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Purpose: To investigate temporomandibular dysfunction symptoms, presence of deleterious oral habits and stress in college students of Speech-Language and Hearing Sciences, Physiotherapy and Biomedicine undergraduate courses from the first and last years of a University Center; compare the results of the first period and the final period of each course; and verify the correlation between deleterious oral habits, age, sex, temporomandibular dysfunction symptoms and stress symptoms. Methods: Questionnaires were administered to a sample composed by 83 undergraduate students. We used Fonseca’s Anamnestic Index to evaluate temporomandibular dysfunction symptoms; a list with deleterious oral habits; and, to evaluate the stress, Lipp’s Inventory of Symptoms of Stress for Adults. Data were analyzed with significance level of 5%. Results: There was a high prevalence of symptoms of temporomandibular dysfunction in the sample, most of which were mild. There was association with statistical significance between having symptoms of temporomandibular dysfunction and the final year of the courses, supporting object under the chin, lip biting and stress. There was association between the degree of temporomandibular dysfunction and the final year of the courses, the habits of clenching or grinding of the teeth, leaning of the head on the arm, cheek biting and the number of habits performed. The stress diagnosis was correlated with the undergraduate course year. Conclusion: Data suggest a positive correlation between the presence of symptoms of temporomandibular dysfunction, deleterious oral habits and stress in undergraduate students of the last years of health care courses

Background: Class II division 1 malocclusion characterized by mandibular retrognation, deep bite and increasement of overjet. Myofunctional appliance could modify the growth and developmental of mandibular at appropriate phase. The purpose of this case report was to present successful management of Class II division 1 by using bionator and removable appliance. Case Management: A 9 years old girl with upper teeth protrusion, crowding and affected the esthetical perception. The diagnosis was Class II division 1 with mandibular retrognation and upper incisor protrusion, upper and lower anterior crowding and palatal bite. Patient also had lip biting and thumb sucking habit. Bionator leads the mandibular moved forward and arch widening. Treatment planning were to reduce overjet by prognating mandibular and bad habit elimination. Followed by retracting the upper teeth and deep bite correction by using removable appliance. Conclusion: Patient profile became corrected in 10 weeks. Overjet reduced in by prognating the mandible, decreasing of palatal bite, molar relation become Class I and bad habit elimination. In 10 months, overjet and overbite were corrected.

Pediatric body-focused repetitive behaviors (BFRBs) demonstrate significant prevalence and impairment, yet their etiology is poorly understood. Addressing this limitation, the current study sought to explore the relationship between pediatric BFRBs (i.e. skin picking, hair pulling, nail biting, lip biting) and anxiogenic parenting (i.e. conflict, over involvement, accommodation, modeling, emotional warmth) – one potential factor in this pathology given established links between BFRBs and anxiety. Five hundred and thirty parents/caregivers of children ages 7–17 (268 exhibiting one or more BFRBs; 262 exhibiting no BFRBs) completed an online survey including an anxiogenic parenting self-report (i.e., The Parenting Anxious Kids Ratings Scale – Parent Report [PAKRS-PR]) and several questions assessing child BFRB presence and severity. Regression analyses indicated that although child anxiety significantly predicted collective BFRB presence and number of BFRBs in which a child engaged, anxiogenic parenting was not a significant predictor in these models. Conversely, results demonstrated that for every one unit increase in PAKRS-PR total score, children were 1.49 times more likely to engage in skin picking (controlling for anxiety). Further exploratory analyses revealed that specific anxiogenic parenting behaviors (i.e., accommodation, emotional warmth) significantly predicted BFRB severity. Implications for these findings, limitations and future areas of research are discussed.

The surgical and prosthodontic treatment for a 22-year-old man with ectodermal dysplasia is described and illustrated. He had never managed to wear complete dentures, and implant-retained or implant-supported prostheses were indicated. However, the placement of conventional maxillary endosseous implants was contraindicated. A novel surgical template with double sleeves was used to guide osteotomies for 4 zygomatic implants used with an unloaded, one-stage approach. After confirming osseointegration, prosthetic rehabilitation began with an interim implant-supported fixed prosthesis to evaluate esthetics, phonetics, and hygiene maintenance. Clinical challenges included lip biting and speech articulation.

A 2‐year‐old girl developed three mucoceles on lower lip, probably due to her habit of rolling lower lip behind the maxillary anterior teeth. The spacing in the dentition and mechanical irritation from habitual lip biting may have caused the mucoceles. At 3 years after excision surgery, the patient remained recurrence‐free.

