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Introduction: Perioperative gastric aspiration poses risks such as aspiration pneumonia, prolonged hospital stays, and increased mortality. Fasting guidelines may not adequately address the needs of diabetic patients due to the delayed gastric emptying often observed in this population. Aim: To assess residual gastric volume in diabetic patients who fasted overnight versus those who ingested water preoperatively using ultrasound. Materials and Methods: A randomised clinical trial enrolled 50 diabetic patients undergoing elective surgery. Patients were randomised into two groups: fasting overnight or receiving water preoperatively. Gastric ultrasound was used to measure antral dimensions and calculate gastric volume. The parameters studied included residual gastric volume in diabetic patients in the Right Lateral Decubitus (RLD) position, antral Cross-Sectional Area (CSA) in the semi-sitting position among diabetic patients, and antral CSA in the RLD position among diabetic patients. Statistical analysis involved descriptive statistics for continuous variables and Chi-square tests for categorical variables, with significance set at p-value

The patient voice is missing from the evidence regarding the dietary management of diverticular disease. This study aimed to determine the patient experiences of imposed dietary restrictions during the medical treatment of acute, uncomplicated diverticulitis. An Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis methodology guided participant selection, data collection, and the data analysis of a qualitative interview study. Four interviews were conducted with adults admitted to hospital with acute, uncomplicated diverticulitis. Six themes were interpreted. Five themes were found to inter-relate as a cycle, which was embedded within a driving theme of ‘corrupted diet-disease knowledge of patients, family, and healthcare providers’. The cycle commenced with a theme of ‘fear of food’, which was followed by the theme of an ‘internal locus of control with rigid constraint’. ‘Loss of culture and social stigma’ ensued, which led to ‘vulnerability amid self-perceived failure’, and finally ‘overshadowed psychological pain’. The cycle recommenced with a renewed fear of food. The thematic phenomenon of the ‘Fear of Food in Gastrointestinal Disease Framework’ was developed. Adults with diverticular disease and at least one hospitalisation for acute, uncomplicated diverticulitis were interpreted to experience a cyclical thematic phenomenon represented by the ‘Fear of Food in Gastrointestinal Disease Framework’. Further qualitative research is required to evaluate the transferability of the framework to other conditions.

Introduction: Perioperative gastric aspiration poses risks such as aspiration pneumonia, prolonged hospital stays, and increased mortality. Fasting guidelines may not adequately address the needs of diabetic patients due to the delayed gastric emptying often observed in this population. Aim: To assess residual gastric volume in diabetic patients who fasted overnight versus those who ingested water preoperatively using ultrasound. Materials and Methods: A randomised clinical trial enrolled 50 diabetic patients undergoing elective surgery. Patients were randomised into two groups: fasting overnight or receiving water preoperatively. Gastric ultrasound was used to measure antral dimensions and calculate gastric volume. The parameters studied included residual gastric volume in diabetic patients in the Right Lateral Decubitus (RLD) position, antral Cross- Sectional Area (CSA) in the semi-sitting position among diabetic patients, and antral CSA in the RLD position among diabetic patients. Statistical analysis involved descriptive statistics for continuous variables and Chi-square tests for categorical variables, with significance set at p-value <0.05. Results: The study enrolled 50 diabetic patients, with 25 in group A and 25 in group B. The mean age of patients in group A was 49.3±11.7 years, while in group B, it was 58.6±9.8 years. In the RLD position, the mean Craniocaudal (CC) diameter showed no significant difference between the two groups. However, the mean Anteroposterior (AP) diameter was higher in group B compared to group A, showing a statistically significant difference (p-value=0.012). Similarly, the mean CSA was significantly higher in group B compared to group A. Regarding gastric volume in the RLD position, the mean volume showed no significant difference between the two groups (p-value=0.342). In the semi-sitting position, the mean CC diameter and AP diameter between the two groups, although not statistically significant, were slightly higher in group B. The mean CSA in group A and group B showed a statistically significant difference. Conclusion: Preoperative intake of clear fluids two hours before surgery showed no significant increase in gastric volume in diabetic patients compared to overnight fasting, as evidenced by ultrasound measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The performance and morphometry of intestinal villi were evaluated in piglets fed liquid diets with different water levels compared to dry diets during the first week after weaning. The experiments were using 48 piglets around 7 kg, weaned at 25 days of age, and housed in 24 bays for seven days. A completely randomized design was adopted with six treatments: dry feed (control) provided in the feeder and water provided in the drinker; control diet moistened with water in a 1:1 ratio (feed/water) and access to the drinker (1:1+water); control diet moistened with water in a 1:2 ratio (feed/water) and access to the drinker (1:2+water); control diet moistened with water in a 1:3 ratio (feed/water) and access to the drinker (1:3+water); control diet moistened with water in a ratio of 1:2 (feed/water) without access to the drinker (diet 1:2/no water); control diet moistened with water in a ratio of 1:3 (feed/water) without access to the drinker (diet 1:3/no water). In the 1:2+water and 1:3+water diets, there was an improvement in piglet performance compared to the dry diet. The 1:2+water diet improved the duodenal villus/crypt ratio and the 1:2+water and 1:3+water diets improved the jejunal villus/crypt ratio compared to the dry diet.

Exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) is an established dietary treatment for Crohn's disease (CD) by alleviating inflammation and inducing remission. However, the mechanisms of action of EEN are incompletely understood. As CD is associated with gut microbiome dysbiosis, we investigated the effect of EEN on the microbiome in a rat model of CD-like colitis. The rat model of CD-like colitis was established by an intracolonic instillation of TNBS at 65 mg/kg in 250 µL of 40% ethanol. Sham control rats were instilled with saline. Rats were fed ad libitum with either regular pellet food or EEN treatment with a clear liquid diet (Ensure). Rats were euthanized at 7 days. Fecal pellets were collected from the distal colon for 16S rRNA sequencing analysis of gut microbiota. In addition, colon tissues were taken for histological and molecular analyses in all the groups of rats. EEN administration to TNBS-induced CD rats significantly improved the body weight change, inflammation scores, and disease activity index. The mRNA expression of IL-17A and interferon-γ was significantly increased in the colonic tissue in TNBS rats when fed with regular food. However, EEN treatment significantly attenuated the increase in IL-17A and interferon-γ in TNBS rats. Our 16S rRNA sequencing analysis found that gut microbiota diversity and compositions were significantly altered in TNBS rats, compared to controls. However, EEN treatment improved alpha diversity and increased certain beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Dubosiella and decreased bacteria such as Bacteroides and Enterorhabdus in CD-like rats, compared to CD-like rats with the regular pellet diet. In conclusion, EEN treatment increases the diversity of gut microbiota and the composition of certain beneficial bacteria. These effects may contribute to the reduced inflammation by EEN in the rat model of CD-like colitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Restricting milk or milk replacer (MR) fed to dairy calves to 10% of body weight at 12.5% total solids (TS) concentration is a common feeding strategy that promotes early weaning and lowers total feed costs for raising young calves. However, this strategy has been associated with inferior performance and compromised welfare. Because a restricted liquid nutrition plan limits calf growth due to limited supply of nutrients, research on increased supply of nutrients from liquid has shown improved growth, health, and welfare of calves. Nutrient supply may be increased by feeding larger amounts of milk or MR averaging 12.5% TS, or by increasing TS above the usual 12.5% TS by increasing MR TS concentration alone (TS+), or by increasing TS concentration and volume simultaneously (TSV+). The objective of this review is to discuss liquid nutrition plans with greater TS concentration in MR or in milk diets, considering the effects of such strategies on performance and digestive tract development before weaning and the future performance of dairy calves. This review will focus on liquid nutrition plans that are based on increased TS concentration (i.e., TS+ or TSV+); therefore, enhanced liquid nutrition plans based only on increased volumes will not be the discussed. Improved growth rates have been observed in calves fed TSV+ programs. However, reduced starter intake preweaning can also have negative effects on dry matter intake, average daily gain, and digestibility postweaning. Feeding a TS+ program may reduce impairment of starter intake and therefore have positive effects on performance, nutrient digestibility, and health. When considering an accelerated nutrition plan with TS+ or TSV+, it is important to consider osmolality of the liquid diet. Further studies are necessary to confirm this hypothesis and the cost-benefit of alternative liquid nutrition plans, as well as the optimal TS concentration of milk or MR fed to dairy calves.

We examine the causal effect of stakeholder orientation on firms’ cost of debt. Our test exploits the staggered state-level adoption of constituency statutes, which allows directors to consider stakeholders’ interests when making business decisions. We find a significant drop in loan spreads for firms incorporated in states that adopted such statutes relative to firms incorporated elsewhere. We further show that constituency statutes reduce the cost of debt through the channels of mitigating conflicts of interest between residual and fixed claimants and between holders of liquid claims and holders of liquid claims, limiting legal liability and lowering takeover threats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Restricting milk or milk replacer (MR) fed to dairy calves to 10% of body weight at 12.5% total solids (TS) concentration is a common feeding strategy that promotes early weaning and lowers total feed costs for raising young calves. However, this strategy has been associated with inferior performance and compromised welfare. Because a restricted liquid nutrition plan limits calf growth due to limited supply of nutrients, research on increased supply of nutrients from liquid has shown improved growth, health, and welfare of calves. Nutrient supply may be increased by feeding larger amounts of milk or MR averaging 12.5% TS, or by increasing TS above the usual 12.5% TS by increasing MR TS concentration alone (TS+), or by increasing TS concentration and volume simultaneously (TSV+). The objective of this review is to discuss liquid nutrition plans with greater TS concentration in MR or in milk diets, considering the effects of such strategies on performance and digestive tract development before weaning and the future performance of dairy calves. This review will focus on liquid nutrition plans that are based on increased TS concentration (i.e., TS+ or TSV+); therefore, enhanced liquid nutrition plans based only on increased volumes will not be the discussed. Improved growth rates have been observed in calves fed TSV+ programs. However, reduced starter intake preweaning can also have negative effects on dry matter intake, average daily gain, and digestibility postweaning. Feeding a TS+ program may reduce impairment of starter intake and therefore have positive effects on performance, nutrient digestibility, and health. When considering an accelerated nutrition plan with TS+ or TSV+, it is important to consider osmolality of the liquid diet. Further studies are necessary to confirm this hypothesis and the cost-benefit of alternative liquid nutrition plans, as well as the optimal TS concentration of milk or MR fed to dairy calves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Management of the Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly) with the application of the sterile insect technique depends on the production and release of high quality sterile males that can compete with the feral males to induce sterility in the wild population. Larval rearing should be cost-effective and practical. The right balance between the cost of the protein source (the most expensive ingredient) in larval diets and the quality of the adults produced is a key requirement for effective and economically viable rearing. Two types of diet, a liquid and a gel one, were evaluated across different brewer's yeast concentrations (protein source) based on survival and developmental duration of larvae and survival of adults. Overall, regardless of the type of diet, brewer's yeast reduction to 50% of its initial quantity did not affect the quality of the adults produced. Although the performance of immature medflies from the gel diet was inferior compared with the liquid diet, an interesting range of developmental duration phenotypes was observed, opening interesting questions for future experimental work. Several artificial larval diets have been developed, evaluated and used for mass-rearing of the Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly), Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Teprhitidae). There are several efforts to reduce the cost of rearing and optimize the quality of the produced sterile males that are destined for release in sterile insect release programs. Survival, growth, longevity and reproductive capacity of sterile