanol synthesis or for liquid hydrocarbon production via the Fischer-Tropsch process. Confirmed by thermodynamic analysis, we show that the reaction proceeds at temperatures above 900 1C to produce carbon materials, whereas at lower temperatures the carbon is converted to CO by the Boudouard reaction. At 950 1C, very high methane and CO2 conversions are achieved (490% and 99%, respectively), accompanied by high hydrogen yield (490%) and the sequestration of carbon into a turbostratic structure. We believe that the direct catalytic reforming of biogas in a fluidised bed, when combined in series with an FTS process, could allow the production of liquid fuels with no need for costly gas separation units, in particular those implemented for CO2 capture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, China has explored and exploited several high-pressure deep gas fields. Normally, high-pressure gas wells are gathered and processed through multichoke manifolds on well sites, creating hazards such as high wellhead flowing pressure (Pt) and high risk for on-site operation personnel. Moreover, downhole chokes have been used in place of surface chokes. In doing this, the Joule–Thomson (JT) effect is geothermally regulated, alleviating the formation of hydrates in surface facilities. However, its applicability to high-pressure gas wells is less explored. In an effort to guide its use, the objective of this study is to set selection criteria in terms of the allowable wellhead Pt and gas flow rate. First, isenthalpic lines are separately estimated for dry gas and high liquid hydrocarbon (LHC) content gas condensate at various inlet temperatures with the use of commercial software. Next, by analysis of the resulting isenthalpic curves, several results are obtained on the JT inversion curves and throttling process through a choke. Third, building on these insights, a method for projecting the maximum Pt is presented, leading to a value of 52.5 MPa. Finally, multiparameter models are separately run for two deep gas wells (8100 m and 5000 m), reinforcing the result of the pressure upper limit while maintaining a maximum daily gas production of 14 E4 m3. Both upper limits with a maximum Pt of 52.5 MPa and daily gas production of 14 E4 m3 are corroborated with field data records. These findings are vital to the selection of a viable high-pressure gas well for applying the downhole throttling technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nano-sized Co3O4 is an effective catalyst for fuel oxidation due to its high capacity of oxygen storage, and it is thus frequently applied in improving the oxidation performance of hydrocarbon fuels. In our present work, attempts were made to study the catalytic performance of Co3O4 for the oxidation of liquid fuels over a wide temperature range. Neat n-decane and n-decane/1,2,4-trimethylbenzene mixtures were chosen because they are typical liquid hydrocarbon fuels. The evidences from this study suggest that the temperatures of both fuel ignition and full conversion are significantly decreased by Co3O4 catalyst. CO2 is the only product detected in the catalytic oxidation, which also proves the complete oxidation of the liquid fuels. Furthermore, to explore the possible reaction pathways on the catalyst surface, temperature-dependent and time-dependent in situ DRIFTS were employed to identify surface species and analyze catalytic mechanism. Various surface intermediates including bidentate, monodentate carbonate species, carboxylate species and molecular adsorbed n-decane have been observed. The experimental results indicate that n-decane oxidation over Co3O4 proceeds via the Mars-van Krevelen mechanism where lattice oxygen plays a critical role in the fuel oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mathematical model was constructed to estimate the performance of an MFI-membrane reactor used for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis to produce a mixture of liquid hydrocarbons. In order to accurately evaluate the reactor's performance a parametric study was performed. Under certain operational conditions, such as the total initial pressure in the reaction zone (1–4 MPa) and the hydrogen/carbon monoxide ratio (H2/CO: 1 to 2) on the performance of the studied reactor. The selectivity (productivity) of the hydrocarbon products (Si), the quantity of hydrocarbons permiated (θi) and the separation factors of each space (αi) were predicted. With increasing pressure, it is observed that θCO and θ H 2 are decreasing from 0.62 to 0.45 and from 0.55 to 0.49 respectively. However, as the H2/CO ratio rises, this measurement shows a slight increase. Aside from, the separation factors of the majority of the current species are unaffected by the H2/CO ratio increasing, while the separation factors of carbon monoxide and hydrogen are increasing. Similarly the selectivity of water, methane, carbon dioxide and ethane increases with increasing H2/CO ratio. Based on these findings it is revealed that the membrane can enable permeability for all species present in the products mixture with varying separation factors, and that the ability to separate species other than water from the reaction side is essentially non-existent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work