Orthodontists play an important role in the management of deleterious oral habits. Lip biting has a multitude of adverse effects on the stomatognathic system. A new appliance has been suggested to manage this habit. It is efficient and has got high patient acceptability.

Purpose: Self-induced soft-tissue injuries (SSI) are reported as local anesthesia complications, particularly in children. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the frequency of SSI following dental anesthesia in children with and without intellectual disability. Methods: 241 children receiving dental treatments with local anesthesia were divided into 2 groups: A, children without intellectual disability (159 individuals, 299 injections); B, children with intellectual disability (82 individuals, 165 injections). Each group was divided into subgroups according to age, injection technique and dental treatment. Two days after the dental procedure, a phone survey was conducted to determine the presence of SSI. Results: The frequency of SSI in group B was 19%, with no differences in relation to gender and age. In group A the frequency of SSI was significantly lower (9%; p = 0.002; Chi-square test); the children in the ≤ 6years-old subgroup experienced a higher frequency of SSI (p = 0.002). The lower arch was at major risk of SSI in both groups (p = 0.002). According to a multilevel approach group (p = 0.001) and injection technique (p = 0.0001) significantly influenced SSI; no influence of dental treatment is evidenced. Conclusions: SSI are common complications of local anesthesia in young children and individuals with intellectual disability.

Aim: This study was designed to assessthe prevalence of various oral habits among 3-6 years old school childrenin Chandigarh Method: Fifteen different public schools were randomly selected among 45 public schools in Chandigarh area from where 938 children (3-6 yr) were randomly selected (511 boys and 427 girls) with the objectives of recording the prevalence of oral habits. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS 10.0 software and the statistical significance of oral habits as related to age groups and sex were calculated by using ANOVA test. Results: The overall prevalence of oral habits in children was 11.7%. Nail biting was the commonest habit (5.5%) followed by thumb sucking (4.05%), tongue thrusting (1.8%), mouth breathing(0.3%) and lip biting(0%). Also, there were no significant differences between boys and girls with respect to prevalence of oral habits. However, a significant difference was observed between different age groups with respect to the prevalence of oral habits. Conclusions: The data revealed that a significant percentage of the children had deleterious oral habits which can contribute towards the development of malocclusion. This helps in identifying children who are in need to intercept the oral habits at earliest to avoid future occurrence of malocclusion.

Introduction: Tooth eruption is a physiological phenomenon that usually causes local changes. Objectives: The aim of this paper is to report unusual functional crossbite and lip biting caused by eruption of the first permanent molar. Case report: A 5-year-old girl sought dental treatment with the chief complaint of pain in the posterior region. At the clinical examination, swelling, accumulation of biofilm, local ulceration and severe traumatic tissue inflammation due to eruption of the first permanent lower left molar were observed. Furthermore, functional unilateral crossbite and lip biting were observed. Results: Local hygiene associated with chlorhexidine 0.12% and topical analgesic/anti-inflammatory ointment were prescribed for 10 and 7 days, respectively. At 1-month follow up, resolution of local inflammation was observed as well as spontaneous correction of the crossbite and lip biting. Conclusion: Because functional deviations can be caused by tooth eruption, it is important to diagnose and treat this condition to avoid these problems.

Chronic irritation to the mucosa manifests as reactive lesions or mucocele in pediatric population. Reactive lesions may range from developmental, inflammatory to neoplastic. Adverse oral habits such as lip biting and cheek biting also contribute to these types of oral lesions. We present a case of a 9-year-old pediatric patient who reported with the complaint of swelling in the right side of the lower lip and history of chronic lip biting. After intraoral examination, clinical diagnosis of mucocele was made. Following excision, the histopathological features were suggestive of fibroepithelial polyp. To avoid misdiagnosis, proper history, clinical and histopathological correlation is advisable to evade misdiagnosis and disparity between clinical and histopathological diagnosis.