males are strongly connected with the most expensive ingredient, the brewer's yeast (protein), in the larval diet. The current study focused on settling the optimal content of brewer's yeast in a liquid diet and a gel diet. Egg hatch rates, developmental duration of immatures, pupation rate, pupae and adult survival were recorded as indicators of quantity and quality of the produced adults. Egg hatch was higher and larval developmental duration longer in the gel diet. In contrast to the liquid diet, an increase in brewer's yeast concentration was correlated with increased pupation rate and pupae survival in the gel diet. Reducing brewer's yeast up to 50% of its initial quantity had no significant effect on the survival of the emerging adults regardless of the diet type. Our findings may contribute to the production of low-cost and effective diets for use in mass-rearing facilities of medflies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The growth of parotid glands is inhibited by liquid diet intake during growing period, while that of submandibular glands is not affected. This study examined how liquid diet intake affects nerve growth in the parotid and submandibular glands of growing rats, because nerves are closely involved in the maintenance of salivary gland structure. Materials and methods: Male Wistar rats were weaned at 21 days of age. Then, rats were fed a pellet diet and a liquid diet in the control group and experimental group, respectively. At 0, 2, 4, or 8 weeks, they were euthanised by isoflurane overdose, and parotid and submandibular glands were removed. The frozen sections were made and immuno-stained with anti-protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) antibody (general nerve marker), anti-tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) antibody (sympathetic nerve marker), or anti-neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) antibody (parasympathetic nerve marker). Results: In control parotid glands, scattered punctate or short linear patterns of PGP 9.5-positive sites were observed at week 0. After 2 weeks, PGP 9.5-positive sites, some of which were arranged in long linear patterns, increased in number. There were some TH-positive sites at week 0. After 2 weeks, there were increasing numbers of TH-positive sites, often in long linear patterns. At week 0, there were very few nNOS-positive sites, and nNOS immunoreactivity increased over time. After week 4, they demonstrated linear patterns. In the experimental parotid glands, there were fewer PGP 9.5- and nNOS-positive sites than in control parotid glands at each time point, although TH immunoreactivity was similar between two groups at each time point. In control submandibular glands, few punctate exhibited PGP 9.5-positive site were observed at week 0. At week 4, PGP 9.5 immunoreaction increased and showed linear patterns. TH-positive sites demonstrated punctate or short linear patterns at week 0, and thereafter TH immunoreactivity increased and were arranged in long linear patterns. There were few nNOS-positive sites at week 0, and they gradually increased after week 4. The immunoreactivities of all antibodies in the experimental submandibular glands were similar to those in the control at each time point. Conclusions: Parasympathetic nerve growth in rat parotid glands was inhibited by liquid diet intake during the growth period, while liquid diet intake did not affect parasympathetic nerve growth nor sympathetic nerve growth in rat submandibular glands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) is an established dietary treatment for Crohn’s disease (CD) by alleviating inflammation and inducing remission. However, the mechanisms of action of EEN are incompletely understood. As CD is associated with gut microbiome dysbiosis, we investigated the effect of EEN on the microbiome in a rat model of CD-like colitis. The rat model of CD-like colitis was established by an intracolonic instillation of TNBS at 65 mg/kg in 250 µL of 40% ethanol. Sham control rats were instilled with saline. Rats were fed ad libitum with either regular pellet food or EEN treatment with a clear liquid diet (Ensure). Rats were euthanized at 7 days. Fecal pellets were collected from the distal colon for 16S rRNA sequencing analysis of gut microbiota. In addition, colon tissues were taken for histological and molecular analyses in all the groups of rats. EEN administration to TNBS-induced CD rats significantly improved the body weight change, inflammation scores, and disease activity index. The mRNA expression of IL-17A and interferon-γ was significantly increased in the colonic tissue in TNBS rats when fed with regular food. However, EEN treatment significantly attenuated the increase in IL-17A and interferon-γ in TNBS rats. Our 16S rRNA sequencing analysis found that gut microbiota diversity and compositions were significantly altered in TNBS rats, compared to controls. However, EEN treatment improved alpha diversity and increased certain beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Dubosiella and decreased bacteria such as Bacteroides and Enterorhabdus in CD-like rats, compared to CD-like rats with the regular pellet diet. In conclusion, EEN treatment increases the diversity of gut microbiota and the composition of certain beneficial bacteria. These effects may contribute to the reduced inflammation by EEN in the rat model of CD-like colitis.

Background: The aim of this study was to describe technical considerations and short-term outcomes from the first reported single-incision robotic operation for distal gastrectomy with the use of da Vinci Xi surgical system. Methods: A 71-year-old patient with a body-mass index of 22.4 kg/m² was treated for a gastrointestinal stromal tumor(GIST) in the posterior wall of the gastric antrum by single-incision robot-assisted distal gastrectomy with the da Vinci Xi robotic system on September 17, 2022 in Shanghai General Hospital. Results: The single-incision da Vinci Xi robot-assisted distal gastrectomy was successfully performed with intraperitoneal Billroth II anastomosis. The console time among the operation was 100 min with 10 ml of intraoperative blood loss. The patient was put on a liquid diet the next day after surgery and discharged on postoperative day 4. During the postoperative period, no severe adverse events occurred. The final pathology revealed a low-risk gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) with a size of 5.0 × 3.5 × 2.5 cm. Conclusion: Single-incision da Vinci Xi robot-assisted distal gastrectomy was a safe and feasible surgical method for patients with gastric tumor. The study filled in the corresponding research gaps and provided a basis for subsequent research. To verify its superior operative outcomes, further clinical trials are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several artificial larval diets have been developed, evaluated and used for mass-rearing of the Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly), Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Teprhitidae). There are several efforts to reduce the cost of rearing and optimize the quality of the produced sterile males that are destined for release in sterile insect release programs. Survival, growth, longevity and reproductive capacity of sterile males are strongly connected with the most expensive ingredient, the brewer’s yeast (protein), in the larval diet. The current study focused on settling the optimal content of brewer’s yeast in a liquid diet and a gel diet. Egg hatch rates, developmental duration of immatures, pupation rate, pupae and adult survival were recorded as indicators of quantity and quality of the produced adults. Egg hatch was higher and larval developmental duration longer in the gel diet. In contrast to the liquid diet, an increase in brewer’s yeast concentration was correlated with increased pupation rate and pupae survival in the gel diet. Reducing brewer’s yeast up to 50% of its initial quantity had no significant effect on the survival of the emerging adults regardless of the diet type. Our findings may contribute to the production of low-cost and effective diets for use in mass-rearing facilities of medflies.

