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Set-valued standard Young tableaux are a generalization of standard Young tableaux due to Buch (2002) with applications in algebraic geometry. The enumeration of set-valued SYT is significantly more complicated than in the ordinary case, although product formulas are known in certain special cases. In this work we study the case of two-rowed set-valued SYT with a fixed number of entries. These tableaux are a new combinatorial model for the Catalan, Narayana, and Kreweras numbers, and can be shown to be in correspondence with both 321-avoiding permutations and a certain class of bicolored Motzkin paths. We also introduce a generalization of the set-valued comajor index studied by Hopkins, Lazar, and Linusson (2023), and use this statistic to find seemingly new q-analogs of the Catalan and Narayana numbers., Comment: 19 pages. Full version of results announced in extended abstract for FPSAC 2024

We enumerate the numbers $Av_n^k(1324)$ of 1324-avoiding $n$-permutations with exactly $k$ inversions for all $k$ and $n \geq (k+7)/2$. The result depends on a structural characterization of such permutations in terms of a new notion of almost-decomposability. In particular, our enumeration verifies half of a conjecture of Claesson, Jel\'inek and Steingr\'imsson, according to which $Av_n^k(1324) \leq Av_{n+1}^k(1324)$ for all $n$ and $k$. Proving also the other half would improve the best known upper bound for the exponential growth rate of the number of $1324$-avoiders from $13.5$ to approximately $13.002$., Comment: 23 pages

The purpose of this paper is twofold. We investigate a simple necessary condition, called the rhombus criterion, for two vertices in a polytope not to form an edge and show that in many examples of $0/1$-polytopes it is also sufficient. We explain how also when this is not the case, the criterion can give a good algorithm for determining the edges of high-dimenional polytopes. In particular we study the Chordal graph polytope, which arises in the theory of causality and is an important example of a characteristic imset polytope. We prove that, asymptotically, for almost all pairs of vertices the rhombus criterion holds. We conjecture it to hold for all pairs of vertices.

The edges of the characteristic imset polytope, $\operatorname{CIM}_p$, were recently shown to have strong connections to causal discovery as many algorithms could be interpreted as greedy restricted edge-walks, even though only a strict subset of the edges are known. To better understand the general edge structure of the polytope we describe the edge structure of faces with a clear combinatorial interpretation: for any undirected graph $G$ we have the face $\operatorname{CIM}_G$, the convex hull of the characteristic imsets of DAGs with skeleton $G$. We give a full edge-description of $\operatorname{CIM}_G$ when $G$ is a tree, leading to interesting connections to other polytopes. In particular the well-studied stable set polytope can be recovered as a face of $\operatorname{CIM}_G$ when $G$ is a tree. Building on this connection we are also able to give a description of all edges of $\operatorname{CIM}_G$ when $G$ is a cycle, suggesting possible inroads for generalization. We then introduce an algorithm for learning directed trees from data, utilizing our newly discovered edges, that outperforms classical methods on simulated Gaussian data., Comment: 36 pages, 5 figures

State-of-the-art machine learning solutions mainly focus on creating highly accurate models without constraints on hardware resources. Stream mining algorithms are designed to run on resource-constrained devices, thus a focus on low power and energy and memory-efficient is essential. The Hoeffding tree algorithm is able to create energy-efficient models, but at the cost of less accurate trees in comparison to their ensembles counterpart. Ensembles of Hoeffding trees, on the other hand, create a highly accurate forest of trees but consume five times more energy on average. An extension that tried to obtain similar results to ensembles of Hoeffding trees was the Extremely Fast Decision Tree (EFDT). This paper presents the Green Accelerated Hoeffding Tree (GAHT) algorithm, an extension of the EFDT algorithm with a lower energy and memory footprint and the same (or higher for some datasets) accuracy levels. GAHT grows the tree setting individual splitting criteria for each node, based on the distribution of the number of instances over each particular leaf. The results show that GAHT is able to achieve the same competitive accuracy results compared to EFDT and ensembles of Hoeffding trees while reducing the energy consumption up to 70%., Comment: Presented as a poster in the TinyML 2021 Research Symposium

