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Powdery mildew is one of the most destructive diseases in wheat production. Identifying novel resistance genes and deploying them in new cultivars is the most effective approach to minimize wheat losses caused by powdery mildew. In this study, wheat breeding line PBDH1607 showed high resistance to powdery mildew at both the seedling and adult plant stages. Genetic analysis of the seedling data demonstrated that the resistance was controlled by a single dominant gene, tentatively designated PmPBDH. The ΔSNP index based on bulked segregant RNA sequencing indicated that PmPBDH was associated with an interval of about 30.8 Mb (713.5 to 744.3 Mb) on chromosome arm 4AL. Using newly developed markers, we mapped PmPBDH to a 3.2-cM interval covering 7.1 Mb (719,055,516 to 726,215,121 bp). This interval differed from those of Pm61 (717,963,176 to 719,260,469 bp), MlIW30 (732,769,506 to 732,790,522 bp), and MlNSF10 (729,275,816 to 731,365,462 bp) reported on the same chromosome arm. PmPBDH also differed from Pm61, MlIW30, and MlNSF10 by its response spectrum, origin, or inheritance mode, suggesting that PmPBDH should be a new Pm gene. In the candidate interval, five genes were found to be associated with PmPBDH via time course gene expression analysis, and thus they are candidate genes of PmPBDH. Six closely linked markers, including two kompetitive allele-specific PCR markers, were confirmed to be applicable for tracking PmPBDH in marker-assisted breeding.

In this paper, a large bottom-blown lead smelting furnace is studied by numerical simulation, the flow characteristics of different planes, monitoring points and molten pool regions are analysed, and a formula is established to predict the velocity distribution of molten pool in the bottom-blown furnace. The results show that the flow between two adjacent oxygen lances will influence each other and effectively reduce the existence of a low-velocity region. The high-velocity region at the liquid surface is mainly distributed above the bubble molten pool reaction region (BMRR), and the velocity is transmitted to the upper/lower sides. The wall shear stress is mainly distributed at the bottom and on the walls on both sides of the BMRR. The pre-stabilisation time of a bottom-blown furnace is 2 s, and the unstable state existing in the local region will not have a great influence on the overall flow field in the furnace. The distribution of the bubble plume and the high-velocity region overlaps under the free liquid surface, and their boundaries are basically consistent. The fitting effect of the velocity cumulative percentage curve and each point is very good.

Nitrogen stripping plays a vital role during the sulfate-rich wastewater treatment process by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). However, the interaction between nitrogen stripping, sulfate reduction capacity, S2– concentration, and microbial community structure is rarely studied. Here, two anaerobic systems were conducted to analyze these interactions simultaneously. Results showed that the toxic products (H2S) were stripped by nitrogen at first. Then, the increased relative abundance of fermentative bacteria accelerated the carbon sources conversion, and Desulfovibrio, Dethiosulfovibrio, and Sulfurospirillum facilitated the sulfate reduction after nitrogen stripping. Finally, the produced S2− concentration was increased by 12%, and the sulfate reduction rate was increased by 9.2% compared to that without nitrogen stripping.

The indium-bearing zinc ferrite (IBZF) was synthesised, used as a research object, and mechanically activated with the planetary ball mill. Sulphur dioxide was introduced as reductant and leachant ...

A novel process for the extraction of vanadium and preparation of sodium vanadate from V–Cr-bearing reducing slag is proposed. This process involves several steps of washing, alkaline leaching, evaporation crystallization and cooling crystallization. The washing procedure ensures that chloride and sulfate ions can be mostly washed away from V–Cr-bearing reducing slag. Subsequently, vanadium can be extracted by alkaline leaching, the leaching rate of vanadium can reach 98%. During this process, vanadium enters the leaching solution, and chromium continues to accumulate in the leaching residue. Finally, most of Na2SO4 can be removed from the alkaline leaching solution by evaporation crystallization, then the Na3VO4·12H2O can be prepared by cooling crystallization. The filtrate of cooling crystallization can be recycled as the new leaching medium with some new alkali added, which greatly reduces the discharge of alkaline wastewater and makes the whole process more environmentally friendly.