Larvae of melon fly, Zeugodacus cucurbitae were mass reared on six semi-synthetic fruit based diets. Biological parameters of melon fly were recorded compared with artificial larval liquid diet (control) to develop an effective semi-synthetic pumpkin fruit based diet for mass production of pupae in support of sterile insect technique. Diets were formulated by using pumpkin fruit (natural fruit), protein source (yeast extract and brewer’s yeast), fatty acid (wheat germ oil), Sucrose (carbohydrate) and antimicrobial agents (sodium benzoate and methyl paraben) as basic ingredients. Six semi- synthetic diets with different quantities of protein (15.0, 17.5 & 20.0 g), sucrose (5.0, 7.0 & 10.0 g) and wheat germ oil (1.0, 1.5 & 2.0 ml) were formulated. Among the six diets evaluated, semi-synthetic fruit based diet-III (SSFD-III) composed of pumpkin fruit (1000 g), yeast extract(20 g), Sucrose (10 g) and 2.0 ml of wheat germ oil was found as the most appropriate diet with significantly higher pupal recovery (75.35%), pupal weight (1.57 g), adult emergence (83.51%), active fliers (81.09%), adult survivors (44.48%), fecundity (27.43eggs/female) and fertility (77.34%). The diets, SSFD-II and SSFD-V are the next best larval medium for mass rearing of melon fly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modernization has made individuals prefer processed and cooked foods (soft food), but this eating habit may have negative effects on the oral cavity. However, laboratory animals fed with soft diet are commonly used in an attempt to clarify this issue, and various oral tissues, including the salivary glands have been examined. In this review, we summarize the findings of previous studies concerning the responses of salivary glands to daily intake of soft diet. The weight of the parotid glands decreased in rodents fed with soft diet (liquid or powder). In atrophic parotid glands, acinar cell shrinkage is histologically observed and the DNA content is reduced, showing that the atrophy is caused by a decrease in the size and number of acinar cells. Immunohistochemical examinations showed that the decrease in the acinar cell number was induced by suppression of acinar cell proliferation and acceleration of apoptosis. The atrophic parotid glands recovered following a change from soft to pellet diet. Other salivary glands, such as the submandibular, sublingual, and palatine glands, responded only slightly to the soft diet feeding. Accumulated research data showed that a soft diet negatively affects the parotid glands much more than other salivary glands and that atrophic parotid glands are able to recover by switching to a hard diet. Therefore, it should be emphasized that good eating habits are important for not only digestion but also the health of oral tissues, including the salivary glands. • Soft diet intake induces atrophic alterations in parotid glands. • Reductions of size and number of acinar cells are important for parotid gland atrophy. • Atrophic parotid glands recover by change from soft diet to hard diet. • Other salivary glands react only slightly to soft diet intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: The aim of our study was to compare clear liquid diet with 2 different polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based bowel preparation methods regarding diagnostic yield of small bowel capsule endoscopy (SBCE) in patients with suspected small bowel bleeding (SBB). METHODS: In this prospective multicenter randomized controlled trial, consecutive patients undergoing SBCE for suspected SBB between September 2010 and February 2016 were considered. Patients were randomly assigned to standard regimen, that is, clear fluids only (prep 1), standard regimen plus 500 mL PEG after SBCE ingestion (prep 2), or standard regimen plus 2 L PEG plus 500 mL PEG after SBCE ingestion (prep 3). The primary outcome was the detection of at least one clinically significant lesion in the small bowel. The quality of small bowel cleansing was assessed. A questionnaire on the clinical tolerance was filled by the patients. RESULTS: We analyzed 834 patients. No significant difference was observed for detection of P1 or P2 small bowel lesions between prep1 group (40.5%), prep 2 group (40.2%), and prep 3 group (38.5%). Small bowel cleansing was improved in prep 2 and 3 groups compared with that in prep 1 group. Compliance to the preparation and tolerance was better in prep 2 group than in prep 3 group. DISCUSSION: Small bowel purgative before SBCE allowed better quality of cleansing. However, it did not improve diagnostic yield of SBCE for suspected SBB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern high-performance swine genetics, such as Danish hybrid sows, can yield large litter sizes. Especially in the suckling phase, managing these large litters with low piglet losses is often a challenge. To support the modern highly prolific sows and litters, the use of pre-starters as suckling pig supplementary feed, including sufficient freshwater access, are nowadays good professional practices. Neonatal piglets especially profit from liquid supplemental feed via the possible higher absolute dry matter intake potential, in comparison to solid feed or without supplement. Various studies also indicate that supplying additional liquid feed to piglets pre- and post-weaning may yield epigenetic, life-long positive effects in animal key performance indicators. Although the advantages of early liquid piglet nutrition are today widely known, supplying adequate nutrient concentrations, the smooth preparation of the piglet's digestive system towards solid, starchy feed, and consequently enzymatic training to reduce post-weaning stress are still challenges which have to be considered. Due to their higher concentration of solids, piglet starters in porridge form i.a. offer the advantage of higher nutrient densities and aggregation stability. The aim of this study was, therefore, to answer the questions: 1) Can improved litter performance also routinely be obtained by supplying a porridge supplemental diet to neonatal piglets, and 2) Does improved litter performance translate into overall improved net economic returns within a professional piglet production setup of 254 piglets from 21 litters? Results show, applying the preweaning porridge strategy not only yielded around 10% higher daily gains and life weight results than conventional approaches, but also a return of investment of 2 : 1.