the combustion characteristics of liquid hydrocarbons when atomized by a high speed air jet were studied, using diesel fuel as an example. This approach to spraying liquid fuel in combustion processes has a number of advantages over traditional spraying: the ability to supply fuel with a low degree of purification, reducing the chance of coking of fuel equipment. Using an atmospheric burner device with natural air supply into the mixing chamber, the dependences of the composition of intermediate and final combustion products were studied, and the flame temperature was measured at various fuel flow rates and parameters of the atomizing air jet (flow rate, temperature). A comparison of the obtained characteristics was made for equivalent modes at different temperatures of the supplied atomizer. It was found that when heated air is used as a sprayer, higher flame temperatures are ensured, which ensures more complete fuel burnout and a decrease in CO concentration in the flue gases, but at the same time, a slight increase in NOx was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The circular economy is considered a keystone of sustainable development, and its implementation requires analyzing both product and by‐products, as well as process waste. In this study Fischer‐Tropsch synthesis product selectivity over Fe/SiO2 catalyst was investigated in the reaction temperature range of 240 to 300°C. The composition of the gas, liquid hydrocarbon, and wax products is discussed alongside the aqueous phase, which is rarely addressed. It was found that 280°C is the optimal temperature for condensable hydrocarbon production over Fe/SiO2 catalyst. The increase in reaction temperature led to a decrease in the selectivity of 1‐olefins and alcohols in the liquid hydrocarbon phase and waxes, but at the same time contributed to an increase in the content of alcohols in the aqueous phase products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sub-critical water is an environment-friendly solvent. It is widely used for the extraction of various organic compounds. It can be used to dissolve and transport organic matter in oil shale. In this study, the conversion of oil shale was synergistically catalyzed by the addition of Fe or Ni to the Fe inherent in samples under sub-critical water conditions. Oil shale can be converted to gas, oil and residues of oil. Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis results presented that the weight loss of raw oil shale was up to 15.85%. After sub-critical water extraction, the weight loss rate of the residues was reduced to 8.41%. With the application of a metal catalyst, Fe or Ni, the weight loss of residues was further reduced to 7.43% and 6.57%, respectively. According to DTG curves, it was found that there were two weight-loss rate peaks. The decomposition process of kerogen in oil shale could be divided into two cracking processes. One is decomposed at a high velocity at around 420 °C, and another is decomposed at a low velocity at around 515 °C. Gas chromatography (GC) results of gas products indicated that Fe or Ni could contribute to producing normal alkanes, such as methane, ethane, propane, etc., which are produced by the hydrogenation of alkenes via hydrogen transfer during the conversion process of kerogen. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was conducted to analyze the components of the liquid products. The results showed that n-alkanes, iso-alkane, oxygenated hydrocarbons and aromatic compounds were the major components of the kerogen cracking products. When Ni was introduced as a catalyst, the contents of aromatic compounds and oxygenated hydrocarbons in the liquid products were increased from 19.55% and 6.87% to 22.38% and 13.77%, respectively. This is due to the synergistic effect of the addition of Ni with the inherent Fe in oil shale under sub-critical water which ensures kerogen is more easily cracked to produce aromatic compounds and oxygenated hydrocarbons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limited attention has been paid to repellency and wettability‐confined transport of low‐surface‐tension liquids, such as oils, alcohols, and hydrocarbons. This is because repellency becomes very difficult for fluids with surface tension below 30 mN m−1. This situation is encountered in many engineering applications using organic liquids and thus, oleophobic surfaces are of high technological importance. In this work, a nanocomposite coating comprising of fluorinated silica micro‐ and nanoparticles (filler), a copolymer (binder), and traces of fluorinated polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (additive, lowest surface‐energy crystalline material reported to date) is spray‐deposited on a surface pretextured by laser etching, a technique that requires no lithographic processing. The approach results in surfaces that can repel liquid hydrocarbons with surface tension as low as 21.14 mN m−1 and also hinder the spreading of heptane (19.74 mN m−1) at room temperature. The repellency of several organic liquids with surface tensions in the range of 19.7 – 27 mN m−1 is experimentally investigated and compared with water (baseline case). To study the effect of fluid properties, comparisons