The Sembar Shale formation in the Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan, is thought to contain significant potential for unconventional resources; however, no detailed study has been carried out yet to quantify its potential. In conventional oil and gas exploration, reservoir rocks have been the main focus; therefore, a limited number of wells target the Sembar Formation. To explore its regional view, the seismic characterization of these shales is required. Generally, a poor correlation is observed between the compressional wave (P-wave) impedance and the reservoir and geomechanical properties of rocks, making it challenging to characterize them using seismic data. We have developed a workflow for characterizing the seismic-derived unconventional prospect of the Sembar Shale using prestack seismic data along with well logs. The logging results of the two wells show that the organic matter richness of well A has high to very high values, whereas well B has low to very low values. Considering the mineral composition and brittleness index evaluation, the Sembar Shale in well A is brittle to less brittle in nature. The organic content, porosity, and brittleness index result in well A make the Lower Cretaceous Sembar Formation favorable to be considered as a potential organic shale reservoir. Four sensitive attributes, derived through integration of the rock petrophysical, geochemical, and geomechanical parameters, are correlated with the P-wave impedance. The correlation of each sensitive attribute has been applied to characterize the Sembar Shale potential. These attributes are first-order indicators to depict organic matter, porosity, and geomechanical properties. This attribute approach is further validated through rock-physics modeling. The workflow presented in this study can be used to assess the unconventional reservoir potential of the Sembar Formation in other parts of the basin.

Linearised approximations of the Zoeppritz equation are widely used for amplitude versus offset (AVO) forward modelling and prestack seismic inversion. However, current linearised approximations typically exhibit large errors for strong-contrast media and large incidence angles (even for those less than the critical angle), leading to poor quality estimation of elastic parameters. We therefore develop a data-driven method to improve the linearised AVO approximation, based on the concept that the inaccuracy of the conventional linearised AVO forward operator is solely responsible for generating residuals of the PP reflection coefficients calculated by the conventional linearised approximation compared with using the Zoeppritz equation. Therefore, if true model parameters from well-logging data are known, the residuals of the PP reflection coefficients can be used to estimate linear modifications of the inaccurate linearised AVO forward operators at well sites. We apply estimated linear modifications to original inaccurately linearised forward operators to obtain an improved linear AVO operator (ILAO). Because ILAOs can only be estimated at the well sites by the data-driven method, we construct spatially variant ILAOs using structure-guided interpolation for those at a distance from the well sites. Numerical example results reveal that the improved linear AVO approximation is more accurate than the Aki–Richards approximation for strong-contrast media and large incident angles. Moreover, the accuracy and resolution of the inverted P- and S-wave velocities and density using ILAOs are higher than those using the conventional Aki–Richards operators. Finally, application to the field data successfully demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of the improved linearised AVO inversion method.

In this paper, a new type of copper (Cu) matrix graphite composite was successfully prepared, which was reinforced with titanium nitride particles (TNPs) using powder metallurgy. These composites contained 2 wt % graphite as the lubricating phase and 1, 3, 5, 10, and 15 wt % TNPs as the reinforcing phase. The effects of different TNP contents on composite properties and the composites' wear mechanism were examined. The samples were characterized by microstructure, density, porosity, hardness, compressive yield strength, and friction wear testing. The results showed that, with TNP addition, the hardness, compressive strength, and friction and wear properties of the composites were improved. When the TNP content was >3 wt %, composite porosity gradually increased and the hardness, compressive strength, and friction and wear properties of the composites sharply decreased. With TNP addition, the main composite wear modes gradually changed from adhesive and abrasive wear to abrasive wear.

The purpose of this study was to select and propose an applicable method for extracting lead from sphalerite concentrate direct leaching residue. A large number of experiments were conducted to extract lead from sphalerite concentrate direct leaching residue by hydrochloric acid and sodium chloride solution as leachates. The main optimum parameters were determined, such as a liquid-solid ratio of 17.5-1, a reaction temperature of 85?C, an initial hydrochloric acid concentration of 1.3 mol/L, an initial sodium chloride concentration of 300 g/L, and a reaction time of 60 min. Ninety-five percent of the zinc, 96.0% of the iron, and 93.7% of the lead were extracted into leachate at the optimum conditions. The lead in the leachate was in the form of [PbCl4]2-. After the leachate was purified to remove impurities, it was converted into lead oxalate by sodium oxalate as a precipitant. Finally, lead oxalate was decomposed to obtain lead oxide powders via a high-temperature calcination process.