Barely set-valued tableaux are a variant of Young tableaux in which one box contains two numbers as its entry. It has recently been discovered that there are product formulas enumerating certain classes of barely set-valued tableaux. We give some $q$-analogs of these product formulas by introducing a version of major index for these tableaux. We also give product formulas and $q$-analogs for barely set-valued plane partitions. Many of the results are stated in the generality of $P$-partitions that then specialize to particularly nice formulas for rectangles and minuscule posets. The proofs use several probability distributions on the set of order ideals of a poset, depending on the real parameter $q>0$, which we think could be of independent interest., Comment: 34 pages, 6 tables, 3 figures; v2: Rewrote proof outline in Introduction, rewrote proof of Corollary 2.10, several other minor revisions at the recommendation of referees to improve exposition. To appear in European Journal of Combinatorics

Finding a directed acyclic graph (DAG) that best encodes the conditional independence statements observable from data is a central question within causality. Algorithms that greedily transform one candidate DAG into another given a fixed set of moves have been particularly successful, for example the GES, GIES, and MMHC algorithms. In 2010, Studen\'y, Hemmecke and Lindner introduced the characteristic imset polytope, $\operatorname{CIM}_p$, whose vertices correspond to Markov equivalence classes, as a way of transforming causal discovery into a linear optimization problem. We show that the moves of the aforementioned algorithms are included within classes of edges of $\operatorname{CIM}_p$ and that restrictions placed on the skeleton of the candidate DAGs correspond to faces of $\operatorname{CIM}_p$. Thus, we observe that GES, GIES, and MMHC all have geometric realizations as greedy edge-walks along $\operatorname{CIM}_p$. Furthermore, the identified edges of $\operatorname{CIM}_p$ strictly generalize the moves of these algorithms. Exploiting this generalization, we introduce a greedy simplex-type algorithm called \emph{greedy CIM}, and a hybrid variant, \emph{skeletal greedy CIM}, that outperforms current competitors among hybrid and constraint-based algorithms., Comment: 21 pages

We prove several new instances of the cyclic sieving phenomenon (CSP) on Catalan objects of type A and type B. Moreover, we refine many of the known instances of the CSP on Catalan objects. For example, we consider triangulations refined by the number of "ears", non-crossing matchings with a fixed number of short edges, and non-crossing configurations with a fixed number of loops and edges., Comment: Updated version, minor changes

We examine a few families of semistandard Young tableaux, for which we observe the cyclic sieving phenomenon under promotion. The first family we consider consists of stretched hook shapes, where we use the cocharge generating polynomial as CSP-polynomial. The second family we consider consists of skew shapes, consisting of rectangles. Again, the charge generating polynomial together with promotion exhibits the cyclic sieving phenomenon. This generalizes earlier result by B. Rhoades and later B. Fontaine and J. Kamnitzer. Finally, we consider certain skew ribbons, where promotion behaves in a predictable manner. This result is stated in form of a bicyclic sieving phenomenon. One of the tools we use is a novel method for computing charge of skew semistandard tableaux, in the case when every number in the tableau occur with the same frequency.

Let $W$ be a finite Weyl group and $\widetilde W$ the corresponding affine Weyl group. A random element of $\widetilde W$ can be obtained as a reduced random walk on the alcoves of $\widetilde W$. By a theorem of Lam (Ann. Prob. 2015), such a walk almost surely approaches one of $|W|$ many directions. We compute these directions when $W$ is $B_n$, $C_n$ and $D_n$ and the random walk is weighted by Kac and dual Kac labels. This settles Lam's questions for types $B$ and $C$ in the affirmative and for type $D$ in the negative. The main tool is a combinatorial two row model for a totally asymmetric simple exclusion process called the $D^*$-TASEP, with four parameters. By specializing the parameters in different ways, we obtain TASEPs for each of the Weyl groups mentioned above. Computing certain correlations in these TASEPs gives the desired limiting directions., Comment: 45 pages, 9 figures, minor improvements, final version

