Search

This thesis examines neoliberal political and legal philosophy, focusing on the concept of rule, drawing particularly on the contributions of four major contributors: Walter Lippmann, Friedrich Hayek, James Buchanan, and Richard Posner. Their contributions encounter the same problem, which emerged in the 1930s and 1940s when liberalism was being reconstructed as a third way between economic planning and laissez-faire, justifying and developing the institutional conditions that would allow a market society to thrive. In doing so, neoliberals face three challenges with this seminal problematization. First, they must deal with the normative question of how to justify the game's rules. By rejecting the naturalistic perspective that underlies laissez-faire, and any transcendental basis for social order, neoliberals are compelled to offer a series of arguments supporting a well-organized market society. These answers imply a second question relating to the impossibility of stating the game's rules from an epistemically valued point of view. Neoliberals have criticized socialist planning from the outset in that it took advantage of an undue epistemic privilege. How, then, to reconcile the epistemic critique that underlies the defense of the market as an aggregator, transmitter, and discoverer of information with the need for some form of institutional interventionism? Finally, the thesis of a government by the rules of the game, their enunciation, and their modification presuppose a theory of law capable of thinking about the form that the rules should take and the processes of modification of these rules. I show that the theses of the different authors of my corpus are crossed by these problems, which also constitute a key to the interpretation of their theories. I thus distinguish two central moments, namely a first period of formation of the neoliberal problematic, drawing on recent historical works on the constitution of neoliberalism – relying in particular on the works of Lippmann and the first Hayek –, then I show, in a second period, how this problem crosses the more recent positions of authors participating in the exact reflection on the way to justify the rules of the game of liberal society – the second Hayek, the works of the economist Buchanan and the jurist Posner. I show, for each of them, that the structuring problems of neoliberalism are renewed and allow an internal critique of these authors' positions while underlining the interest in thinking from their problems. This thesis intends to contribute not only to clarifying neoliberal political and legal philosophy as a thesis about government by rules in order to establish legitimate liberal planning but also to show the importance of taking these positions into account in order to inform our contemporary theoretical elaborations since neoliberal diagnoses constitute so many ways of interrogating the conceptual bestiary of these theories. Paradoxically, neoliberal positions can thus constitute resources for alternative positions, not defending the same conclusions.; Résumé de la thèse Cette thèse examine la philosophie politique et juridique néolibérale, à travers le concept de règle, en s'appuyant particulièrement sur les contributions de quatre auteurs : Walter Lippmann, Friedrich Hayek, James Buchanan et Richard Posner. Ces travaux sont reliés par un même problème, développé au cours des années 1930-1940 – moment de reconstruction du libéralisme, pensé comme une troisième voie entre celle de la planification économique et celle du laisser-faire –, à savoir celui de la justification et de l'élaboration des conditions institutionnelles à même de permettre à une société de marché de s'épanouir. Ce faisant, les néolibéraux doivent affronter trois difficultés relatives à cette problématisation séminale. Tout d'abord, il leur faut traiter de la question normative de la justification des règles du jeu. En refusant la perspective naturaliste sous-jacente au laisser-faire, et par ailleurs tout fondement transcendantal à l'ordre social, les néolibéraux sont amenés à proposer une série d'arguments relatifs à la défense d'une société de marché bien organisée. Ensuite, ces réponses impliquent une seconde question, relative à l'impossibilité d'énoncer les règles du jeu depuis un point de vue épistémiquement valorisé. Les néolibéraux ont, en effet et dès le départ, critiqué la planification socialiste en ce qu'elle se prévalait d'un privilège épistémique indu. Comment, dès lors, concilier la critique épistémique qui sous-tend la défense du marché comme agrégateur, transmetteur et découvreur d'information avec la nécessité d'une forme d'interventionnisme institutionnel ? Enfin, la thèse d'un gouvernement par les règles du jeu, leur énonciation et leur modification, suppose une théorie du droit, à même de penser la forme que doivent prendre les règles, ainsi que les processus de modification de celles-ci. Je montre que les thèses des différents auteurs de mon corpus sont traversées par ces problèmes, qui constituent également une clef d'interprétation de leurs théories. Je distingue, ainsi, deux grands moments, à savoir un premier temps de formation de la problématique néolibérale, en puisant dans les travaux historiques récents portant sur la constitution du néolibéralisme – en m'appuyant particulièrement sur les travaux de Lippmann et du premier Hayek –, puis je montre, dans un second temps, comment ce problème traverse les positions plus récentes d'auteurs participant de la même réflexion sur la manière de justifier les règles du jeu d'une société libérale – le second Hayek, les travaux de l'économiste Buchanan et du juriste Posner. Je montre, pour chacun, que les problèmes structurants du néolibéralisme sont reconduits, et permettent une critique interne des positions de ces auteurs, tout en soulignant l'intérêt de penser à partir de leurs problèmes. Cette thèse entend donc contribuer non seulement à clarifier la philosophie politique et juridique néolibérale comme une thèse portant sur le gouvernement par les règles en vue d'établir une planification libérale légitime, mais aussi à montrer l'importance de prendre en compte ces positions pour informer nos élaborations théoriques contemporaines, puisque les diagnostics néolibéraux constituent autant de manière d'interroger le bestiaire conceptuel de ces théories. Paradoxalement, les positions néolibérales peuvent donc constituer des ressources pour des positions alternatives, ne défendant pas les mêmes conclusions.