Background: The tongue functions by modulating according to bolus volume when swallowing; however, associated tongue dynamics are unclear. Objective: We aimed to clarify how tongue motion and tongue pressure change with bolus volume during swallowing. Methods: Sixteen healthy volunteers (age 29.5 ± 3.8 years; 12 males, 4 females) were recruited. Two electromagnetic articulography markers were attached, one each on the anterior and posterior parts of the tongue, to measure motion. A sensor sheet, with five pressure‐sensitive points, was attached to the hard palate to measure tongue pressure. Participants were asked to swallow 3 ml and 10 ml of water. Motion trajectory, maximum velocity, vertical displacement just before contact with the hard palate, and maximum magnitude and duration of tongue pressure were analysed. Results: Tongue rotation was observed in the sagittal plane; its rate of appearance was significantly higher when swallowing 3 ml of water than when swallowing 10 ml, and the rate of rotation at posterior part was significantly higher than at the anterior part. The maximum velocity and vertical displacement were significantly greater when swallowing 10 ml of water than those when swallowing 3 ml of water. There was no significant difference in either the maximum magnitude of tongue pressure or maximum duration of tongue pressure between 3 ml and 10 ml. Conclusion: Bolus volume influenced the pattern of tongue motion; however, there was no difference in tongue pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Patients with stricturing Crohn's disease (CD) may experience episodes of intestinal sub-occlusions, which in many cases lead to surgery. The aim of this study was to examine whether adding a liquid diet to medical therapy could improve the management of patients with stricturing CD. Methods: Medical records of CD outpatients with a small bowel stricture, either receiving (group 1) or not (group 2) a 24-h liquid diet every 10-14 days, were retrospectively analyzed. Number of sub-occlusive episodes, frequency, and timing of intestinal resections for strictures were analyzed. Results: During the 12-month follow-up, there was no significant difference in the occurrence of new sub-occlusive episodes between the 2 groups (10/37 patients (27%) in group 1 vs 9/45 patients (20%) in group 2). Similarly, the number of patients undergoing bowel resections for sub-occlusive episodes non-responsive to medical therapy did not statistically differ between the two groups (9 patients (24.3%) in group 1 vs 7 patients (15.5%) in group 2). In group 1, surgeries were equally distributed along the 12-months of follow-up, while 85.7% of patients in group 2 underwent intestinal resection within the first 3 months of follow-up. Conclusion: Adding a liquid diet to medical therapy does not help management of patients with stricturing CD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern high-performance swine genetics, such as Danish hybrid sows, can yield large litter sizes. Especially in the suckling phase, managing these large litters with low piglet losses is often a challenge. To support the modern highly prolific sows and litters, the use of pre-starters as suckling pig supplementary feed, including sufficient freshwater access, are nowadays good professional practices. Neonatal piglets especially profit from liquid supplemental feed via the possible higher absolute dry matter intake potential, in comparison to solid feed or without supplement. Various studies also indicate that supplying additional liquid feed to piglets pre- and post-weaning may yield epigenetic, life-long positive effects in animal key performance indicators. Although the advantages of early liquid piglet nutrition are today widely known, supplying adequate nutrient concentrations, the smooth preparation of the piglet's digestive system towards solid, starchy feed, and consequently enzymatic training to reduce post-weaning stress are still challenges which have to be considered. Due to their higher concentration of solids, piglet starters in porridge form i.a. offer the advantage of higher nutrient densities and aggregation stability. The aim of this study was, therefore, to answer the questions: 1) Can improved litter performance also routinely be obtained by supplying a porridge supplemental diet to neonatal piglets, and 2) Does improved litter performance translate into overall improved net economic returns within a professional piglet production setup of 254 piglets from 21 litters? Results show, applying the preweaning porridge strategy not only yielded around 10% higher daily gains and life weight results than conventional approaches, but also a return of investment of 2 : 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquaporin-5 (AQP5) water channel, transmembrane protein 16A (TMEM16A) Ca 2+ -activated Cl - channel, and Na + -K + -2Cl - cotransporter (NKCC1) are membrane proteins on salivary gland acinar cells that function in watery saliva secretion. We examined their expression changes in rat parotid glands under reduced mastication. Rats were either fed regular chow as a control group, fasted for 48 hr or fed a liquid diet for 48 hr or 1 week to reduce mastication. The parotid glands were then resected to analyze the protein and mRNA levels by immunofluorescence, immunoblotting, and reverse-transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). AQP5 protein was significantly decreased in both liquid diet groups and the fasting group but its mRNA levels showed no apparent changes compared with the control group. The protein and mRNA levels of TMEM16A and NKCC1 showed no significant changes between any of the groups other than an increase in NKCC1 mRNA in the 1-week liquid diet group. These results suggest that reduced mastication may increase the AQP5 protein degradation, but not that of other membrane proteins necessary for saliva secretion., Competing Interests: VThe authors declare no competing financial or other interests in relation to this article., (2024 The Japan Society of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry.)

Objective: Diarrhea interrupts enteral nutrition management in hospitalized patients with severe illnesses, such as sepsis. Pectin, a water-soluble dietary fiber, has the potential to maintain intestinal function and may reduce inflammatory reactions. The aim of this study was to demonstrate that the addition of low-methoxyl (LM) pectin to a liquid diet suppresses softening of stool texture and reduces tissue inflammatory responses in enteral nutrition management during sepsis., Methods: A fat-enriched liquid diet with LM pectin (P-EN) or a liquid diet without dietary fiber (FF-EN) was given continuously to rats through a gastric catheter. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 10 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally 24 h (study 1) and 7 h (study 2) before sacrifice., Results: LPS injection significantly worsened fecal property scores in rats infused with FF-EN compared with the rats given P-EN in study 1. Whereas many myeloperoxidase-positive cells infiltrated the liver, and the hepatic expressions of chemokine genes were markedly elevated 24 h after LPS administration, these findings were clearly alleviated in the LM pectin-containing liquid diet group. In study 2, protein expressions of proinflammatory cytokines, such as small intestinal tumor necrosis factor-α and hepatic interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6, were significantly downregulated in the P-EN LPS group compared with the FF-EN LPS group., Conclusions: A liquid diet containing LM pectin allows enteral nutrition management with a low risk for diarrhea and reduces local inflammation under septic conditions., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: All authors are employed by Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

