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Supplemental material, Zarska_Table_3_Appendix_-_fish_REVISION for Late Glacial and Holocene paleoecology and paleoenvironmental changes in the northern Carpathians foreland: The Żarska Cave (southern Poland) case study by Jarosław Wilczyński, Maciej T Krajcarz, Magdalena Moskal-del Hoyo, Witold Paweł Alexandrowicz, Barbara Miękina, Andrea Pereswiet-Soltan, Krzysztof Wertz, Grzegorz Lipecki, Adrian Marciszak, Lembi Lõugas, Michał Gradziński, Anita Szczepanek, Albert Zastawny and Michał Wojenka in The Holocene

Supplemental material, Zarska_Table_8_Appendix_-_carniv_REVISION for Late Glacial and Holocene paleoecology and paleoenvironmental changes in the northern Carpathians foreland: The Żarska Cave (southern Poland) case study by Jarosław Wilczyński, Maciej T Krajcarz, Magdalena Moskal-del Hoyo, Witold Paweł Alexandrowicz, Barbara Miękina, Andrea Pereswiet-Soltan, Krzysztof Wertz, Grzegorz Lipecki, Adrian Marciszak, Lembi Lõugas, Michał Gradziński, Anita Szczepanek, Albert Zastawny and Michał Wojenka in The Holocene

Supplemental material, Zarska_Table_1_Appendix_-_antraco_REVISION for Late Glacial and Holocene paleoecology and paleoenvironmental changes in the northern Carpathians foreland: The Żarska Cave (southern Poland) case study by Jarosław Wilczyński, Maciej T Krajcarz, Magdalena Moskal-del Hoyo, Witold Paweł Alexandrowicz, Barbara Miękina, Andrea Pereswiet-Soltan, Krzysztof Wertz, Grzegorz Lipecki, Adrian Marciszak, Lembi Lõugas, Michał Gradziński, Anita Szczepanek, Albert Zastawny and Michał Wojenka in The Holocene

Supplemental material, Zarska_Table_6_Appendix_-_bats_REVISION for Late Glacial and Holocene paleoecology and paleoenvironmental changes in the northern Carpathians foreland: The Żarska Cave (southern Poland) case study by Jarosław Wilczyński, Maciej T Krajcarz, Magdalena Moskal-del Hoyo, Witold Paweł Alexandrowicz, Barbara Miękina, Andrea Pereswiet-Soltan, Krzysztof Wertz, Grzegorz Lipecki, Adrian Marciszak, Lembi Lõugas, Michał Gradziński, Anita Szczepanek, Albert Zastawny and Michał Wojenka in The Holocene

Supplemental material, Zarska_Table_5_Appendix_-_rodents_REVISION for Late Glacial and Holocene paleoecology and paleoenvironmental changes in the northern Carpathians foreland: The Żarska Cave (southern Poland) case study by Jarosław Wilczyński, Maciej T Krajcarz, Magdalena Moskal-del Hoyo, Witold Paweł Alexandrowicz, Barbara Miękina, Andrea Pereswiet-Soltan, Krzysztof Wertz, Grzegorz Lipecki, Adrian Marciszak, Lembi Lõugas, Michał Gradziński, Anita Szczepanek, Albert Zastawny and Michał Wojenka in The Holocene

Supplemental material, Zarska_Table_2_Appendix_-_malaco_-_added_REVISION for Late Glacial and Holocene paleoecology and paleoenvironmental changes in the northern Carpathians foreland: The Żarska Cave (southern Poland) case study by Jarosław Wilczyński, Maciej T Krajcarz, Magdalena Moskal-del Hoyo, Witold Paweł Alexandrowicz, Barbara Miękina, Andrea Pereswiet-Soltan, Krzysztof Wertz, Grzegorz Lipecki, Adrian Marciszak, Lembi Lõugas, Michał Gradziński, Anita Szczepanek, Albert Zastawny and Michał Wojenka in The Holocene