Background The occurrence of self-inflicted soft tissue injuries following administration of local anesthesia in pediatric patients who have received dental treatment has been reported. Aim: To evaluate the attitudes and knowledge regarding cheek, lip, and tongue bite post administration of local anesthesia among dental practitioners in Saudi Arabia. Additionally, the efficacies of three types of intraoral appliances on the prevention of self-harm were evaluated in pediatric patients. Material and methods A total of 301 practitioners were provided with a questionnaire consisting of 9 items. In addition, three types of intraoral appliances made of polyethylene terephthalate were designed as follows: design 1 (consisted of an anterior extension with numerous perforations); design 2 (had a buccal flap extension); and design 3 (comprised of serrated borders). The appliances were placed in the oral cavities of 45 children (age, 3-15 years) immediately after the completion of the dental procedure. The patient was asked to retain the appliance for 3 h. After 24 h, both parents and children were required to respond to a checklist to evaluate the effectiveness the appliances. Results Almost half of the dental practitioners had never encountered self-inflicted soft tissue injury in children after local anesthesia administration. About 60% of the dentists were of the opinion that provision of adequate instructions after treatment could prevent the occurrence of lip, cheek, and tongue biting. Furthermore, among the three appliances used, design 1 was most well accepted. Conclusions Intraoral appliances used in this study may be considered for use to prevent self-inflicted soft tissue trauma in children following administration of local anesthesia. Key words:Cheek biting, lip biting, intraoral appliance, local anesthesia.

Mucocele is the most common lesion of the oral mucosa, which results from the accumulation of mucous secretion due to trauma and lip biting habits or alteration of minor salivary glands. Mostly, there are two types based on histological features as follows: extravasation and retention. Diagnosis is mostly based on clinical findings. The most common location of the extravasation mucocele is the lower lip. Mucoceles most probably affect young patients, but can affect all the age groups. The treatment of choice is surgical excision of the mucocele.

뇌병변장애는 뇌성마비, 외상성 뇌손상, 뇌졸중 등 뇌의 기질적 병변으로 주된 마비 정도 및 범위, 불수의 운동의 유 무 등에 따른 신체적 장애로 보행 또는 일상생활의 동작 등 에 상당한 제한을 받는 경우에 판정한다. 장애인 복지법 제 2조 및 같은 법 시행규칙 제 2조 제 2항의 규정에 의하여 2009년 12월 17일 보건복지부 고시 제2009-227호는“장 애등급판정기준”(보건복지부 고시 제 2003-37호, 2003. 6. 28)을 Table 1과 같이 고시하고 있다. 자해 행위란 (self-injurious behavior, SIB) 자살 의도 는 없이 자신의 신체 일부를 무의식적 또는 고의적으로 손 상시키는 것으로, 종종 반복적으로 일시적이거나 만성적인 행동으로 나타난다. 자해 행위는 머리 및 몸 때리기, 피부 절단 혹은 손가락 깨물기 등 눈, 성기 및 구강을 포함하는

Behavioural coping strategies represent a key means by which people regulate their stress levels. Attention has recently focused on the potential role in coping of 'displacement behaviour' - activities such as scratching, lip biting and face touching. Increased levels of displacement behaviour are associated with feelings of anxiety and stress; however, the extent to which displacement behaviour, as a short-term behavioural response to emotionally challenging stimuli, influences the subsequent experience of stress remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential role of displacement behaviour in coping with stress. In a study population of 42 healthy adult men (mean age = 28.09 years, SD = 7.98), we quantified displacement behaviour during a Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), and used self-report questionnaires to assess trait and state anxiety before the TSST, and the experience of stress afterwards. We predicted displacement behaviour would diminish the negative impact of the stressful situation, and hence be associated with lower post-TSST stress levels. Furthermore, we predicted displacement behaviour would mediate the link between state and trait anxiety on the one hand and the experience of stress on the other. Results showed the rate of displacement behaviour was positively correlated with state anxiety but unrelated to trait anxiety, and negatively correlated with the self-reported experience of stress, in agreement with the idea that displacement behaviour has a crucial impact on regulation of stress. Moreover, serial mediation analyses using a bias-corrected bootstrapping approach indicated displacement behaviour mediated the relationship between state anxiety and the experience of stress, and that state anxiety and displacement behaviour - in combination, respectively - mediated the link between trait anxiety and experience of stress. These results shed important new light on the function of displacement behaviour, and highlight promising new avenues for research into emotional expression and stress regulation.