This study aimed to evaluate whether cheese whey associated with transitional milk or not, could serve as a suitable alternative to whole milk for calf rearing. For this, twenty-four male calves of crossbred Holstein-Zebu, were distributed in a completely randomized design with three treatments (8 calves per treatment) and fed for 60 days with one of the following liquid diets: i) 100% whole milk, ii) 50% whole milk and 50% cheese whey, and iii) 30% transitional milk and 70% cheese whey. There was no difference in food intake between treatments. The analysis showed that whole milk replacement did not alter the stomach weight or the ruminal cell proliferation when compared to treatment using 100% whole milk; however, the transitional milk/cheese whey group showed larger ruminal papillae. These results suggested that a transitional milk-cheese whey diet associated with solid food and proper nutrient complements might enhance the post-natal development of rumen papillae in calves, which might contribute to prepare them for weaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of artificial production of glass eels still presents many problems to be solved. What and how to feed larvae is one of the most crucial problems for commercial mass production of glass eels. We evaluated a new liquid-type diet and feeding method against the conventional slurry-type diet by comparing the growth and survival of larvae in triplicate for 27 days after hatching. Larvae were fed by immersion in a liquid-type diet that was a 1.5 times dilution of the conventional slurry-type diet based on dogfish yolk spread over the bottom of the rearing tank. Larvae took more and denser liquid-type food in the intestine than the conventional slurry-type diet. Survival rates at 3 weeks after first feeding were about 90% in most experimental groups (5 groups) except one of three slurry-type diet groups (about 70%). Growth rates were 1.35 times higher in liquid-type diet groups (0.27 mm/day at 27 dph) than in conventional slurry-type diet groups (0.20 mm/day). These results suggest that the immersion feeding method in conjunction with the liquid-type diet has the potential to enable large scale production of glass eels by ensuring high growth and survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Thickened liquids are frequently used as an intervention for dysphagia, but gaps persist in our understanding of variations in swallowing behavior based on incremental thickening of liquids. The goal of this study was to establish reference values for measures of bolus flow and swallowing physiology in healthy adults across the continuum from thin to extremely thick liquids. Method: A sex-balanced sample of 38 healthy adults underwent videofluoroscopy and swallowed 20% weight-to-volume concentration barium prepared in thin and slightly, mildly, moderately, and extremely thick consistencies using a xanthan gum thickener. Participants took comfortable sips and swallowed without a cue; sip volume was measured based on presip and postsip cup weights. A standard operating procedure (the ASPEKT method: Analysis of Swallowing Physiology: Events, Kinematics and Timing) was used to analyze videofluoroscopy recordings. Results: The results clarify that, for thin liquid sips (10-14 ml), a single swallow without clearing swallows is typical and is characterized by complete laryngeal vestibule closure, complete pharyngeal constriction, and minimal postswallow residue. Aspiration was not seen, and penetration was extremely rare. Bolus position at swallow onset was variable, extending as low as the pyriform sinuses in 37% of cases. With thicker liquids, no changes in event sequencing, laryngeal vestibule closure, pharyngeal constriction, or postswallow residue were seen. The odds of penetration were significantly reduced. A longer timing interval until onset of the hyoid burst movement was seen, with an associated higher bolus position at swallow onset. Other timing measures remained unaffected by changes in bolus consistency. Conclusion: The results include new reference data for swallowing in healthy adults across the range from thin to extremely thick liquids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bostwick consistometer and the International Dysphagia Diet Standardization Initiative (IDDSI) Flow Test are both proposed methods to measure and categorize thickened liquids for dysphagia management. The objectives were to: (a) compare the Bostwick consistometer reference values used in clinical settings and the IDDSI reference values of thickened liquids suggested for nutrition care plans in the management of dysphagia when measuring commercially available preprepared thickened liquids; (b) explore the relationship between the two methods; (c) assess the interchangeability; (d) document the intra‐rater reliability. Preprepared thickened liquids (n = 32) were measured twice with the Bostwick consistometer and 3 times with the IDDSI Flow Test, using a rigorous methodology. A registered dietitian nutritionist and a registered nutrition and dietetic technician performed the measurements. The Pearson's correlation coefficient was calculated to explore the relationship between the two methods. Using a linear regression equation, back‐calculations of the IDDSI Flow Test values were done, based on the experimental Bostwick results. Interchangeability was assessed by documenting the level of agreement between the results with a Bland and Altman graphical analysis. Intraclass correlation coefficients calculation and a Bland and Altman graphical analysis were performed to assess reliability. The strong correlation (r = −.93, p < .001) between the IDDSI Flow Test and the Bostwick consistometer measurements suggests that they measure flow rate in a similar manner, but not exactly the same, as confirmed with the Bland and Altman graphical analysis. Thus, they produced results that are not interchangeable. However, both tests show excellent intra‐rater reliability (ICC ≥ 0.99) when using a rigorous methodology. Practical applications: Thickened liquids are used to manage oropharyngeal dysphagia. Clinicians need to provide quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) support in the selection or production of thickened liquids as well as staff training or patient education regarding these products. Methods and classification have been proposed to measure and categorize thickened liquids for dysphagia management, such as the line spread test, the Bostwick consistometer method, and the IDDSI Flow Test. Although empirical, these methods are more accessible to clinicians than viscometer or rheometer assessments. Clinicians need to understand the limitations of these techniques as neither appear to capture the full extent of consistency for potential beverages available on the market or produced in‐house. In this article, we compare the Bostwick consistometer and the IDDSI Flow Test methods and classifications and propose a standard operating procedure in order to maximize the quality of results. We point out the large variations in consistency levels of commercial preprepared thickened liquids in light of the absence of evidence of clinical outcomes associated with either proposed methods or consistency classifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • The parotid glands, made atrophic by a liquid diet, recovered in the weight after changing the diet from liquid to pellet form. • The atrophic acinar cells recovered in size after the diet change. • Acinar cells actively proliferated and apoptosis in acinar cells diminished to the normal level after the diet change. • The findings in the present study show that by changing the liquid diet to pellet diet increased which both the size and number of acinar cells contributed to the recovery of the parotid glands. Abstract Objective In this study, we aimed to clarify how parotid glands, made atrophic by a liquid diet, recover