are performed between the distances traveled and the velocities of microliter droplets transported pumplessly on wedge‐shaped wettability‐patterned tracks that confine the liquids by the superoleophobic background surrounding the wettable tracks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Western Hunan province and its surrounding areas are significant targets for shale gas exploration and development in southern China, where the black shale of the lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation and Wunitang Formation is extensively distributed. Geochemical analysis was conducted on the lower Cambrian black shale from a new exploration well of XAD1 located at the southeast margin of the Yangtze paraplatform, followed by a discussion on gas-bearing properties using molecular dynamics simulation. The geochemical characteristics indicate that the black shale in well XAD1 was primarily deposited in a strongly reducing marine environment, with organic matter predominantly composed of type I kerogen derived from algae. Currently, it has reached a stage of high to over maturity with limited potential for liquid hydrocarbon generation. The recovery of the original hydrocarbon generation potential shows that they are excellent source rocks and have completed the main hydrocarbon generation evolution. Despite the favorable conditions for shale gas formation observed in well XAD1, the low measured gas content within the Niutitang Formation suggests that other geological factors may have contributed to a substantial loss of shale gas. Gas adsorption simulation reveals that the maximum methane adsorption capacity (15.77 m3/t) was achieved by Niutitang shale during the late Silurian period when there was an abundant source of natural gas without any influence from CO2, H2O or other molecules. However, due to a lack of natural gas replenishment and subsequent tectonic uplift and subsidence causing variations in temperature and pressure, the methane adsorption capacity gradually decreased (to 6.56 m3/t). Furthermore, water occurrence within the shale reservoir further reduced the methane adsorption capacity (below 2 m3/t), while tectonic activities exacerbated the loss of shale gas potential within this study area. The findings indicate that the dynamic alteration of gas-bearing properties in shale reservoirs due to tectonic movements is a crucial factor influencing the success rate of shale gas exploration in the study area, provided that there are sufficient gas resources and superior reservoir conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exceptionally low geothermal gradient (~2 °C/100 m) in the Tarim Basin, notably in the Shuntuoguole (STGL) area with depths exceeding 7000 m, has catalyzed the discovery of ultra-deep liquid hydrocarbons. Yet, the genesis of these hydrocarbons remains elusive, presenting significant challenges to further exploration and development endeavors. To address this quandary, an extensive analysis involving biomarker assessments and compound-specific δ2H and δ13C isotopic evaluations of n-alkanes was conducted, unveiling the secondary alterations and origins of these crude oils. For the first time, an approximately horizontal distribution of compound-specific δ2H and δ13C in n-alkanes was observed. Through the integration of diagnostic biomarker compounds, it was elucidated that the STGL crude oils did not undergo significant biodegradation, thermal alteration, or thermal sulfate reduction. Biomarker- and compound-specific C/H isotopic correlations suggest that the STGL crude oil predominantly originates from the Lower Cambrian calcareous shale, positing it as a potential end-member oil for this lithofacial source rock. Furthermore, the STGL crude oil exhibits similar biomarker configurations (notably abundant C28 triaromatic sterones, C23 tricyclic terpenoids, and aryl isoprenoids, with minimal 4-methylstane and gammacerane presence) to those oils previously considered as mixed from the Tazhong and Tabei Uplifts within the Tarim Basin. This similarity suggests that these previously deemed mixed oils may also derive from the Lower Cambrian calcareous shale. Consequently, more focused investigations into the Lower Cambrian calcareous shale are imperative to bolster refined deep and ultra-deep petroleum exploration efforts within the Tarim Basin in forthcoming studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Cu-based catalyst was developed for one-step solvent-free synthesis of aviation biofuel from biomass-derived ketones, including acetone, cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, and 2-pentanone. Under the optimal working conditions, the conversion rate of acetone, cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone and 2-pentanone of 100% can be achieved by using Cu/Al2O3. 