Resumo O objetivo do texto é apresentar o livro Il faut s’adapter: sur un nouvel impératif politique, de Barbara Stiegler. Na obra, a autora desenvolve uma genealogia crítica do neoliberalismo considerando as fontes evolucionistas que embasam o pensamento político de Walter Lippmann e de John Dewey. Desse modo, a partir da constatação de uma lacuna na genealogia do neoliberalismo apresentada por Michel Foucault em Nascimento da biopolítica, Stiegler procura mostrar as bases naturalistas que informam o debate norte-americano nos anos imediatamente anteriores à formulação teórica do neoliberalismo. O livro aborda as concepções opostas dos autores estadunidenses quanto à democracia, ao “novo liberalismo” e à ideia de atraso da espécie humana em relação à aceleração da sociedade industrial do início do século XX. Ao evidenciar o embate entre os autores, Stiegler argumenta que o pragmatismo de Dewey se apresenta como a primeira crítica política e filosófica do neoliberalismo vindouro. Analisando Il faut s’adapter também à luz do contexto em que o livro se inscreve, a resenha pretende mostrar como a obra constitui uma contribuição relevante para a pesquisa sociológica sobre o neoliberalismo, especialmente para os estudos foucaultianos sobre o tema. Abstract This text aims to present the book Il faut s’adapter : sur un nouvel impératif politique, by Barbara Stiegler. In the book, the author develops a critical genealogy of neoliberalism considering the evolutionary sources that underlie the political thought of Walter Lippmann and John Dewey. Thus, finding a gap in the genealogy of neoliberalism presented by Michel Foucault in The Birth of Biopolitics, Stiegler seeks to show the naturalist bases that inform the North American debate in the years immediately preceding the theoretical formulation of neoliberalism. The book covers the opposing conceptions of American authors in regarding to democracy, the “new liberalism” and the idea of the backwardness of the human species in relation to the acceleration of industrial society in the early 20th century. In contrasting the two authors, Stiegler argues that Dewey's pragmatism presents itself as the first political and philosophical criticism of the coming neoliberalism. Analyzing Il faut s'adapter also in the light of the context in which the book is inscribed, the review intends to show how the work constitutes a relevant contribution to sociological research on neoliberalism, especially for Foucauldian studies on the subject.