We give a $q$-enumeration of circular Dyck paths, which is a superset of the classical Dyck paths enumerated by the Catalan numbers. These objects have recently been studied by Alexandersson and Panova. Furthermore, we show that this $q$-analogue exhibits the cyclic sieving phenomenon under a natural action of the cyclic group. The enumeration and cyclic sieving is generalized to M\"obius paths. We also discuss properties of a generalization of cyclic sieving, which we call subset cyclic sieving. Finally, we also introduce the notion of Lyndon-like cyclic sieving that concerns special recursive properties of combinatorial objects exhibiting the cyclic sieving phenomenon., Comment: 29 pages

We consider a finite one-dimensional totally asymmetric simple exclusion process (TASEP) with four types of particles, $\{1,0,\bar{1},*\}$, in contact with reservoirs. Particles of species $0$ can neither enter nor exit the lattice, and those of species $*$ are constrained to lie at the first and last site. Particles of species $1$ enter from the left reservoir into either the first or second site, move rightwards, and leave from either the last or penultimate site. Conversely, particles of species $\bar{1}$ enter from the right reservoir into either the last or penultimate site, move leftwards, and leave from either the first or last site. This dynamics is motivated by a natural random walk on the Weyl group of type D. We compute the exact nonequilibrium steady state distribution using a matrix ansatz building on earlier work of Arita. We then give explicit formulas for the nonequilibrium partition function as well as densities and currents of all species in the steady state, and derive the phase diagram., Comment: 19 pages, 1 figure, final version

We study a generalisation of Simpson reversal (also known as Simpson's paradox or the Yule-Simpson effect) to $2 \times 2 \times 2$ contingency tables and characterise the cases for which it can and cannot occur with two combinatorial-geometric lemmas. We also present a conjecture based on some computational experiments on the expected likelihood of such events., Comment: 16 pages, 4 figures, 4 tables

Edelman and Greene constructed a correspondence between reduced words of the reverse permutation and standard Young tableaux. We prove that for any reduced word the shape of the region of the insertion tableau containing the smallest possible entries evolves exactly as the upper-left component of the permutation's (Rothe) diagram. Properties of the Edelman-Greene bijection restricted to 132-avoiding and 2143-avoiding permutations are presented. We also consider the Edelman-Greene bijection applied to non-reduced words., Comment: Revised version. 23 pages, 8 figures. Extended abstract appeared in the proceedings of FPSAC'18

We study shifted standard Young tableaux (SYT). The limiting surface of uniformly random shifted SYT of staircase shape is determined, with the integers in the SYT as heights. This implies via properties of the Edelman-Greene bijection results about random 132-avoiding sorting networks, including limit shapes for trajectories and intermediate permutations. Moreover, the expected number of adjacencies in SYT is considered. It is shown that on average each row and each column of a shifted SYT of staircase shape contains precisely one adjacency., Comment: 26 pages, 21 figures

Knutson introduced two families of reverse juggling Markov chains (single and multispecies) motivated by the study of random semi-infinite matrices over $\mathbb{F}_q$. We present natural generalizations of both chains by placing generic weights that still lead to simple combinatorial expressions for the stationary distribution. For permutations, this is a seemingly new multivariate generalization of the inversion polynomial., Comment: 17 pages, 1 figure, minor stylistic improvements

Building on previous work by four of us (ABCN), we consider further generalizations of Warrington's juggling Markov chains. We first introduce "multispecies" juggling, which consist in having balls of different weights: when a ball is thrown it can possibly bump into a lighter ball that is then sent to a higher position, where it can in turn bump an even lighter ball, etc. We both study the case where the number of balls of each species is conserved and the case where the juggler sends back a ball of the species of its choice. In this latter case, we actually discuss three models: add-drop, annihilation and overwriting. The first two are generalisations of models presented in (ABCN) while the third one is new and its Markov chain has the ultra fast convergence property. We finally consider the case of several jugglers exchanging balls. In all models, we give explicit product formulas for the stationary probability and closed form expressions for the normalisation factor if known., Comment: 25 pages, 9 figures (v3: final version, several typos and figures fixed)