79.7 c% maximum carbon yield of liquid hydrocarbons with 89.5% selectivity of aviation biofuel was obtained under the conditions of 1.0 MPa H2, 280 °C, and 2 h−1 WHSV. The effects of the calcination temperature on the acidity and basicity of the catalyst, as well as the valence and dispersion of Cu species, were investigated. Based on DFT calculations and in situ DRIFTS results, the preferred adsorption of carbonyl groups and efficient dissociation of hydrogen on Cu+ increased the local concentration of H and feedstock on the catalyst surface, accelerating the rate-determining step that predominated on Cu0. The synergistic effect of Cu0 and Cu+ enhanced the formation of aviation biofuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orogenic antimony-gold deposits contribute significantly to the global antimony resource base. China's orogenic antimony-gold deposits are primarily in southern Tibet. Investigations indicate that antimony combines and migrates with sulfur hydroxides in ore-forming fluids. Previous research on fluid inclusions in orogenic antimony-gold ores with sedimentary rock accommodation revealed the presence of organic inclusions, including liquid hydrocarbons, alongside common components such as CO2, H2O, CH4, and NaCl. However, the impact of liquid hydrocarbons on antimony migration and mineralization is still debatable. To investigate the transportability of antimony by liquid hydrocarbons in orogenic antimony ores, we selected n-dodecanethiol and n-dodecane as the subjects. We measured the solubility and occurrence form of antimony in these compounds at various temperatures and durations. The results indicate that after 5 and 10 days of reaction at 100 °C, the antimony concentrations in the n-dodecanethiol and n-dodecane groups were 67.44 ± 7.62 ppm, 75.15 ± 16.74 ppm, 1.40 ± 1.02 ppm, and 3.02 ± 3.09 ppm, respectively. At 150 °C for 5 and 10 days, the respective concentrations were 50.58 ± 5.39 ppm, 77.26 ± 45.20 ppm, 2.66 ± 3.08 ppm, and 2.41 ± 2.03 ppm. At 200 °C for 5 and 10 days, the corresponding concentrations were 339.76 ± 71.94 ppm, 218.97 ± 25.03 ppm and 6.53 ± 7.17 ppm, 2.27 ± 0.82 ppm (n = 3). The measured solubility of antimony in the n-dodecanethiol group increased gradually with rising temperature. The solubility of antimony in the n-dodecane group was low and notably inferior to that observed in the n-dodecanethiol group. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis demonstrated a distinct thiol (R-SH) peak at 163.31 eV and compound peaks of antimony reacting with thiols at 162.06 and 160.87 eV. This suggests that antimony predominantly forms complexes with thiols for migration. Our findings suggest that specific liquid hydrocarbon components, predominantly thiols, can interact with antimony at metallogenic temperatures and persist in ore-forming fluids, facilitating migration and mineral enrichment. Earlier experimental studies on gold and crude oil have indicated that liquid hydrocarbons also play an essential role in the transportation and enrichment of gold during the formation of gold deposits, thus indicating that liquid hydrocarbons possess the considerable potential to act as an ore-forming fluid during orogenic antimony-gold deposit formation in southern Tibet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic waste signifies a global predicament, aggravated by deficient management practices. Unearthing methods to repurpose energy from this waste is pivotal. This study delves into the pyrolytic degradation of low-density plastics to convert plastic waste into valuable products on a modest scale. A small-scale, low-CO2 emitting distiller was employed in the process. A zeolite was harnessed as a catalyst to augment the temperature and hasten the pyrolysis process. A comprehensive life cycle analysis was executed to assess the environmental impact of the process. In this scenario, zeolite-facilitated pyrolysis was more proficient compared to traditional thermal pyrolysis, generating a yield of 22.5% with the catalyst, contrasting with 18% without. A kinetic model was formulated, observing reaction mechanisms and temperature escalation and culminating in the extraction of aromatic oils. These oils were further distilled to produce liquid hydrocarbons, beginning the distillation at 60 °C with the catalyst. Characterization of the secured hydrocarbons was conducted using infrared, Raman spectroscopy, and gas chromatography, discovering compounds akin to gasoline, such as benzene, toluene, and xylenes. Additionally, the procedure exhibited a minimal environmental detriment, as validated by the life cycle analysis. This study concludes by highlighting the potential of small-scale, low-CO2 emitting pyrolytic degradation of low-density plastics for energy recovery from plastic waste, demonstrating the practical and environmental benefits of this avant-garde method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the limitations of the existing catalytic hydrogenation and sulfuric acid sulfonation intended to remove aromatic hydrocarbons from liquid paraffin oils, the adsorption method was chosen for the adsorptive separation of phenanthrene, a typical aromatic hydrocarbon, from liquid paraffin oils. A zeolite imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) precursor was firstly prepared, and then ZIF-8-derived porous carbon (ZDPC) adsorbents were obtained using different temperatures of carbonization of the precursor under nitrogen atmosphere; these adsorbents were then used for the adsorption and separation of phenanthrene from liquid paraffin oils. The experiment showed that the maximum specific surface area of a ZDPC adsorbent could reach 1458 m2/g at 