Self-injurious behavior (SIB) has been defined as the deliberate destruction or alteration of body tissue without conscious suicidal intent. It occurs in conjunction with a variety of psychiatric disorders as well as various developmental disabilities and some syndromes. The behavior is destructive and causes concern and distress to all involved in the care and treatment of the affected individual. A 13-year-old girl with autism, mental retardation and delayed development was reffered from her pediatrician because of severe and painful lower lip biting. An intraoral examination revealed a diffuse swelling of lower lip. It was covered with necrotic slough and the ulcer and scarring of the lower lip was observed. We chose to use an oral removable prosthesis for Conservative treatment. It was decided to use a soft silicone mouthguard in the maxillary arch. Initially, she could not tolerate the appliance inside her mouth but soon adapted with the appliance. After one month, she lost the mouth guard and started lip biting. So we made mouth guard again. There are no standard methods for preventing self-injurious behavior in a patient who is developmentally disabled. Appropriate preventive methods must be developed for each individual patient based on close observation and clinical findings. Behavior modification techniques, pharmacological treatment, extraction of teeth, orthognathic surgery and intra/extra oral appliances can be performed for adjust self-injurious behavior. A suitable oral guard could be tried initially before employing more invasive approaches.

The effects of chronic local irritation have been seen commonly in the form of fibroma or mucocele in children. We report a nine year old girl with the chief complaint of multiple swellings in the lower lip which was diagnosed both clinically and histologically as fibroma and mucocele. Surgical excision was done under local anesthesia with no post-operative complications. To our knowledge there was no other occurrence, either at the same site or at different locations, involving these two lesions in the oral mucosa.

Underneath the ignorance of adverse oral habits and general health practices in children proved to fetch harm, lies the basis and the motive in carrying out this study. This survey screened a total of 2636 children between the age group 4 and 15 years, residing in areas in South Kanara district and the prevalence of the adverse habits were assessed using a questionnaire and clinical examination. 526 students (19.95%) were found to be victims of adverse oral habits with nail biting being the most prevalent habit and bruxism, the least. Though the overall percentage of knowledge on basic body cleanliness was good, a small fraction weren’t aware, thus posing the necessity of educating children right from home and school and thus ensuring that the health of ones child is safe and secure.

Aim Oral mucocele (OM) is a common benign lesion in the oral cavity. We aimed to present an unusual clinical feature of OM. Materials and methods We report an 8-year-old girl presented with symmetrical bilateral masses on her lower lip with a known history of lip biting during school hours. After surgical removal of the lesions, histopathologic evaluation showed dilatation of minor salivary gland ducts because of mucus retention, and diagnosis of mucocele was established. Results According to our data, presence of bilateral mucocele was reported once before, which was an asymmetrical occurrence of lower lip mucocele causing malocclusion in a 3-year-old child. Conclusion Although rare, oral mucocele may present as bilateral symmetrical lesions. How to cite this article Mortazavi H, Khalighi HR, Baharvand M, Eshghpour M. Bilateral Symmetrical Mucocele of the Lower Lip: Report of a Rare Clinical Presentation. Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2014;3(2):92-94.

Background: Lidocaine is the gold standard anaesthetic solution that has been used since its inception into dentistry till date. Around 80% of failures have been reported when lignocaine has been used for inferior alveolar nerve block in children and adults with irreversible pulpitis. There is a need to use newer drugs which are available which have been reported to be effective like lignocaine, such as articaine. Although articaine has been used in adults, literature supporting its use in children is sparse. Aim: The purpose of this study is to compare the anaesthetic efficacy of 4% articaine buccal infiltration and 2% lignocaine inferior alveolar nerve block in children with irreversible pulpitis. It also aims to assess the need for supplemental intrapulpal injections. Materials and Methods: This study was designed as a randomized double-blind cross over trial comparing the anaesthetic effectiveness of 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine in buccal infiltration and 2% lignocaine IAN block anaesthesia. The study subject and the pediatric dentist performing the pulpectomy procedures were blinded to the study. A sample size of 40 subjects in the age group of 5-8 y was included in the study. Results: The onset of anaesthesia with 4% articaine was faster as compared to 2% lignocaine. The duration of anaesthesia with articaine infiltration was shorter. The need for supplemental injection in the articaine group was less. Conclusion: Four percent articaine infiltration can be used in children with irreversible pulpitis. It can be used to replace the IAN block in children thereby reducing the post anaesthetic complications like lip biting.

This paper describes the management of a 24-month-old boy who presented with self-inflicted trauma to his lower lip and tongue, and teeth grinding, 21 days after developing meningococcal septicaemia. A decision to observe and prescribe palliative therapy was made. Extraction of the lower right deciduous canine, which had become non-vital, possibly due to bruxism, was carried out.