after diet change. Design Seven-week-old male Wistar rats were fed a pellet (control group) or a liquid diet (experimental group) for the first 14 days. Thereafter, all animals were fed a pellet diet for up to 14 days (days 0–14). The parotid glands were removed, weighed and examined histologically and ultrastructurally. Immunohistochemistry was performed for BrdU, a marker of proliferating cells, and Casp-3, a marker of apoptotic cells. Results Feeding of a liquid diet for 14 days induced atrophy of the parotid glands. Histologically, acinar cells were small on day 0, compared with the control group. After changing the diet from liquid to pellet form, acinar cells increased in size over time, recovering nearly fully by day 7. Many BrdU-positive acinar cells were observed in the glands in the experimental group on days 1 and 3. Although more acinar cells were Casp-3-positive compared with the control group on day 0, there was no difference between the two groups after the diet change. Ultrastructurally, the cellular organelles did not exhibit a substantial alteration, except for an increase in secretory granules following diet change. Conclusions Our findings suggest that atrophic parotid glands are able to recover to their normal size by switching the diet from liquid to pellet form and that an increase in both the size and number of acinar cells plays an important role in this recovery process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This aim of this study was to evaluate the intake and apparent digestibility of nutrients, ingestive behavior, blood parameters, and performance of lambs fed two roughage:concentrate (R:C) ratios, with or without liquid residue of cassava (LRC). Forty lambs (19.5 ± 1.45 kg body weight) were distributed in a completely randomized 2 × 2 factorial design. The intake of dry matter (1311 g/day) and total digestible nutrients (755 g/day), and the intake (172 g/day) and digestibility (552 g/kg) of crude protein were higher for lambs fed R:C of 40:60. The R:C ratio of 80:20 promoted a higher intake (585 g/day) and digestibility (461 g/kg) of neutral detergent fiber. There was an intake of LRC of 1.37 L/day for lambs fed R:C of 80:20 and 0.42 L/day for lambs fed R:C of 40:60. The lambs fed R:C of 80:20 spent more time in feeding (326 m/day) and rumination (530 m/day). The metabolic profile and performance of lambs were not affected by LRC inclusion. The body weight gain (220 g/day) was higher in lambs fed R:C of 40:60. A roughage:concentrate ratio of 40:60 is recommended for lambs because it resulted in the best performance, regardless of supplementation with liquid residue of cassava. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study objective was to evaluate average daily gain (ADG) in dairy heifer calves based on health, feeding, management practices, and environmental factors. This study included 102 operations in 13 states that participated in the calf component of the National Animal Health Monitoring System's Dairy 2014 study. This 18-mo longitudinal study included 1,410 Holstein heifer calves monitored from birth to weaning. The mean ADG from birth to final weight was 0.74 kg/d. Backward elimination model selection in Proc Mixed after univariate screening determined factors that significantly affected ADG. The final model included dam lactation number, singleton versus twin birth, bedding type, Giardia and Cryptosporidium fecal shedding, disease events, a categorized average temperature-humidity index for the preweaning period (pTHI), amount of protein in the liquid diet (kg/d), milk pasteurization, direct-fed microbials, and the interaction between milk pasteurization and direct-fed microbials. After controlling for other independent variables in the model, calves born to first-lactation dams gained less (0.60 kg/d) than calves from second- (0.65 kg/d) or third- or greater-lactation (0.64 kg/d) dams. Singleton calves gained 0.07 kg/d more than twins. Calves bedded with sand or no bedding gained less (0.49 kg/d) than calves on all other bedding types. Calves negative for Cryptosporidium or Giardia at the time of sampling gained 0.03 or 0.02 kg/d more, respectively, than calves that were positive for Cryptosporidium or Giardia. Calves with no disease events gained 0.07 kg/d more than calves with one or more disease events. Calves experiencing an average pTHI <50 gained more (0.67 kg/d) than calves experiencing an average pTHI from 50 to 69 (0.62 kg/d), or ≥70 (0.59 kg/d). Within the range of observed kilograms of protein fed per day in the liquid diet, every additional 0.1 kg of protein fed per day equated to 0.02 kg/d of gain. Calves fed milk replacer with a direct-fed microbial gained less (0.44 kg/d) than calves fed milk replacer without a direct-fed microbial (0.60 kg/d) and calves fed pasteurized or unpasteurized milk regardless of direct-fed microbial use. These results highlight the importance of feeding a quantity and quality of a liquid diet to achieve optimal growth, keeping calves free of disease, the type or status of bedding, and mitigating the effects of temperature and humidity on preweaning ADG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to describe preweaned dairy heifer calf management practices on dairy operations across the United States that were used to analyze factors associated with colostrum quality and passive transfer, Cryptosporidium and Giardia, morbidity and mortality, and average daily gain. This study included 104 dairy operations in 13 states that participated in the National Animal Health Monitoring System's Dairy 2014 calf component study. This 18-mo longitudinal study focused on dairy heifer calves from birth to weaning, and data were collected on 2,545 heifer calves. Descriptive statistics were generated regarding colostrum feeding, preweaning housing, milk feeding and consumption, growth, morbidity and mortality, and weaning practices. The majority of calves enrolled were Holsteins (89.4%). Over half the calves (63.2%) enrolled in the study received the majority of their colostrum via bottle; however, 22.1% of calves from 51.0% of operations received colostrum via suckling from their dams. For all calves, the mean time to the first colostrum feeding was 2.8 h, and the average amount of colostrum at the first feeding was 2.9 L, with 4.5 L provided in the first 24 h. The mean serum IgG of all calves was 21.7 g/L; however, 76.0% of operations had at least 1 calf with failure of passive transfer of immunity with a serum IgG below 10 g/L. The majority of calves in the study were housed individually (86.6%). Nonetheless, 20.2% of operations housed some calves in groups, representing 13.4% of all calves. Approximately one-half of the calves in the study (52.3%) were dehorned or disbudded during the preweaning period, with only 27.8% of these calves receiving analgesics or anesthetics during the procedure. Whole or waste milk was the liquid diet type fed to 40.1% of calves, and milk replacer was fed to 34.8% of calves. A combination of milk and milk replacer was fed to 25.1% of calves. Calves, on average, were fed 2.6 L per feeding and fed 2.6 times/d, resulting in a total of 5.6 L of liquid diet fed per day. The mean average daily gain for all calves enrolled in the study was 0.7 kg/d. Fecal samples were collected and almost all operations had at least 1 calf positive for Cryptosporidium (94.2%) or Giardia (99.0%), and 84.6% of operations had calves that tested positive for both Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Over one-third of calves (38.1%) had at least one morbidity event during the preweaning period and the mortality rate was 5.0%. The mean age at weaning was 65.7 d. This study provides an update on dairy heifer raising practices in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultra-high pressure homogenization (UHPH) has been considered as an effective method to modify/enhance liquid-food