This text aims to present the book Il faut s’adapter : sur un nouvel impératif politique, by Barbara Stiegler. In the book, the author develops a critical genealogy of neoliberalism considering the evolutionary sources that underlie the political thought of Walter Lippmann and John Dewey. Thus, finding a gap in the genealogy of neoliberalism presented by Michel Foucault in The Birth of Biopolitics, Stiegler seeks to show the naturalist bases that inform the North American debate in the years immediately preceding the theoretical formulation of neoliberalism. The book covers the opposing conceptions of American authors in regarding to democracy, the “new liberalism” and the idea of the backwardness of the human species in relation to the acceleration of industrial society in the early 20th century. In contrasting the two authors, Stiegler argues that Dewey's pragmatism presents itself as the first political and philosophical criticism of the coming neoliberalism. Analyzing Il faut s'adapter also in the light of the context in which the book is inscribed, the review intends to show how the work constitutes a relevant contribution to sociological research on neoliberalism, especially for Foucauldian studies on the subject., Resenha de: STIEGLER, Barbara. Il faut s’adapter : sur un nouvel impératif politique. Paris: Gallimard, 2019. 336p. O objetivo do texto é apresentar o livro Il faut s’adapter : sur un nouvel impératif politique, de Barbara Stiegler. Na obra, a autora desenvolve uma genealogia crítica do neoliberalismo considerando as fontes evolucionistas que embasam o pensamento político de Walter Lippmann e de John Dewey. Desse modo, a partir da constatação de uma lacuna na genealogia do neoliberalismo apresentada por Michel Foucault em Nascimento da biopolítica, Stiegler procura mostrar as bases naturalistas que informam o debate norte-americano nos anos imediatamente anteriores à formulação teórica do neoliberalismo. O livro aborda as concepções opostas dos autores estadunidenses quanto à democracia, ao “novo liberalismo” e à ideia de atraso da espécie humana em relação à aceleração da sociedade industrial do início do século XX. Ao evidenciar o embate entre os autores, Stiegler argumenta que o pragmatismo de Dewey se apresenta como a primeira crítica política e filosófica do neoliberalismo vindouro. Analisando Il faut s’adapter também à luz do contexto em que o livro se inscreve, a resenha pretende mostrar como a obra constitui uma contribuição relevante para a pesquisa sociológica sobre o neoliberalismo, especialmente para os estudos foucaultianos sobre o tema. ==== This text aims to present the book Il faut s’adapter : sur un nouvel impératif politique, by Barbara Stiegler. In the book, the author develops a critical genealogy of neoliberalism considering the evolutionary sources that underlie the political thought of Walter Lippmann and John Dewey. Thus, finding a gap in the genealogy of neoliberalism presented by Michel Foucault in The Birth of Biopolitics, Stiegler seeks to show the naturalist bases that inform the North American debate in the years immediately preceding the theoretical formulation of neoliberalism. The book covers the opposing conceptions of American authors in regarding to democracy, the “new liberalism” and the idea of the backwardness of the human species in relation to the acceleration of industrial society in the early 20th century. In contrasting the two authors, Stiegler argues that Dewey's pragmatism presents itself as the first political and philosophical criticism of the coming neoliberalism. Analyzing Il faut s'adapter also in the light of the context in which the book is inscribed, the review intends to show how the work constitutes a relevant contribution to sociological research on neoliberalism, especially for Foucauldian studies on the subject.

Significance Gabriel Lippmann won the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physics for his method of reproducing colors in photography. Despite the significance of this result, there are still misconceptions regarding the approach. We provide a complete end-to-end analysis of the process and show, both theoretically and experimentally, how the spectrum reflected from a Lippmann plate is not the same as the exposing spectrum. In addition, we demonstrate that, given the spectrum reflected from a Lippmann plate, together with the plate’s color absorption properties, the original exposing spectrum can be algorithmically recovered., From uncovering the structure of the atom to the nature of the universe, spectral measurements have helped some of science’s greatest discoveries. While pointwise spectral measurements date back to Newton, it is commonly thought that hyperspectral images originated in the 1970s. However, the first hyperspectral images are over a century old and are locked in the safes of a handful of museums. These hidden treasures are examples of the first color photographs and earned their inventor, Gabriel Lippmann, the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physics. Since the original work of Lippmann, the process has been predominately understood from the monochromatic perspective, with analogies drawn to Bragg gratings, and the polychromatic case treated as a simple extension. As a consequence, there are misconceptions about the invertibility of the Lippmann process. We show that the multispectral image reflected from a Lippmann plate contains distortions that are not explained by current models. We describe these distortions by directly modeling the process for general spectra and devise an algorithm to recover the original spectra. This results in a complete analysis of the Lippmann process. Finally, we demonstrate the accuracy of our recovery algorithm on self-made Lippmann plates, for which the acquisition setup is fully understood. However, we show that, in the case of historical plates, there are too many unknowns to reliably recover 19th century spectra of natural scenes.

In this thesis, we take a signal-processing approach to two research areas outside of the core of the signal processing research: geometry reconstruction and light propagation through non-uniform media. In the first area, we consider new sampling schemes inspired by problems of surface recovery and continuous localisation. We analyse sampling at unknown locations and show signal recovery uniqueness under constraints. We also study non-synchronised sampling of vector-valued signals or fields, that arise in the problem of localisation of a smoothly moving device. We provide sufficient conditions for device localisation. To this end, we formulate the problem of rank-one sensing of full-rank matrices and develop sufficient conditions for matrix recovery when some measurements are missing. In the second area, we study Lippmann photography, a century-old colour photography technique. We model recording and viewing of a Lippmann photograph as analysis and synthesis operators and study the invertibility of their composition. We extend our analysis to a potential method of creating digital photographs, namely internal modification of glass with femto-second lasers.

