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1. Long-Term Outcome and Use of 6-Minute Walk Test in West Highland White Terriers with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Author

HP Laurila, Anu K. Lappalainen, Lio Lilja-Maula, Cécile Clercx, Emilie Krafft, Minna M. Rajamäki, and Pernilla Syrjä

Subjects
Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Survival, Exercise test, Interstitial lung disease, Logistic regression, Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, Dogs, Usual interstitial pneumonia, Internal medicine, Dog, medicine, Animals, Dog Diseases, Survival analysis, General Veterinary, Proportional hazards model, business.industry, Hazard ratio, respiratory system, Prognosis, medicine.disease, Survival Analysis, Standard Articles, Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis, Confidence interval, respiratory tract diseases, 3. Good health, Surgery, Original Article, Female, business
Abstract

Background Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is an incurable interstitial lung disease occurring mainly in West Highland White Terriers (WHWTs). The effects of IPF on survival and on exercise tolerance in WHWTs are unknown. Objectives To evaluate survival, prognostic factors, and exercise tolerance in WHWTs with IPF. Animals Privately owned WHWTs; 15 with IPF and 11 healthy controls. Methods Prospective case-control study conducted in 2007–2012. For survival, descriptive statistics and Kaplan–Meier (KM) survival curves with Cox proportional hazard ratios were performed. For the prognostic factor study, KM curves, Cox regression analysis, and logistic regression models were used. The 6-minute walk test (6MWT) was used for measurement of exercise tolerance. Results The median IPF-specific survival of deceased WHWTs (7/15) with IPF was 32 (range 2–51) months from onset of clinical signs. The risk of death from birth in WHWTs with IPF in age-adjusted Cox model was significantly higher (hazard ratio 4.6; 95% confidence interval 1.05–19.74, P = .04) than in control WHWTs. No significant prognostic factors were identified. In 6MWT, WHWTs with IPF walked a shorter distance, median 398 m (range 273–519 m), than healthy controls, median 492 m (420–568 m), P = .05, and the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood in diseased dogs had a moderate positive correlation with walking distance (Kendall′s tau-b = 0.69, P = .06). Conclusion and Clinical Importance IPF had a negative impact on life expectancy, but individual survival varied considerably. 6MWT proved to be a well-tolerated, noninvasive test to evaluate exercise tolerance.

Published
2014
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2. Evaluation of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome breeding test results in Finland from 2017 to 2022.

Author

Lilja-Maula LIO, Mäki KH, Aromaa MK, and Rajamäki MM

Subjects
Animals, Dogs genetics, Dogs physiology, Finland, Female, Male, Airway Obstruction veterinary, Airway Obstruction genetics, Airway Obstruction physiopathology, Craniosynostoses veterinary, Craniosynostoses genetics, Craniosynostoses physiopathology, Dog Diseases genetics, Dog Diseases physiopathology, Breeding
Abstract

Background: Brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS), observed in many flat-faced dog breeds, is one of the most urgent welfare problems in pedigree dogs. Various breeding schemes against BOAS have been implemented in many countries during recent years, but their impact on breed health remains unknown. The BOAS breeding test, used by the Finnish Kennel Club (FKC), includes an exercise component with a recovery assessment, BOAS grading by a veterinarian that evaluates upper respiratory signs before and after exercise, and a nostril stenosis assessment. The aim of our study was to evaluate BOAS breeding test results and estimate the heritability of the BOAS grade using parent-offspring regression from FKC data collected during 2017-2022., Results: The majority (80%) of dogs (n = 957) participating in FKC BOAS testing were English Bulldogs, French Bulldogs, and Pugs. In 2022, 89-100% of the litters from these three breeds registered with the FKC had at least one parent tested for BOAS. The proportion of dogs failing the exercise test was highest in English Bulldogs (11%), followed by French Bulldogs (4%) and Pugs (3%). In these three breeds, moderate to severe BOAS signs were reported in 28%, 22% and 30% of dogs, respectively. The proportion of moderate to severe nostril stenosis was highest (71%) in Pugs, followed by French Bulldogs (55%), and English Bulldogs (40%). Estimates of heritability for BOAS grade were separately calculated for these three breeds and for all dogs, and the estimates were moderate to high, ranging from 0.39 to 0.58., Conclusions: The exercise test alone did not sufficiently identify dogs with moderate to severe BOAS signs. To better consider the complex nature of BOAS and breed differences, exercise tolerance, the severity of upper respiratory signs (BOAS grade) and nostril stenosis should all be assessed together in breeding animals. The heritability estimates for veterinary-assessed BOAS grade indicated that BOAS grade could be used in selective breeding to obtain less-affected offspring., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Published
2024
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