Search

La pandemia ha messo in luce la debolezza del sistema ambientale in cui oggi viviamo e dell’agricoltura fortemente specializzata e a bassa biodiversità. I paesaggi dell’agricoltura tradizionale che mantengono caratteri di storicità sono il risultato di lenti processi di adattamento delle tecniche alla natura, offrono un’elevata biodiversità e sono sorgente di resilienza delle comunità: possono pertanto offrire una risposta alla crisi climatica e pandemica che stiamo attraversando. Su questo tema alcuni esperti italiani di diversa formazione ed esperienza sono stati invitati ad esprimere la loro opinione allo scopo di offrire spunti per la nuova politica agricola. Ne sono emerse indicazioni per i paesaggi agricoli di pianura, di montagna e di città: attuare un’agroecologia di pianura, implementare la zootecnia in montagna, costruire una montagna competitiva con altri territori nella produzione e nel turismo ed accogliente per nuovi cittadini e turisti consapevoli, migliorare il riconoscimento e la retribuzione degli agricoltori come manutentori del paesaggio e fornitori di alimenti e di servizi sociali per la città. Infine gli autori hanno sintetizzato cinque suggerimenti per la futura PAC che offra una nuova visione del nostro vivere post pandemia, attraverso la valorizzazione dei paesaggi agrari portatori della storia e dell’identità italiana. The pandemic has highlighted the weakness of the environmental system and highly specialized agriculture with low biodiversity, where we live today. The traditional agricultural landscapes guardians of historic signs and practices are the result of slow processes of adapting techniques to nature, are a source of community resilience and high biodiversity: they can therefore offer a response to the climate and pandemic crisis we are experiencing. On this issue, some Italian experts with different backgrounds and experiences were invited to express their opinion in order to provide ideas for the new agricultural policy. Indications concern the agricultural landscapes of the plains, mountains and cities: implement agroecology in the plain, maintain animal husbandry, build a competitive production and tourism, welcome new citizens and aware tourists in the mountains, improve the recognition and remuneration of farmers as landscape maintainers and providers of food and social services for the cities. Finally, the authors summarized five suggestions for the future CAP that offer a new vision for our post-pandemic life, through the enhancement of agricultural landscapes that are bearers of Italian history and identity.

In the past decade, policy in favour of strengthening the role of urban agriculture implemented by Milanese institutions and the numerous initiatives that have been promoted has also brought benefits to the maintenance of agricultural heritage. Restoration and recovery actions that followed the agrarian contract renewal avoided collapse of tangible agricultural heritage; the confirmation of agricultural land in urban planning allowed farmers to maintain a good quality of open spaces for citizen and perpetuate the original link between agricultural buildings and their fields, namely, the historical landscape system. The municipal support for network creation among farmers reinforced their role in the society and encouraged their involvement in the transmission of traditional agricultural techniques. Citizens increased the sense of community through revival of agricultural celebrations and the involvement in horticultural activities. The effects of the policies towards agricultural heritage are analysed on a sample of historical farmsteads and agricultural fields owned by Milan municipality. We investigated the permanencies of tangible and intangible heritage, the readability of the historical landscape system and the heritage transmission, and the involvement of the population.

The phenomenon currently known as “urban agriculture,” inside or around a city, is studied especially for its current characteristics. The historical aspects are scarcely investigated. The history of cities is the subject of enormous scientific interest from many disciplines, and the historical existence of urban agriculture is well documented. However, aspects regarding agricultural local specificities have been overshadowed over the centuries (space characteristics, food production, built structures, productive and social organisation, techniques, cultures, and traditions).

Drawing upon research undertaken for the Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities by a team at the University of Milan, an emerging and converging conception of landscape which is shared by many nations in Europe is identified. It is characterized by the integration of culture, by a shift of emphasis from places of excellence to consideration of the whole territory, by the wish to conserve cultural identity and by a concern for the quality of life of whole populations. In addition to regarding the landscape as an artefact, it can also be regarded as a document, an archive or a palimpsest. Shortcomings in the way that landscapes are currently read are identified, and the range of criteria employed to assess the values of particular landscapes are considered. Finally, there is a plea for a serious exchange of information regarding methodology and operational expertise, in the light of the European Landscape Convention.

Dans les zones periurbaines, les paysages agricoles possedent des caracteristiques differentes, selon leur niveau d’imbrication avec les paysages urbains et leur structure de l’espace et de fonctionnement du systeme agricole. Afin de guider l’evolution visant a orienter le developpement dans une perspective d’integration spatiale et fonctionnelle, la gestion de ces espaces devient de plus en plus importante. En Europe, certaines experiences de gestion sont en train de se developper : parcs agricoles, projets agriurbains, districts agricoles, pactes agriurbains, pactes entre ville et campagne. Le succes de ces experiences, qui utilisent souvent une nouvelle signification de la « ruralite », est fonde sur une forte participation et cohesion entre les acteurs grâce a des pratiques de coconstruction de l’espace. Le propos de cet article est de presenter deux experiences de coconstruction des territoires agriurbains : le district agricole et culturel de Milan (Lombardie) et le pacte agriurbain de la vallee ombrienne (Ombrie), en analysant la construction du modele, les echelles d’intervention, les acteurs socio-economiques impliques et en considerant le role joue par les politiques mises en œuvre pour gerer ces espaces.

Les recherches sur l'histoire des jardins se sont développées depuis vingt-cinq ans dans différentes directions. L'entreprise de " catalogage " lancée par les pré-inventaires, bien qu'elle n'ait pas été menée jusqu'à son terme à l'échelle nationale, a permis la redécouverte d'un riche patrimoine et donné lieu à des instruments méthodologiques spécifiques, comme le vocabulaire typologique et technique publié par Marie-Hélène Benetière. Les apports de l'archéologie ont considérablement enrichi l'analyse de la " culture matérielle " des jardins et ont rendu possible une meilleure connaissance de l'insertion de ces " systèmes vivants " dans leur contexte hydrogéologique, mais aussi la mise en évidence de typologies importantes comme les " jardins d'eau " de la Renaissance (Françoise Boudon). Si la recherche sur la seconde moitié du XVIIe siècle a été stimulée par le quatrième centenaire de la mort d'André le Nôtre (2000), d'autres périodes demeurent peu étudiées (Moyen Âge, XIXe siècle, etc.). L'élargissement des problématiques encourage aujourd'hui une approche " holistique ", visant à une véritable histoire culturelle des jardins., Gli studi francesi di storia dei giardini si sono sviluppati negli ultimi 25 anni in varie direzioni. L'impresa di catalogazione avviata dai "pré-inventaires", pur non essendo mai stata portata a termine al livello nazionale, ha offerto la riscoperta di un denso patrimonio e dato luce a strumenti metodologici specifici, come il vocabolario tipoligoc e tecnico pubblicato da Marie-Hélène Bénetière nel 2000. Gli acquisti dell'archeologia hanno notevolmente arrichito l'analisi della "cultura materiale" dei giardini e hanno permesso una migliore conoscenza dell'inserimento di questi "sistemi viventi" nel loro contesto idro-geologico, ma anche l'individuazione di tipologie importanti quali i "giardini d'acqua" rinascimentali (Françoise Boudon). Se la ricerca sul secondo Seicento è stata stimolata dal quarto centenario della morte di André Le Nôtre (2000), altri periodi rimangono poco studiati (Medioevo, Ottocento...). L'ampliamento delle problematiche incoraggia oggi un approccio "olistico", mirato a una vera e propria storia culturale dei giardini.