Mucocele is a benign lesion characterized by an extravasation or retention of mucous in submucosal tissue from minor salivary glands. Mucoceles are known to occur most commonly on the lower lip, followed by the floor of mouth and buccal mucosa being the next most frequent sites. Trauma and lip biting habits are the main cause for these types of lesions. Mucocele is a common oral mucosal lesion but it is rarely observed in the infant. This paper highlights the successful management of a rare case of mucocele in an 11-month-old child. Diagnosis and management of mucocele are challenging. For this reason we felt it would be interesting to review the clinical characteristics, histological features, differential diagnosis, and their treatment and evolution in order to aid decision-making in daily clinical practice.

Achondroplasia is a disorder of growth-plate chondrocytes, with short, thick limbs and craniofacial malformation due to lack of development of the nasomaxillary complex. Two cases of achondroplasia with apertognathia, maxillary protrusion, and different malocculusions were reported, and the morphological characteristics of the craniofacial skeleton in each case were discussed. One patient was a 12-year 10-month-old male with anterior open-bite and crowding. The other patient was a 10-year 0-month-old female who complained of remarkable lahial tipping of her maxillary incisors. She had habits of lip biting and tongue thrusting. Both patients had the following common characteristics of craniofacial skeleton and teeth: 1. The anterior cranial base was very large, and the occipital base was small.2. Both showed skeletal Class III abnormalities due to maxillary retrusion.3. No unusual abnormality was recognized in the form, number or eruption time of permanent teeth.4. The maxillary incisors showed marked labial tipping.However, their malocculusions were different due to the differences in stage of skeletal maturity, degree of maxillary retrusion, oral habits, and function of the muscles surrounding the oral cavity.

Tempero Mandibular Disorders (TMD) has multifactorial aetiologies with various initiating factors (trauma, parafunctional habits), predisposing factors (systematic, genetic, structural, psychological) and perpetuating factors (metabolic factors, muscle stress). Occurrence of sign and symptoms of TMD disorders in all age groups with low prevalence among adolescents. The range of symptoms occurring in adolescents are considered to be mild in nature. Non nutritional oral habits like lip biting, nail biting being associated with TMD among adolescents. Hence it is necessary to make the adolescents aware about the harmful oral habits that could lead to TMD.

F b ucoceles are common lesions of the oral cavity. hey are frequently seen in children and affect the ower lip in 60% of the reported cases. Mucocele ften occurs following trauma, such as lip biting, to minor salivary gland. Traditional management of his lesion is excision with the associated overlying ucosa. We are presenting an alternative surgical pproach with mucosal sparing using a carbon dixide (CO2) laser.

Niña de 6 años de edad, acude a la consulta odontológica 24 horas después de una atención previa, mostrando una lesión en el labio inferior, blanco-amarillenta, con áreas de ulceración cubiertas por fibrina (A). La paciente relata prurito y sensación urente con hiperestesia en el área. No hay compromiso del estado general. Descartada una reacción alérgica y angioedema, el diagnóstico fue una úlcera traumática, como resultado de una mordida posterior a la anestesia del nervio alveolar inferior. El tratamiento consistió en ibuprofeno (suspensión oral, 200 mg / 5 ml, en dosis de 10 mg / kg cada 8 horas por 5 días) y control clínico cada dos días (primer control, B). La resolución definitiva ocurrió 10 días después de la primera atención. Con el fin de prevenir lesiones de los tejidos blandos, el odontólogo debe indicar a los padres y cuidadores la importancia del monitoreo del niño por varias horas, luego de la atención odontológica que implique procedimientos con anestesia local por bloqueo troncular (nervio alveolar inferior), recordando que es más seguro para el paciente comer luego de que el efecto del anestésico desaparece. A 6-year-old girl presented to the dental clinic 24 hours after a previous dental visit, exhibiting a white-yellowish lesion on the lower lip with areas of ulceration covered by fibrin (A). The patient reported itching and a burning sensation with hyperesthesia in the affected area. There were no systemic complications. Allergic reaction and angioedema were ruled out, and the diagnosis was a traumatic ulcer resulting from biting after inferior alveolar nerve anesthesia. The treatment consisted of ibuprofen (oral suspension, 200 mg/5 ml, at a dose of 10 mg/kg every 8 hours for 5 days) and clinical follow-up every two days (first follow-up, B). Complete resolution occurred 10 days after the initial visit. To prevent soft tissue injuries, the dentist should instruct parents and caregivers on the importance of monitoring the child for several hours after dental procedures involving local anesthesia by nerve block (inferior alveolar nerve), emphasizing that it is safer for the patient to eat after the anesthetic effect has subsided., Lip biting following dental local anesthesia, {"references":["CHI D, KANELLIS M, HIMADI E, ASSELIN ME. Lip Biting in a Pediatric Dental Patient After Dental Local Anesthesia: A Case Report. J Pediatr Nurs. 2008;23(6):490-3"]}