[EN] The current phylogeographic pattern of European brown bears (Ursus arctos) has commonly been explained by postglacial recolonization out of geographically distinct refugia in southern Europe, a pattern well in accordance with the expansion/contraction model. Studies of ancient DNA from brown bear remains have questioned this pattern, but have failed to explain the glacial distribution of mitochondrial brown bear clades and their subsequent expansion across the European continent. We here present 136 new mitochondrial sequences generated from 346 remains from Europe, ranging in age between the Late Pleistocene and historical times. The genetic data show a high Late Pleistocene diversity across the continent and challenge the strict confinement of bears to traditional southern refugia during the last glacial maximum (LGM). The mitochondrial data further suggest a genetic turnover just before this time, as well as a steep demographic decline starting in the mid‐Holocene. Levels of stable nitrogen isotopes from the remains confirm a previously proposed shift toward increasing herbivory around the LGM in Europe. Overall, these results suggest that in addition to climate, anthropogenic impact and inter‐specific competition may have had more important effects on the brown bear's ecology, demography, and genetic structure than previously thought, We are very thankful to all institutions and individuals that provided samples for this study: the Natural History Museums of Mainz (Germany), Rotterdam (The Netherlands), Brussels (Belgium), Barcelona (Spain), Verona (Italy), Vienna (Austria), Sofia (Bulgaria), Budapest (Hungary), Zagreb (Croatia), the Emil Racoviță Institute of Speleology (Romania), the Aranzadi Society of Sciences (Basque Country, Spain), the Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals PAS (Poland), and the Zoological Institute of Saint‐Petersburg (Russia). For providing samples from within Sweden, we wish to acknowledge Friedrike Johansson at the Natural History Museum in Gothenburg, Linda Wickström at SGU in Uppsala, Maria Mostadius at the Zoological Museum in Lund, and finally Gunilla Eriksson and Markus Fjellström at the Department of Archaeology, Stockholm University. For access to samples from the North Sea, we are in gratitude to Charles Schouwenburg and Albert Hoekman/NorthSeaFossils. For valuable assistance in the DNA Lab at the Swedish Museum of Natural History, we would like to thank Martin Irestedt, Bodil Cronholm, and Rodrigo Esparza‐Salas. Dr. Rebecka Miller sadly passed away during work on this manuscript. Her contribution was very much appreciated and her work at Trou Al'Wesse was funded by the Region Wallonne. Financial support for this study was obtained from the Swedish Research Council (VR), Tullbergs stiftelse, and FORMAS through the FP6 BiodivERsA ERA‐NET program. The samples from Polish sites were partially financed by the National Science Centre, grant nr 2015/17/D/ST10/01907, “The history of the brown bear (Ursus arctos Linnaeus, 1758) evolution in Central Europe as a key to modern species conservation,” awarded to Adrian Marciszak

The Pleistocene history of the leopard (Panthera pardus) in Europe has been documented by the material obtained from 312 localities, with the last dated ∼1.1 Myr. The relatively small and gracile form of the leopard was very rare during the late Early and Middle Pleistocene. Only after the disappearance of the jaguar (Panthera gombaszoegensis) did P. pardus spread widely in Europe, increasing in size and ecologically substituting P. gombaszoegensis. The number of late Middle Pleistocene localities with leopard remains, younger than 300 kyr, increased considerably. The leopard reached the maximum extension of its geographical range in the Late Pleistocene. The Iberian Peninsula was the last European refuge for this cat. Six sites, the Naciekowa, Obok Wschodniej, Radochowska, and Wschodnia Caves from the Sudety Mountains and the Biśnik and Dziadowa Skała Caves from the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland, have documented the presence of the leopard in Poland between MIS 10/9 and MIS 3. These records are from rocky regions with rugged terrain and are located in the territory of Silesia (southern Poland). A newly obtained radiocarbon date (43–42 kyr) from the Radochowska Cave directly confirms the occurrence of P. pardus in the Sudety Mountains in the middle part of MIS 3.

The steppe brown bear U. a. “priscus” is constant but not a common member of the Late Pleistocene paleocommunities. It is not distinct arctoid species, but a large brown bear ecomorph which lived in open environments. Instead to speleoid bears, which disappeared ca. 26-24 ka BP, arctoid bears, thanks to their ecological plasticity, were present in most of the European areas even during the cold phases. The size and diet of these bears were modified under the climate conditions and food availability. U. a. “priscus” cannot be distinguished genetically, but it differs metrically and morphologically. It was a big sized form with enlarged and broad cheek teeth. Late Pleistocene brown bears, especially those lived before the LGM were more carnivorous than the Holocene and recent brown bear. The steppe brown bear survived till the beginning of the Holocene, where the last relict populations lived around the Baltic and the North Sea decreasing in size and merging genetically with widely distributed Eurasian populations of U. a. arctos.