900°C. However, the total pore volume and adsorption capacity of ZDPC porous carbon were maximal at the carbonization temperature of 800°C (1.59 cm3/g and 931 mg/g, respectively). The obtained results showed that an increase in the specific surface area of the adsorbent did not necessarily enhance the adsorption performance. However, compared with the specific surface area of the adsorbent, its adsorption performance is improved in the case of larger pore structures. Therefore, the pore structure of the adsorbent has a very important influence on the adsorption performance. The results of kinetic and thermodynamic studies showed that the pseudo-second-order model could better explain the adsorption process of ZDPC on phenanthrene, while the intra-particle diffusion model revealed that the adsorption mechanism represented a continuous three-stage process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy transition is a global process and requires new import routes for energy demanding countries like Germany. Countries with great potential for renewable energy production may become key players in the global energy transition. In this contribution, we assess the potential of the liquid organic hydrogen carrier (LOHC) technology. LOHCs enable an energy‐efficient storage and transportation using existing infrastructure for liquid hydrocarbons. Exemplary roles of LOHCs in the German energy landscape are illustrated. Lastly, LOHC demonstration projects in Germany are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the development of a new technology based on the application of liquid metal and aims to produce hydrogen by decarbonization (pyrolysis process) of both natural and artificially synthesized hydrocarbons. When biogas with a sufficiently high carbon dioxide content is used as a feedstock, or by the targeted addition of CO2 to methane, a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide (synthesis gas) can be produced. Furthermore, the paper describes another very interesting application of the technology to create negative emissions. In this scenario, the processes direct air capture, methanation, electrolysis and methane pyrolysis are combined to synthesize solid carbon from atmospheric CO2. The broad range of process options investigated indicates that, when the technology is scaled up to industrial scale, the result will be a process that is flexible in both the use of reactants and the resulting products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional liquid fuel, such as kerosene, is still the primary fuel in air transport for longer distances. Other types of propulsion, like electric batteries, fuel cells, or their combination with solar panels, are only practical for smaller aeroplanes designed for transportation purposes. In order to replace at least some fossil kerosene with waste raw materials, kerosene production from waste polyalkenes has become more important. This work investigates the possibility of using a laboratory continuous conical spouted bed reactor for the study of the production of jet fuel fraction from waste polypropylene. Optimal reaction conditions of cracking for producing high yields of hydrocarbon liquids were determined. Tested pyrolysis temperatures changed from 420 to 460°C, and CO2 flow from 0.05 to 0.2 L.min-1 at various polypropylene dosing speeds. Yields and composition of liquid and gaseous products were measured. Monomer propene dominated with almost 60 wt% in pyrolysis gases. The highest yield of jet fuel fraction, 34 wt%, was obtained at 420°C and 0.1 L.min-1 of inert gas flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catalytic pyrolysis of waste HDPE and LDPE polyethylene was successfully carried out using a silica-alumina catalyst at 450 °C under N2 atmosphere. The synthesized silica-alumina is mesoporous and shows type IV isotherm. Thermal pyrolysis (without any catalyst) provided 47% waxlike hydrocarbons at 485 °C. On the other hand, more than 80% liquid yield was achieved using silica-alumina catalysts from waste HDPE and LDPE. The highest liquid yield was obtained from LDPE (87.69%) than HDPE (83.25%) at a catalyst-to-plastic ratio of 1:25. The 1H NMR shows that the liquid product does not contain any aromatic compound. The GCMS, 1H NMR, and FTIR confirmed that the liquid contains linear and branched alkanes and alkenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Converting CO2 to liquid (C5+) hydrocarbons remains a significant hurdle. Our study shows that CoFe/HZSM-5 boosts C5+ selectivity to 73.4%, up from 59% for Fe/HZSM-5. This study highlights the pivotal roles of zeolite acidity and catalyst proximity in this improvement. These insights pave the way for more effective CO2 utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beyond their CO2 emittance when burned as fuels, hydrocarbons (HCs) serve as omnipresent raw materials and commodities. No matter if as liquid oil spills or the endless amounts of plastic roaming the oceans, HCs behave as persistent pollutants with water as main carrier to distribute. Even if their general chemical structure [‐(CH2)n‐] is quite simple, the endless range of n leads to contaminations of different appearances and properties. A water remediation method based on superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) modified with self‐assembled monolayers of alkyl phosphonic acid derivatives is presented. These molecules enable the SPIONs to non‐covalently bind HCs, independently from the molecular weight, size and morphology. The attractive interaction is mainly based on hydrophobic and Coulomb interaction, which allows recycling of the SPIONs. The superparamagnetic core allows a simple magnetic collection and separation from the water phase which makes it a promising addition to wastewater treatment. Agglomerates of collected plastic "waste" even exhibit superior adsorption properties for crude oil, another hydrocarbon waste which gives these collected wastes a second life. This upcycling approach combined with presented recycling methods enables a complete recycling loop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct synthesis of liquid hydrocarbons from СО2 and Н2 on a combined bifunctional catalyst consisting of ZnAlOx or ZnCrOx (oxide catalysts for the synthesis of hydrocarbons from СО and Н2) and HZSM-5 zeolites with different SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratios was studied. The physicochemical characteristics of the zeolites, namely, acidity evaluated by temperature-programmed ammonia desorption, porosity, and specific surface area, were examined. The catalyst performance was studied on a micro-pilot installation in the flow recirculation mode at 340°С and a pressure of 10 MPa. The ZnAlOx/ZnZSM-5(40) catalyst exhibits the highest selectivity to С5+ hydrocarbons, which is associated with the presence of strong Brønsted acid sites on its surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of research is the mechanisms of synthesis of nanocarbon structures in the process of electric high-voltage breakdown of hydrocarbons. The problem to be solved is the purposeful synthesis of various types of nanocarbon with small losses of raw materials. Mechanisms of nanocarbon formation in the process of high-voltage electric breakdown of hydrocarbons have been established. It is shown that a high-voltage breakdown leads to a cascade of chemical transformations. As a result of transformations, lower gaseous hydrocarbons are formed due to the destruction of molecules and higher ones – as a result of polymerization, and as a result of dehydrocyclization and polymerization with the participation of metal catalysts – various carbon nanostructures. The possibility of targeted synthesis of fullerene-like structures, nanotubes with diameters from 10 to 50 nm, nanofibers, and films is demonstrated. Experimental studies have confirmed that the qualitative and quantitative composition of nanocarbon can be varied in a wide range. With an increase in the number of carbon atoms or the number of C–C bonds in the raw material molecules, other things being equal, the practical yield of solid nanocarbon increases. It was determined that the synthesis of structured nanocarbon from a mixture of hydrocarbon gases, formed as a result of high-voltage breakdown of liquid hydrocarbons, actively occurs on the nickel-chromium catalytic surface. An increase in the area of the catalytic deposition surface leads to an increase in the yield of nanocarbon. The study of the ability of the obtained nanocarbon samples to absorb electromagnetic radiation confirmed the potential of the method of high-voltage breakdown of hydrocarbons for the synthesis of materials that weaken electromagnetic radiation at a frequency of 25 to 38 GHz. The greatest weakening is observed for samples consisting mainly of carbon nanotubes and nickel nanoparticles [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document discusses the challenges and advancements in the production, transportation, and refining of heavy oil and natural bitumen. These unconventional hydrocarbons are seen as alternatives to conventional crude oil due to their sustainability and large reserves. However, their high viscosity, density, and content of heteroatoms, asphaltenes, and heavy metals pose challenges in recovery, transportation, and refinery processes. The document highlights eight selected articles that explore enhanced oil recovery methods and catalytic upgrading techniques. These articles cover topics such as catalytic conversion, thermochemical upgrading, solubility of CO2, oil displacement, tracer tests, geomagnetic effects on oil, and CO2-assisted hydrothermal upgrading. The contributions emphasize the need for hybrid techniques to improve the quality of heavy oil while minimizing environmental impact. [Extracted from the article]