We propose a reconsideration of John Dewey’s criticisms of Walter Lippmann’s ideas taking as guiding theme the arguments put forward in the successive reviews that Dewey wrote on Lippmann’s works. We maintain that the ideas that Dewey launched in these reviews (as well as in The Public and its Problems, 1927) pointed in a direction that became more explicit in the 1930s, when Dewey responded with socialist discourse to a Lippmann who appealed to something more that the authority of trained experts to counteract the drifts of democracy. According to our view, the debate they held not only revealed two visions of the relationship between democracy and popular will, but also two discrepant conceptions about the economic bases of an open society and the necessary conditions for freedom exercise. El presente ensayo reconsidera las críticas de John Dewey a Walter Lippmann tomando como eje los argumentos esgrimidos en las sucesivas reseñas que Dewey fue haciendo de las obras de Lippmann. Se sostiene que las críticas que Dewey lanzó en estas reseñas, así como luego en The Public and its Problems (1927) ya apuntaban en una dirección que quedó más explícita en los años treinta, cuando Dewey respondió con lenguaje socialista a un Lippmann que apelaba a algo más que a la autoridad de expertos para contrarrestar las derivas de la democracia. En el debate que mantuvieron, no solo se pusieron en juego dos visiones de la relación entre democracia y voluntad popular, sino dos concepciones discrepantes sobre las bases económicas de una sociedad abierta y las condiciones necesarias para el ejercicio de la libertad.

Since 1962, a photographic invention by Gabriel Lippmann (1845-1921), his Nobel Prize winning interference colour photograph of 1891, has been cited by physicists as the antecedent of the three-dimensional hologram. However, Dennis Gabor (1900-1979) in his original publications on the hologram of 1948 and 1949 did not cite Lippmann’s work. This thesis explores how the hologram that featured in Gabor’s original theory, as an imaging technique to improve the electron-microscope, was significantly different from the hologram for which Gabor was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1971. The citation of Lippmann’s work as the antecedent to the hologram confirmed that the hologram was to be seen as a three-dimensional photograph, and attempted to give the invention a progressive historical lineage that would conform to photography’s existing history. This popular narrative, as demonstrated in this text, could overlook the pursuit of the hologram for Cold War surveillance by researchers at the University of Michigan on behalf of the United States military. This technology was, from 1955, engaged with aerial radar image processing, a significant application that was classified and hidden from the public, and initially from Gabor himself. Two researchers at the University of Michigan, Emmett Leith (1927–) and Juris Upatnieks (1936–) attracted the attention of the popular press for their development of a three-dimensional laser hologram. This thesis reveals the fragmented nature of the new discipline at the peak of holography’s popularity. This analysis explores some of the historical traits between the two Nobel Prize winning inventions, the Lippmann photograph and the hologram, that were exploited to promote a new imaging medium to the public. In presenting these technologies as images the text also reviews devices and papers––some cited within the popular Lippmann-to Gabor historical narrative––by father and son Frederic (1856-1937) and Herbert Ives (1882-1953), that have competed to produce a three-dimensional full-colour image., Funded with a grant from Arts and Humanities Research Board UK

The theme of this thesis revolves around three important manifestations of light, namely its corpuscular, wave and electromagnetic nature. Our goal is to exploit these principles to analyze, design and build imaging modalities by developing new signal processing and algorithmic tools, based in particular on sampling and sparsity concepts. First, we introduce a new sampling scheme called variable pulse width, which is based on the finite rate of innovation (FRI) sampling paradigm. This new framework enables to sample and perfectly reconstruct weighted sums of Lorentzians; perfect reconstruction from sampled signals is guaranteed by a set of theorems. Second, we turn to the context of light and study its reflection, which is based on the corpuscular model of light. More precisely, we propose to use our FRI-based model to represent bidirectional reflectance distribution functions. We develop dedicated light domes to acquire reflectance functions and use the measurements obtained to demonstrate the usefulness and versatility of our model. In particular, we concentrate on the representation of specularities, which are sharp and bright components generated by the direct reflection of light on surfaces. Third, we explore the wave nature of light through Lippmann photography, a century-old photography technique that acquires the entire spectrum of visible light. This fascinating process captures interferences patterns created by the exposed scene inside the depth of a photosensitive plate. By illuminating the developed plate with a neutral light source, the reflected spectrum corresponds to that of the exposed scene. We propose a mathematical model which precisely explains the technique and demonstrate that the spectrum reproduction suffers from a number of distortions due to the finite depth of the plate and the choice of reflector. In addition to describing these artifacts, we describe an algorithm to invert them, essentially recovering the original spectrum of the exposed scene. Next, the wave nature of light is further generalized to the electromagnetic theory, which we invoke to leverage the concept of polarization of light. We also return to the topic of the representation of reflectance functions and focus this time on the separation of the specular component from the other reflections. We exploit the fact that the polarization of light is preserved in specular reflections and investigate camera designs with polarizing micro-filters with different orientations placed just in front of the camera sensor; the different polarizations of the filters create a mosaic image, from which we propose to extract the specular component. We apply our demosaicing method to several scenes and additionally demonstrate that our approach improves photometric stereo. Finally, we delve into the problem of retrieving the phase information of a sparse signal from the magnitude of its Fourier transform. We propose an algorithm that resolves the phase retrieval problem for sparse signals in three stages. Unlike traditional approaches that recover a discrete approximation of the underlying signal, our algorithm estimates the signal on a continuous domain, which makes it the first of its kind. The concluding chapter outlines several avenues for future research, like new optical devices such as displays and digital cameras, inspired by the topic of Lippmann photography.