MgO is extensively used for various applications. A Venturi jet reactor can help prepare the micro- or nano-sized magnesia via pyrolysis. However, the reactors have an uneven mixing and concentration distribution. The operational and structural parameters of the reactor have therefore been optimized to overcome this issue. The numerical simulations indicate that higher flow rates of MgCl2 at the inlet yield higher reactor temperatures and higher MgO product concentrations. The ideal diameter ratio between the straight tube and the throat of the reactor is 5/2 with an angle between the draft tube and the throat of 90° and a draft pipe with a diameter of 25 mm. Our results provide data support for the design optimization of pyrolysis reactors.

Metal lead was first prepared from waste lead paste by direct electrochemical reduction in NH3-NH4Cl solution. Cyclic voltammetry of waste lead paste powders indicated that waste lead paste could be directly electrochemically reduced to metal lead. After constant cell voltage electrolysis for 3 h, waste lead paste pellets were almost completely converted into metal containing 98.3% lead, and the current efficiency and energy consumption were approximately 86.3% and 689.4 kW h/t, respectively. In addition, an empirical model of direct electrochemical reduction of waste lead paste pellets in NH3-NH4Cl solution has been proposed. Metal lead was initially formed at a three-phase interface of the current collector, waste lead paste and electrolyte; then, the newly formed three-phase interface of the metal lead, waste lead paste and electrolyte quickly expanded along the surface of the pellets and eventually extended into the interior of the pellets.

Micro-nanometer sized MgO products have unique properties and hence are widely used. In the process of preparing titanium sponge by Kroll method, a large number of by-products such as molten MgCl2 is produced. In China, it is treated as a waste, as it wastes energy and causes pollution. In this study, a new process for the preparation of micro-nanometer sized MgO by the direct pyrolysis of molten MgCl2 is proposed. Also, the followed pyrolysis process is numerically simulated. The results from this investigation show that the fluid flows very precisely and smoothly in orbits in the reactor, and the flow velocity of fluid was maximum at the mouth of the throat. Under the gravitational action, MgO was concentrated at the middle and lower parts of the reactor. A reaction temperature of 1473 K ensured both the highest yield and consuming a reasonable amount of energy. The standard velocity guaranteed the highest reaction efficiency while preventing the accumulation of product in the reactor.

IDH1 mutations are early events in the development of IDH-mutant gliomas and leukemias and are associated with various regulation of molecular process. Mutations of active site in IDH1 could lead to high levels of 2-HG and the suppression of cellular differentiation, while these changes can be reversed by molecule inhibitors target mutant IDH1. Here, through in-house developed enzymatic assay-based high throughput screening platform, we discovered DC_H31 as a novel IDH1-R132H/C inhibitor, with the IC50 value of 0.41 μmol/L and 2.7 μmol/L respectively. In addition, saturable SPR binding assay indicated that DC_H31 bound to IDH1-R132H/C due to specific interaction. Further computational docking studies and structure-activity relationship (SAR) suggest that DC_H31 could occupy the allosteric pocket between the two monomers of IDH1-R132H homodimer, which accounts for its inhibitory ability. And it is possible to conclude that DC_H31 acts via an allosteric mechanism of inhibition. At the cellular level, DC_H31 could inhibit cell proliferation, promote cell differentiation and reduce the production of 2-HG with a dose-dependent manner in HT1080 cells. Taken together, DC_H31 is a potent selective inhibitor of IDH1-R132H/C both in vitro and in vivo, which can promote the development of more potent pan-inhibitors against IDH1-R132H/C through further structural decoration and provide a new insight for the pharmacological treatment of gliomas.