We have developed a low-temperature atmospheric surface dielectric barrier discharge reactor that transforms biogas into liquid chemicals. The influence of steam on the conversion of methane and carbon dioxide and the distribution of products vs specific energy input was investigated. The conversion rates of 44% for CH4 and 22% for CO2 were reached based on our operational conditions. The lowest energetic cost of 26 eV/molecule was reached when steam was added at the in-feed. The selectivity of 3 wt. % for liquid hydrocarbon was achieved. More than 12 chemicals were produced as a result of biogas (CH4 + CO2) transformation. Methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and acetone constituted the most abundant oxygenated hydrocarbon liquids at room temperature. The main gaseous products were H2, CO, C2H4, and C2H6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, we report a Na-promoted FeCu-based catalyst with excellent liquid hydrocarbon selectivity and catalytic activity. The physiochemical properties of the catalysts were comprehensively characterized by various characterization techniques. The characterization results indicate that the catalytic performance of the catalysts was closely related to the nature of the metal promoters. The Na-AlFeCu possessed the highest CO2 conversion due to enhanced CO2 adsorption of the catalysts by the introduction of Al species. The introduction of excess Mg promoter led to a strong methanation activity of the catalyst. Mn and Ga promoters exhibited high selectivity for light hydrocarbons due to their inhibition of iron carbides generation, resulting in a lack of chain growth capacity. The Na-ZnFeCu catalyst exhibited the optimal C5+ yield, owing to the fact that the Zn promoter improved the catalytic activity and liquid hydrocarbon selectivity by modulating the surface CO2 adsorption and carbide content. Carbon dioxide (CO2) hydrogenation to liquid fuel is considered a method for the utilization and conversion of CO2, whereas satisfactory activity and selectivity remains a challenge. This method provides a new idea for the catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 and from there the preparation of high-value-added products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of exhumed hydrocarbon traps have been described from the Traill Ø region of East Greenland. This study focuses on the Bjørnedal area where the distribution of bitumen has been mapped out. Bitumen staining clearly has a cross‐cutting relationship to stratigraphic units and can be shown to form distinct palaeo‐accumulations. Detailed petrographic studies show that bitumen occurs as late diagenetic phases in Middle to Late Jurassic sandstones, and is present both as both grain‐coating and pore‐filling phases. Geochemical analyses confirm that the bitumen is organic in composition and is composed largely of carbon and hydrogen. Both H/C ratios and bonds identified by FTIR behave as expected with increasing maturity measured using bitumen reflectance. Together, these results provide strong evidence that the material is pyrobitumen derived from the in situ thermal degradation of a liquid hydrocarbon precursor. On the basis of textures in transmitted and reflected light and quantitative bitumen reflectance distributions, two populations of pyrobitumen may be recognised in some samples. Two phases of Paleogene magmatism occurred in the Traill Ø region. The first late Paleocene – early Eocene phase was related to the opening of the northern North Atlantic in the earliest Eocene, and was experienced throughout East Greenland and the northwest European margin. The later magmatic phase was related to the gradual separation of the Jan Mayen microcontinent from East Greenland through the late Eocene – early Oligocene. A single pyrobitumen phase is recognised in accumulations only affected by the early magmatism, and a second phase is only observed in areas affected by both the early and later magmatism. This relationship is interpreted as evidence for a direct relationship between magmatic phases and bitumen generation. The presence of bitumen formed by the thermal degradation of liquid hydrocarbons during the later magmatic event suggests that a viable petroleum system remained active following the early magmatic event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To clarify the influence of organic matter and mineral composition on the pore structure of shale reservoirs in the 7th member of the Yanchang Formation (Chang 7 Member) in the Ordos Basin, we characterized the pore structure of Chang 7 shale reservoirs using argon ion polishing-field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and low-pressure nitrogen adsorption (LP-N2A). This characterization was combined with whole-rock mineral composition and organic geochemical experiments to analyze the main controlling factors of the pore structure of Chang 7 Member shale. The results reveal the presence of various pore types in shale, including organic matter pores, intergranular pores, intercrystalline pores, dissolved pores, and micro-cracks. The LP-N2A isotherms of shale consistently exhibit type II isotherms with H3 and H4 hysteresis loop characteristics, indicating the relatively developed nature of mesopores and a pore morphology characterized by parallel lamellar and "ink bottle" shapes. The primary determinants of shale pore structure are identified as organic matter, clay minerals, quartz, feldspar, and pyrite. Among these factors, clay mineral phase transformation generates a substantial number of micropores and mesopores within the mineral crystal layers, serving as the main source of shale pores in the study area. Additionally, liquid hydrocarbons generated, solid bitumen, and euhedral pyrite fill inorganic mineral pores, thereby reducing the pore space of Chang 7 shale to a certain extent. These results provide a new cognition into