In this paper, we study a distribution of labeled particles on a continuous ring. It arises in three different ways, all related to the multi-type TASEP on a ring. We prove formulas for the probability density function for some permutations and give conjectures for a larger class. We give a complete conjecture for the probability of two particles i, j being next to each other on the cycle, for which we prove some cases. We also find that two natural events associated to the process have exactly the same probability expressed as a Vandermonde determinant. It is unclear whether this is just a coincidence or a consequence of a deeper connection., Comment: Accepted for publication in Annales de l'Institut Henri Poincare D, Combinatorics, Physics and their Interactions

We study correlations in the multispecies TASEP on a ring. Results on correlation of two adjacent points prove two conjectures by Thomas Lam on (a) the limiting direction of a reduced random walk in $\tilde A_{n-1}$ and (b) the asymptotic shape of a random integer partition with no hooks of length $n$, a so called $n$-core. We further investigate two-point correlations far apart and three-point nearest neighbour correlations and prove explicit formulas in almost all cases. These results can be seen as a finite strengthening of correlations in the TASEP speed process by Amir, Angel and Valk\'o. We also give conjectures for certain higher order nearest neighbour correlations. We find an unexplained independence property (provably for two points, conjecturally for more points) between points that are closer in position than in value that deserves more study., Comment: 31 pages

We describe an electoral system for distributing seats in a parliament. It gives proportionality for the political parties and close to proportionality for constituencies. The system suggested here is a version of the system used in Sweden and other Nordic countries with permanent seats in each constituency and adjustment seats to give proportionality on the national level. In the national election of 2010 the current Swedish system failed to give proportionality between parties. We examine here one possible cure for this unwanted behavior. The main difference compared to the current Swedish system is that the number of adjustment seats is not fixed, but rather dynamically determined to be as low as possible and still insure proportionality between parties., Comment: 16 pages, to appear in Annals of Operation Research

We study the random graph $G(n,p)$ with a random orientation. For three fixed vertices $s,a,b$ in $G(n,p)$ we study the correlation of the events $a \to s$ and $s\to b$. We prove that asymptotically the correlation is negative for small $p$, $p<\frac{C_1}n$, where $C_1\approx0.3617$, positive for $\frac{C_1}n

We prove that in a random tournament the events $\{s\rightarrow a\}$ and $\{t\rightarrow b\}$ are positively correlated, for distinct vertices $a,s,b,t \in K_n.$ It is also proven that the correlation between the events $\{s\rightarrow a\}$ and $\{t\rightarrow b\}$ in the random graphs $G(n,p)$ and $G(n,m)$ with random orientation is positive for every fixed $p>0$ and sufficiently large $n$ (with $m=\left\lfloor p \binom{n}{2}\right\rfloor$). We conjecture it to be positive for all $p$ and all $n$. An exact recursion for $\P(\{s\rightarrow a\} \cap \{t\rightarrow b\})$ in $\gnp$ is given., Comment: 12 pages, 3 figures

We reinterpret and generalize conjectures of Lam and Williams as statements about the stationary distribution of a multispecies exclusion process on the ring. The central objects in our study are the multiline queues of Ferrari and Martin. We make some progress on some of the conjectures in different directions. First, we prove their conjectures in two special cases by generalizing the rates of the Ferrari-Martin transitions. Secondly, we define a new process on multiline queues, which have a certain minimality property. This gives another proof for one of the special cases; namely arbitrary jump rates for three species., Comment: 21 pages, 1 figure. major changes in exposition; definitions clarified and terminology made more self-contained

We use the theory of lexicographic shellability to provide various examples in which the rank of the homology of a Rees product of two partially ordered sets enumerates some set of combinatorial objects, perhaps according to some natural statistic on the set. Many of these examples generalize a result of J. Jonsson, which says that the rank of the unique nontrivial homology group of the Rees product of a truncated Boolean algebra of degree $n$ and a chain of length $n-1$ is the number of derangements in $\S_n$.\, Comment: 31 pages; 1 figure; part of this paper was originally part of the longer paper arXiv:0805.2416v1, which has been split into three papers