In this study, a large number of experiments were conducted to recover elemental sulfur from direct leaching residue (DLR) by liquid paraffin. The solid-liquid solubility data of sulfur in liquid paraffin were measured at a series of temperatures. The results showed that the solubility of sulfur in liquid paraffin could reach 8.92 g/100 g liquid paraffin at 120 °C, and the fitting equation using the Apelblat model was: ln X = 59.45731–4991.1942/T-8.01079 ln T. In addition, the main technical parameters were determined, such as a reaction temperature of 120 °C, liquid-solid ratio of 8:1, reaction time of 4 min, stirring speed of 500 rpm, particle size of 48–75 μm, crystallization time of 30 min, and crystallization temperature of 0 °C. The purity of the obtained sulfur products (SPs) was more than 99%, and other valuable elements were obtained in the residue after separation of the elemental sulfur (RAS), such as Pb, In and Ag, because they were naturally enriched. When liquid paraffin was first used in the experiment, the recovery of sulfur reached 93.492%. However, when it was recycled twice or more, the recovery of sulfur was as high as 97.153%.

Indium extraction from synthetic indium-bearing zinc ferrite (IBZF) was investigated using sulfur dioxide as a reductant in sulfuric acid medium, and the recovery of indium and the full use of sulfur dioxide were achieved. The leaching kinetics of indium from synthetic IBZF were studied, and the influence of leaching temperature, particle size, initial sulfuric acid concentration and sulfur dioxide partial pressure were investigated. The results showed that the leaching efficiencies increased as the leaching temperature increased from 65 to 85 °C, the initial sulfuric acid concentration increased from 5 to 65 g/L, the sulfur dioxide partial pressure increased from 0.10 to 0.30 MPa, and the particle size decreased from 150–270 μm to 48–58 μm. The unreacted shrinking core model was applied well to the kinetics of indium leaching, which showed that the rate was controlled by a chemical reaction with a calculated activation energy of 57.22 kJ/mol. The order of indium leaching with respect to particle size, initial sulfuric acid concentration and sulfur dioxide partial pressure was −0.2343, 0.02625 and 0.35618, respectively. Meanwhile, sulfur dioxide could reduce the dependency of IBZF dissolution on the initial sulfuric acid concentration.

In terms of secondary resource recovery and environmental impact, fly ash is attracting a great deal of attention in China. This study aimed to investigate the carbochlorination process of titanium oxide to recover titanium. The extraction kinetics mechanism of titanium oxide from fly ash was investigated at temperatures ranging from 850°C to 1050°C. The effect of various experimental parameters was studied. The reactants and reaction residues were analyzed by scanning electronic microscopy and chemical analysis. The results show that the best extraction efficiency of 91.66% was obtained at a temperature of 1050°C, a coking coal content of 34.64 wt.%, a pellet diameter of 8 mm, an average gas flow of 0.35 L/min, and a time of 120 min. The carbochlorination reaction of titanium oxide is controlled by the chemical reaction. The apparent activation energy is approximately 44.45 kJ/mol between 800°C and 1050°C.

In the metal extraction process, recovery of valuable elements from fly ash can have economic benefits and maximize its utilization. Extraction of Mg and Ca from fly ash by the carbochlorination method was studied as a function of carbochlorination temperature, time, carbon content, pellet diameter, and chlorine gas flow rate. The kinetic regime of the carbochlorination of Mg- and Ca-bearing compounds in the fly ash was identified. The carbochlorination residues were analyzed by chemical analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that chemical reaction control was dominant in carbochlorination of Mg in the temperature range of 800°C to 1050°C. However, for carbochlorination of Ca, the carbochlorination reaction was controlled by the diffusion process. Morphological changes such as the breakage and disappearance of spherical particles showed that the original spherical structure of fly ash was destroyed in the carbochlorination process.

High ferrotitanium prepared directly by the thermite method has a disadvantageously high O content (≥ 10 wt%) because of the short slag-metal separation time. In this study, CaO and CaF2 are added to the melt to improve the basicity of the slag and melt separation under heat preservation is performed to strengthen slag-metal separation. The thermodynamics of the step-by-step reduction process of TiO2 in the Ti–Al–Fe–Si–O system whose composition is close to the alloy after melt separation were calculated. Samples of alloys and slags before and after melt separation were systematically analyzed. The result indicates that the reaction that TiO is reduced by Al to Ti is the limited step in the reduction process of TiO2. The O content of the alloys slightly decreases with temperature from 1873 to 2023 K, which agrees with the changes in the law of deoxidation limit. It is mainly attributed to the movement of chemical reactions in the alloy melt at different temperatures and slag-metal interfacial reaction. The addition of Al2O3–CaO–CaF2 slag and high temperature promote the removal of Al2O3 and titanium suboxides. The minimum contents of O and Al in the alloy reach 1.84 wt% and 3.26 wt%, respectively.