understanding the pore structure characteristics and controlling factors of Chang 7 shale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The possibilities of plasma-chemical conversion of liquid hydrocarbons in "recessed" electric arc plasma have been studied. It is shown that arc discharge organized in hydrocarbon thickness can effectively carry out plasma-chemical conversion of hydrocarbons and serve as an effective tool for the synthesis of a wide variety of carbon nanostructures. When organizing an additional high-voltage discharge in hydrocarbon gases can be separated from hydrocarbons up to 90% of the hydrogen contained in them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of China University of Petroleum is the property of China University of Petroleum and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of China University of Petroleum is the property of China University of Petroleum and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Laser synthesis of polyyne molecules C 2 n H 2 (n > 2) in liquid hydrocarbons is a complex process in which intense pulsed radiation decomposes the initial carbon-containing substance (the hydrocarbon solvent itself or the solid carbon particles in a suspension). Notwithstanding the fact that the mechanism of pulsed laser ablation in liquids (PLAL) is widely accepted, the effect of the laser parameters on laser-driven polyyne formation is still not understood in detail. Here, we report a study of the polyyne yield as a function of the laser field intensity and exposure dose. Several carbon-containing liquids, including pure n-hexane, pure ethanol, and graphite powder suspended in ethanol, were treated with tightly focused picosecond IR radiation (wavelength of 1064 nm, pulse duration of 10 ps). The synthesis rate was characterized by UV-vis optical absorption spectroscopy. The yields of the polyynes were found to vary in exact accordance with the value of the absorbed laser energy, following specific nonlinear or linear laws. The influence of the laser intensity on the partial concentration of polyynes in the solution was analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Steelwork is one of the main CO2 emitters due to three main off-gases of blast furnace gas, coke oven gas, and basic oxygen furnace gas. Many efforts are being made to reduce CO2 emissions by unit optimizing or by carbon capture and storage processes. In this paper, the simulation of blast furnace gas and coke oven gas recovery is investigated using Aspen HYSYS. For this purpose, a part of the blast furnace gas gases is mixed with the coke oven gas and injected into the Fischer–Tropsch reactor to produce liquid hydrocarbons. The process has been optimized by response surface methodology using Design Expert. The optimized simulation results showed that by mixing a portion of blast furnace gas and coke oven gas, the syngas was provided without fuel consumption in the reforming unit in both the reactor and utility system, while C5+ and C2-C4 were produced by 219Mbbl/day and 380Mbbl/day. At the same time, CO2 emissions decreased by 51%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the enrichment conditions of deep natural gas reservoirs in the Qaidam Basin and delineates the exploration potential utilizing seismic, geological, geochemical, well-logging, and drilling data. The findings indicate the presence of two high-quality gas source formations, namely the Jurassic and Paleogene formations, along the northern margin and the western part of the basin, respectively. The formations both exhibit advanced evolution and robust gas-generating capacity. The deep layers along the northern margin consist of bedrocks and Paleogene clastic reservoirs, while the western deep layers feature Paleogene lacustrine carbonate reservoirs. The reservoirs west of Qaidam Basin are widely distributed on the plane and vertically form multiple reservoir cap combinations. The primary pores, dissolution pores, fractures, and other pore types developed in the reservoirs are considered as the storage space for deep gas accumulation. The continuous active deep faults serve as high-quality channels for deep gas sources; furthermore, the formation of deep structures is well-matched with natural gas generation. The deep hydrocarbon source rocks in the western Qaidam Basin are characterized by early and continuous hydrocarbon generation. Early-generated liquid hydrocarbons undergo high-temperature cracking into gas during later burial, resulting in a robust gas-generating capacity and significant potential for deep resources. The widely developed salt rocks, argillaceous rock, and abnormally high-pressure layers in the deep Qaidam Basin contribute to preserving deep natural gas. In conclusion, it is believed that deep gas reservoirs in the Qaidam Basin are enriched in the traps around hydrocarbon-generating sags with developed faults. Key favorable areas for deep-seated natural gas exploration include the basement rocks of the ancient piedmont uplift in the northern margin of Qaidam, the Paleogene clastic rocks in the central structural belt, and the carbonate rocks along the Yingxiongling structural belt in the western part of the basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]