properties in many studies. This research provides an alternative approach to monitor, evaluate and control quality changes induced by UHPH processing of milk using front-face fluorescence spectroscopy for potential inline usage. The fluorescence intensity spectra provided structural, functional and nutritional information of milk compounds diversification. Homogenization pressure and inlet temperature were distributed on a central composite design which covered the range of commonly used UHPH treatment conditions for improving milk technological and sensory characteristics as well as microbiological safety. The indicators showed good fit to the response surfaces as functions of pressure and inlet temperature. Tryptophan and dityrosine fluorescence provided information on milk protein changes, such as denaturation and aggregation, and particle size changes also confirmed protein denaturation and aggregation information from the fluorescence results. Generation of Maillard compounds indicated the thermal effects between reducing sugar and amino acids on milk. The retinol concentration, as a nutrient, could be well predicted by principal components summarized from milk sample spectra, without sample preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To ascertain whether patients' everyday diets for at least the past six months impact on bowel cleansing and their perceptions of the bowel preparation at screening CT colonography (CTC) and the taste of iohexol. Methodology: A questionnaire was used in this prospective quantitative study. Consecutive patients who presented for screening CTC over a five week period voluntary completed the questionnaire. A separate assessment was used to rate bowel preparation: poorly prepared bowel with lots of residual stool was graded as 1; good bowel preparation with some residual stool was graded as 2; excellent bowel preparation with no residual stool was graded as 3. Results: Fifty-six patients (n=56) completed the questionnaire. Only two patients followed an everyday diet of mainly red meat over the past six months. Forty-seven (84%) followed a mainly white meat/fish diet; seven (12%) followed a vegetarian diet without meat or fish. The majority (89%) presented with excellent bowel preparation with no residual stool. Four patients (a vegetarian and three on mainly a white meat/fish diet) experienced being very hungry. Five (9%) reported feeling nauseous; the majority stated the taste of iohexol was not a problem (48%) or was slightly unpleasant (n=20/36%). Conclusion: Four patients (7%) were assessed as having good bowel preparation; fifty (89%) had excellent bowel preparation with no residual stool and minimal or no residual fluid. The majority (84%) followed a mainly white meat/fish diet. Future studies that have a bigger sample may provide different results. Studies could also be done to compare bowel preparation of patients who predominantly follow a red meat diet versus those that follow a total white meat/fish diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuroimmune cytokines are increased with alcohol withdrawal and may mediate clinical responses associated with alcoholism. Because minocycline regulates the level of cytokines, it has been suggested as a therapeutic for disorders associated with alcohol. Male Wistar rats were exposed to chronic intermittent alcohol (CIA) comprising three 5-day cycles of ethanol liquid diet separated by 2 days of withdrawal. Rats were tested on social interaction, a measure of anxiety-like behavior, followed immediately by collection of amygdala tissue to measure CCL2 and TNFα or collection of the blood to measure corticosterone (CORT). One group received a single minocycline injection 3 h into the final CIA withdrawal and was tested 2 h later. A second group received injections during each of the three withdrawals and was similarly tested during the final acute withdrawal. A third group received a single injection at 23 h into withdrawal (extended withdrawal) and was tested 6 h later. Results showed that CIA withdrawal increased anxiety-like behavior. A single injection of minocycline during the final acute withdrawal increased anxiety-like behavior in rats that consumed liquid diet with or without alcohol, but this effect disappeared with repeated injections of minocycline. Differences in alcohol intake, blood alcohol level, and plasma CORT levels did not explain results. Only repeated injections of minocycline decreased TNFα mRNA levels in rats that consumed liquid diet with or without alcohol. When a single injection of minocycline was given during extended withdrawal, it decreased CCL2 mRNA levels, but did not reverse the elevation of CCL2 protein. These results suggest that minocycline has actions in brain and on behavior, but minocycline does not significantly impact these actions in relation to alcohol withdrawal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Honey bee workers (Apis mellifera) consume a variety of pollens to meet the majority of their requirements for protein and lipids. Recent work indicates that honey bees prefer diets that reflect the proper ratio of nutrients necessary for optimal survival and homeostasis. This idea relies on the precept that honey bees evaluate the nutritional composition of the foods provided to them. While this has been shown in bumble bees, the data for honey bees are mixed. Further, there is controversy as to whether foragers can evaluate the nutritional value of pollens, especially if they do not consume it. Here, we focused on nurse workers, who eat most of the pollen coming into the hive. We tested the hypothesis that nurses prefer diets with higher nutritional value. We first determined the nutritional profile, number of plant taxa (richness), and degree of hypopharyngeal gland (HG) growth conferred by three honey bee collected pollens. We then presented nurses with these same three pollens in paired choice assays and measured consumption. To further test whether nutrition influenced preference, we also presented bees with natural pollens supplemented with protein or lipids and liquid diets with protein and lipid ratios equal to the natural pollens. Different pollens conferred different degrees of HG growth, but despite these differences, nurse bees did not always prefer the most nutritious pollens. Adding protein and/or lipids to less desirable pollens minimally increased pollen attractiveness, and nurses did not exhibit a strong preference for any of the three liquid diets. We conclude that different pollens provide different nutritional benefits, but that nurses either cannot or do not assess pollen nutritional value. This implies that the nurses may not be able to communicate information about pollen quality to the foragers, who regulate the pollens coming into the hive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different initial pH on the storage characteristics and shelf life of liquid diet. 45 polypropylene bags were allotted to treatments 1, 2 and 3 on average, 100 g diet and 200 g water were placed into each polypropylene bag, food-grade DL-lactic acid was added to each bag at a rate of 0.0 mL in treatment 1, 1.2 mL in treatment 2 and 4.7 mL in treatment 3, air was artificially expelled from each bag prior to heat-sealing. All bags were placed into a cage, cooked with steam at 90°C for 30 min under normal pressure, then taken out and stored from day 0 to 60 at room temperature. Results indicated that liquid diet in treatment 3 achieved the highest total sensory scores, the pH value had a tendency to decrease and the bacteria count had a tendency to increase in the liquid diet with the advancing of storage time with the advancing of storage time, lowering the initial pH of liquid diet decreased the bacteria count, the AFB1 and ZEN concentrations and increased the starch gelatinization degree from day 30 to 60, liquid diet in treatment 3 had a lower (P