The extraction of valuable elements from high-alumina fly ash was carried out using two methods, the carbochlorination method and the carbothermic method. The carbochlorination experiments were conducted to investigate the impacts of the factors of reaction time, temperature, and carbon content. The carbochlorination of fly ash at a carbon: alumina molar ratio of 4.5 : 1 yielded extractions of Al2O3, SiO2, CaO, and TiO2 of 84.3 72.7, 68.9, and 87.3%, respectively, at 1000°C for 60 min of reaction time with a pellet diameter of 8 mm and a chlorine gas flow of 0.35 L/min. By comparing the decomposition behavior between the carbochlorination and the carbothermic treatment, the carbochlorination mechanism of fly ash was elucidated. Alumina was preferentially chlorinated from mullite in the fly ash. The carbochlorination method provides the potential for the efficient and clean extraction of valuable elements from fly ash.

To systematically and efficiently evaluate the roles of various parameters on the carbochlorination process, the five-level Taguchi method was used to investigate the carbochlorination of alumina and silica from high-alumina fly ash. A four-stage carbochlorination mechanism of fly ash was proposed. The results revealed that under optimum conditions, the highest chlorination rates of Al2O3 and SiO2 were 85.8% and 74.0%, respectively. From the five-level Taguchi test, the impact sequence of the operating parameters for the chlorination rate of Al2O3 and SiO2 was reaction time, temperature, carbon: alumina molar ratio, Cl2 flow rate, and pellet diameter. Variance analyses showed that the reaction time had significant effects on the extraction of Al2O3 and SiO2 from fly ash by the carbochlorination method. The phase characterization of the samples showed that the stable structure of the spherical particles can be easily broken by the carbochlorination process.

There are technical bottlenecks in the preparation of metallic titanium powder by conventional thermal reduction of TiO2 with calcium, magnesium, or other metals, such as low efficiency and incomplete deoxidation. Based on the thermodynamic equilibrium characteristics of the step-by-step reduction of TiO2, a comparative study method was used, and the thermodynamic and kinetic differences between thermal reduction reactions of TiO2 with magnesia and calcium were investigated in this paper. Considering the difference in the electronegativity characteristics between magnesium and calcium, a new idea was put forward that the primary reduction product is prepared through a primary reduction process of TiO2 in the form of magnesiothermic self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS), and then the reduced titanium powder is obtained through the primary reduction product for a deep calcium-thermal reduction reaction. The reduction degree and mechanism of TiO2 during the primary magnesium thermal reaction and deoxidation mechanism of primary reduction products in different deep reduction modes were investigated in this paper. The results showed that it is more conducive to undergo complete deoxygenation such that the primary reduction product is first acid impregnated, followed by deep calciothermic reduction. High-purity reduced titanium powder with a final oxygen content of only 0.21 pct and purity greater than 99.0 pct was obtained.

Ferrotitanium is used as a deoxidizer and alloying agent during steelmaking process, which has a high demand for sulfur control. Sulfur was introduced from raw materials in the process of producing ferrotitanium by thermite method, where CaO was used as fluxing agent. At the same time, CaO has a great desulfurization capability. Effects of CaO addition on the distribution of sulfur in high titanium ferroalloy prepared by thermite method were studied in this work. The equilibrium diagram of Ti–Al–Fe–S system was calculated by FactSage 6.4 software package with FactPS and FTmisc database. The alloy and slag samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and high-frequency infrared ray carbon sulfur analyzer. The result indicates that the sulfur in the alloy firstly exists in the form of liquid FeS, thereafter TiS (s) and eventually Ti2S (s) during cooling. The sulfur is mainly distributed in the alloy, and only a small amount of sulfur remains in the slag. Moreover, it is noted that the sulfur in the alloy does not distribute homogeneously, and it exists in the form of solid solution phase, (Ti, Al, Fe)S. S content in the slag, the sulfur capacity of the slag and the sulfur distribution ratio (LS) all increase with the increment of CaO addition, while S content in alloys decreases.