O autor simula, neste texto, uma entrevista fictícia com Walter Lippmann, enfocando nas relações entre jornalismo e democracia, a profissionalização do jornalismo, as escolas de jornalismo, o liberalismo e a ciência.

International audience; Although wavelength-multiplexed page-oriented Lippmann data storage architectures present similarities with reflection holographic memories, we evidenced that simple rules must be followed to reach the same high storage densities

International audience; Nowadays, holographic data storage is considered as one of the most serious candidates for the next generation of high capacity optical disks. In this paper, we present the study of a novel optical data storage system based on Lippmann photography. Interferential photography invented by Lippmann in 1891 was the first practical way of making colour photographs. Based on this technique, we propose to record wavelength-multiplexed data in a page-oriented architecture. Initially, we present numerical simulations with the aim to use thick media for the recording and exploring the theoretical capacity of storage, and we have demonstrated that with this architecture we can reach data capacities as large as for holography, of order of TeraBytes for an optical disk of 120 mm of diameter. Therefore, we describe the implementation of an experimental set-up for the recording and retrieval of many images using a resolution target, mask or SLM as data pages, a holographic material as recording medium and a CCD for the detection. With this novel architecture, we obtain experimental results that validate our previous theoretical approach. So, theory and experiment confirm the enormous potential of Lippmann technique for reaching very high capacities.

International audience; We anticipate that the capacity of Lippmann storage in thick holographic material should be the same as for conventional wavelength multiplexed holographic materials. First experimental tests are presented.

International audience

National audience; Nous présentons la conception et la mise en œuvre d'une mémoire optique en codage en longueur d'onde employant le principe de la photographie interférentielle de Lippmann. Dans cet article, nous décrivons la réalisation d'un montage d'enregistrement par pages de données dans un matériau photosensible et détaillons les résultats obtenus avec cette architecture. Finalement, nous discutons des principaux avantages de notre proposition et nous montrons que la capacité de stockage de l'ordre du TeraOctet est atteignable.

It is well recognized that holographic data storage may represent the next generation of optical data storage. Unlike DVDs and other optical discs in which information is stored in a plane, holographic storage technologies have a volumetric memory. Among several configurations, the page-oriented architectures present great advantages, such as the high data rate that stems from their inherent parallelism [1]. In this work, we present such an architecture, based on the Lippmann photographic process [1–5], in which pages of data are stored with wavelength multiplexing.

International audience; We proposed a new architecture to record wavelength-multiplexed data in a page-oriented approach based on Lippmann interference photography. The storage capacity is similar to those of wavelength-multiplexed holographic memories.

International audience; We investigate the storage capacity of an optical data storage setup based on Lippmann interference photography. We have used computational simulations to demonstrate the possibility to achieve data capacities as large as those achievable with common holographic techniques.

Lippmann interference architectures are alternatives to holographic memories for high capacity data storage. In these systems, the image beam carrying the information data interferes with its reflection onto a mirror. The resulting interference pattern thus records a grating in the light sensitive material. Several images can be wavelength multiplexed at the same location. On the one side, and just as in holography, the number of images multiplexed in the same location is given by the wavelength Bragg selectivity of the thick gratings and is thus inversely proportional to the material thickness. On the other side, the page resolution is just diffraction limited and does not depend on this thickness. Each page can thus have a very large data content. Conversely to holography, no additional reference beam is required for recording. This absence of any reference beam simplifies the recording architecture at the expense on stringent requirements on the set-up adjustments. However, the potential numerous advantages of the Lippmann architectures seem to justify these constraints. One of these advantages is the possibility to easily implement an homodyne detection that greatly enhances the detected signals. Such homodyne detection of data pages is presented and discussed here for the first time.