Self-injurious behavior (SIB) refers to deliberate, nonaccidental, repetitive infliction of self-harm without suicidal intent. Although SIB is present in approximately 4% of general psychiatric patients, it occurs in up to 60% of patients with Tourette syndrome (TS). A variety of minor and major forms of SIB have been reported, including compulsive skin picking, lip biting, filing the teeth, head banging, self hitting, eye damage from self poking, self cutting, and even castration.

In some individuals habitual cheek and lip biting becomes a fixed neurosis. Pieces of oral mucosa are actually torn free from the surface, producing a distinctive clinical appearance termed morsicatio buccarum et labiorum. Sometimes it may be confused with other dermatological disorders involving the oral mucosa, and can lead to misdiagnosis. Most patients with this condition are unaware of their habit and will not aid in the diagnosis. We suggest that the histopathological features of this condition are distinctive, if not pathognomonic, and that an accurate diagnosis should be rendered if a biopsy sample is taken. Two cases are reported herein that were originally misdiagnosed as pemphigus, one of which resulted in complications of improper oral corticosteroid use.

An intraoral prosthesis was fabricated to restore more normal contour to a patient's lower lip that was compromised following a marginal mandibulectomy performed to eradicate a malignant neoplasm. The surgical resection compromised the lower lip on the affected side because the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve was damaged during the surgical resection. The prosthesis successfully restored the lost lip support, reduced the incidence of lip biting, and improved the patient's oral competency. This clinical report describes the procedure for making an intraoral lip plumper prosthesis to improve patient esthetics and oral function.

Self injury has not been previously reported in an intensive care setting. Two cases are presented of ventilator dependent children with high spinal cord lesions who exhibited an unusual form of self mutilation, namely lip biting. The key to extinguishing this behaviour was to address the children's psychological needs.

Profound neuro-disability due to severe brain damage affects approximately 1200 people per year in the UK. Approximately half of these patients exhibit exaggerated or abnormal oral reflexes. Biting, bruxism and ruminating movements may result in dental or soft tissue trauma, with severe lip or tongue lacerations. This paper describes 10 patients referred to the dental department at the Royal Hospital for Neuro-disability with lip bites and/or severe bruxism, during a 12-month period. Management options include: monitoring the lesion; smoothing teeth; providing a bite raising appliance; or extracting teeth. This paper discusses the difficulty in management of lip trauma in this group of patients and emphasizes the importance of an interdisciplinary approach.

Mucocele is commonly occurring lesion in the oral cavity, mostly involving minor salivary glands, resulting from rupture or obliteration of the ducts leading to their glandular contents (mucinous) being released subepithelially. Etiological factors include trauma, parafunctional habits, lip biting, etc.; and if left untreated may lead to permanent bump in the area of occurrence. Various treatment modalities have been advocated for mucocele among which lasers being the most recent and advanced. In the present case reports, diode laser was used for the excision of mucocele on the lower lip, the advantages being minimal discomfort, bleeding, recurrence, and better compliance among patients.

A total of 391 edentulous maxillae and mandibles was consecutively treated with routine fixed prostheses, supported by 2,199 implants. The patients were followed for 1 year; the overall success rate was 99.5% and 98.1% for the prostheses and implants, respectively. The number of severe complications was low, but it was possible to identify a significantly higher ratio of problems in the maxillae throughout the observation period than for the mandibles. While many problems occurred in both the maxillae and mandibles, there were also problems more typical for each jaw. Diction and fractures of resin teeth were more common problems in maxillae; cheek and lip biting was a more frequent postinsertion complication in the treatment of mandibles. Most problems were easily resolved, and the retrievability of the prostheses was of great advantage.

Coverant procedures, assessed in a multiple baseline design, were used to modify three high rate, target behavior problems (finger picking, lip biting, cigarette smoking) in a psychiatric patient. An additional target behavior (mood) remained untreated to serve as a control. Results indicated successful control and maintenance by coverant techniques; however, instructional or self-monitoring effects could not be discounted.