With the aim of developing a novel aluminothermic reduction method for preparation of low-oxygen low-aluminum ferrotitanium by multistage deep reduction we studied the effects of the ratio of reductant Al on the occurrence and distribution of Al and O residuals. The results indicated that Al residual was present in the form of Ti3Al and Al2O3 inclusions. O residual in ferrotitanium with Ti content of 21.22–26.2 wt.% was mainly present in the form of Al2O3 inclusions, but in the form of Ti4Fe2O, TiO, and Al2O3 inclusions in ferrotitanium with Ti content of 49.64–55.42 wt.%. With decreasing ratio of reductant Al, the Al content of those two types of ferrotitanium first decreased then increased, while the O content increased. Al residue in the form of intermetallic compound decreased while that in the form of Al2O3 inclusions increased. The content and occurrence state of Al and O residuals can thus be controlled by adjusting the ratio of reduction agent Al.

Background HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is a neurodegenerative disease associated with persistent neuroinflammation and subsequent neuron damage. Pro-inflammatory factors and neurotoxins from activated astrocytes by HIV-1 itself and its encoded proteins, including the negative factor (Nef), are involved in the pathogenesis of HAND. This study was designed to find potential lncRNAs that regulate astrocyte functions and inflammation process. Methods We performed microarray analysis of lncRNAs from primary mouse astrocytes treated with Nef protein. Top ten lncRNAs were validated through real-time PCR analysis. Gene ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway analysis were applied to explore the potential functions of lncRNAs. RIP and ChIP assays were performed to demonstrate the mechanism of lncRNA regulating gene expression. Results There were 638 co-upregulated lncRNAs and 372 co-downregulated lncRNAs in primary astrocytes treated with Nef protein for both 6 h and 12 h. GO and KEGG pathway analysis showed that the biological functions of top differential-expressed mRNAs were associated with inflammatory cytokines and chemokine. Knockdown of lncRNA AK006025, not AK138360, inhibited significantly CXCL9, CXCL10 (IP-10), and CXCL11 expression in astrocytes treated with Nef protein. Mechanism study showed that AK006025 associated with CBP/P300 was enriched in the promoter of CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 genes. Conclusions Our findings uncovered the expression profiles of lncRNAs and mRNAs in vitro, which might help to understand the pathways that regulate astrocyte activation during the process of HAND. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1343-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

As the world's largest primary aluminum producer, China's primary aluminum industry (PAI) faces a huge challenge in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, detailed research on presenting the historical trajectory of GHG emissions from China's PAI and identifying the main driving factors affecting its changes has not been completed thus far. This study quantifies the GHG emission trajectory of China's PAI from 1990 to 2018 and identifies the key driving factors affecting its changes. The results show that the total GHG emissions from China's PAI from 1990 to 2018 increased by approximately 18 times, reaching 481 Tg CO2-eq in 2018, of which 69 %, 17 %, and 14 % were electricity-related, fuel-related, and process-related, respectively. Additionally, the production activity effect is the main factor driving the increase in GHG emissions; however, the energy intensity and energy emission factor effects can effectively reduce GHG emissions. Based on this, scenario analysis is used to evaluate the GHG emission mitigation potential of China's PAI by 2030. According to our analysis, policy suggestions for mitigating the GHG emissions in China's PAI are proposed, including reducing the energy intensity, promoting clean energy use, controlling the production capacity, and decarbonizing electricity.

Wheat powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), is one of the most destructive fungal diseases threatening global wheat production. Host resistance is well known to be the most efficient method to control this disease. However, the molecular mechanism of wheat powdery mildew resistance (Pm) is still unclear. To analyze the molecular mechanism of Pm, we used the resistant wheat cultivar Jimai 23 to investigate its potential resistance components and profiled its expression in response to powdery mildew infection using bulked segregant RNA-Seq (BSR-Seq). We showed that the Pm of Jimai 23 was provided by a single dominant gene, tentatively designated PmJM23, and assigned it to the documented Pm2 region of chromosome 5DS. 3,816 consistently different SNPs were called between resistant and susceptible parents and the bulked pools derived from the combinations between the resistant parent Jimai23 and the susceptible parent Tainong18. 58 of the SNPs were assigned to the candidate region of PmJM23. Subsequently, 3,803 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between parents and bulks were analyzed by GO, COG and KEGG pathway enrichment. The temporal expression patterns of associated genes following Bgt inoculation were further determined by RT-qPCR. Expression of six disease-related genes was investigated during Bgt infection and might serve as valuable genetic resources for the improvement of durable resistance to Bgt.

The carbochlorination kinetics of high-alumina fly ash was investigated. The influence of reaction temperature, time, carbon content, pellet diameter, and Cl2 flow rate on the reaction was analyzed. The morphological changes of the samples during the reaction showed that different sizes of spherical particles disappeared entirely after the carbochlorination process. For carbochlorination of alumina, two kinetic regimes were identified, with activation energy of 68.84 kJ mol−1 and 20.82 kJ mol−1, being attributed to chemical reaction control (below 900°C) and diffusion control (at high temperatures). For silica, the dominant kinetic regime was chemical reaction control, with activation energy of 92.45 kJ mol−1 between 950°C and 1050°C.

Sugar transporters play important or even indispensable roles in sugar translocation among adjacent cells in the plant. They are mainly composed of sucrose–proton symporter SUT family members and SWEET family members. In rice, 5 and 21 members are identified in these transporter families, and some of their physiological functions have been characterized on the basis of gene knockout or knockdown strategies. Existing evidence shows that most SUT members play indispensable roles, while many SWEET members are seemingly not so critical in plant growth and development regarding whether their mutants display an aberrant phenotype or not. Generally, the expressions of SUT and SWEET genes focus on the leaf, stem, and grain that represent the source, transport, and sink organs where carbohydrate production, allocation, and storage take place. Rice SUT and SWEET also play roles in both biotic and abiotic stress responses in addition to plant growth and development. At present, these sugar transporter gene regulation mechanisms are largely unclear. In this review, we compare the expressional profiles of these sugar transporter genes on the basis of chip data and elaborate their research advances. Some suggestions concerning future investigation are also proposed.

In this paper, the potential-pH diagrams of Co-Cl-H2O/Co-C-Cl-H2O systems under the temperature of 25°C were drawn through the basic potential-pH principle with a number of thermodynamic data, and the predominant area of Co(OH)2/CoCO3 in the Co-Cl-H2O/Co-C-Cl-H2O systems which existed stably in the agueous solution were obtained. According to the potential-pH diagram of Co-Cl-H2O/Co-C-Cl-H2O systems as well as numerous published reports in the literature, the potential processes and theoretical feasibility for synthesizing Co(OH)2/CoCO3 using soft-chemical method in agueous solution and recovering valuable metals from the waste lithium-ion batteries by hydrometallurgical method were discussed. The potential-pH diagram of Co-Cl-H2O/Co-C-Cl-H2O systems provided the theoretical foundation for synthesizing Co(OH)2/CoCO3 using electrochemical method in agueous solution and recovering valuable metals by hydrometallurgical method. Hence, high-purity, high-crystallinity submicron Co(OH)2/CoCO3 powder is electro-synthesized through one-step simple deposition procedure. Simultaneously,the influencing factors of dynamics also be discussed. Based on the Stern model, we briefly described the electric double layer model near the electrode in this experiment.

In this paper, a closed-loop hydrometallurgical process was proposed for indium recovery from waste indium–tin oxide (ITO) targets. Both high indium recovery and recirculation of leaching reagent have been achieved. This process included ammonium bisulfate leaching, selective precipitation of tin by adding ammonia, indium hydroxide precipitation and roasting to prepare indium oxide product. Moreover, a shrinking core model was implemented to depict indium leaching process with an activation energy of 52.64 kJ/mol calculated, which showed that the rate was controlled by the surface chemical reaction. And the reaction orders were determined as 0.60, 0.34 and −0.69 with respect to initial ammonium bisulfate concentration, oxygen partial pressure and particle size, respectively. Since the tin was more sensitive to temperature, acidity and oxygen, the leaching solution finally contained 14.31 g/L indium and 0.05 g/L tin. Subsequently, the application of two-step precipitation realized selective precipitation of tin for purifying solution and preparation of precursor. Indium oxide product was obtained by calcination of the precursor at 600 °C for 1 h. Finally, the supernatant after indium precipitation was concentrated, evaporated and thermally decomposed, and then returned to the leaching process. This study provided a feasible process for high-value use of waste ITO targets.