Hamilton's method (also called method of largest remainder) is a natural and common method to distribute seats proportionally between states (or parties) in a parliament. In USA it has been abandoned due to some drawbacks, in particular the possibility of the Alabama paradox, but it is still in use in many other countries. In this paper we give, under certain assumptions, a closed formula for the asymptotic probability, as the number of seats tends to infinity, that the Alabama paradox occurs given the vector p_1,...,p_m of relative sizes of the states. From the theorem we deduce a number of consequences. For example it is shown that the expected number of states that will suffer from the Alabama paradox is asymptotically bounded above by 1/e. For random (uniformly distributed) relative sizes p_1,...,p_m the expected number of states to suffer from the Alabama paradox converges to slightly more than a third of this, or approximately 0.335/e=0.123, as m tends to infinity. We leave open the generalization of our formula to all possible (in particular rational) p_1,...,p_m., Comment: 25 pages. Version 2: Minor changes; states now numbered in decreasing order. New examples in Section 7.2

Thomassen (1994) proved that every planar graph is 5-choosable. This result was generalised by {\v{S}}krekovski (1998) and He et al. (2008), who proved that every $K_5$-minor-free graph is 5-choosable. Both proofs rely on the characterisation of $K_5$-minor-free graphs due to Wagner (1937). This paper proves the same result without using Wagner's structure theorem or even planar embeddings. Given that there is no structure theorem for graphs with no $K_6$-minor, we argue that this proof suggests a possible approach for attacking the Hadwiger Conjecture.

We show that there are $n!$ matchings on $2n$ points without, so called, left (neighbor) nestings. We also define a set of naturally labeled $(2+2)$-free posets, and show that there are $n!$ such posets on $n$ elements. Our work was inspired by Bousquet-M\'elou, Claesson, Dukes and Kitaev [J. Combin. Theory Ser. A. 117 (2010) 884--909]. They gave bijections between four classes of combinatorial objects: matchings with no neighbor nestings (due to Stoimenow), unlabeled $(2+2)$-free posets, permutations avoiding a specific pattern, and so called ascent sequences. We believe that certain statistics on our matchings and posets could generalize the work of Bousquet-M\'elou et al.\ and we make a conjecture to that effect. We also identify natural subsets of matchings and posets that are equinumerous to the class of unlabeled $(2+2)$-free posets. We give bijections that show the equivalence of (neighbor) restrictions on nesting arcs with (neighbor) restrictions on crossing arcs. These bijections are thought to be of independent interest. One of the bijections maps via certain upper-triangular integer matrices that have recently been studied by Dukes and Parviainen [Electron. J. Combin. 17 (2010) \#R53]

We study random graphs, both $G(n,p)$ and $G(n,m)$, with random orientations on the edges. For three fixed distinct vertices s,a,b we study the correlation, in the combined probability space, of the events a -> s and s -> b. For G(n,p), we prove that there is a p_c=1/2 such that for a fixed pp_c the correlation is positive for large enough n. We conjecture that for a fixed n\ge 27 the correlation changes sign three times for three critical values of p. For G(n,m) it is similarly proved that, with $p=m/\binom{n}{2}$, there is a critical p_c that is the solution to a certain equation and approximately equal to 0.7993. A lemma, which computes the probability of non existence of any k directed edges in G(n,m), is thought to be of independent interest. We present exact recursions to compute P(a -> s)$ and P(a -> s, s -> b)$. We also briefly discuss the corresponding question in the quenched version of the problem., Comment: Author added, main proof greatly simplified and extended to cover also G(n,m). Discussion on quenched version added

Consider a randomly oriented graph $G=(V,E)$ and let $a$, $s$ and $b$ be three distinct vertices in $V$. We study the correlation between the events $\{a\to s\}$ and $\{s\to b\}$. We show that, when $G$ is the complete graph $K_n$, the correlation is negative for $n=3$, zero for $n=4$, and that, counter-intuitively, it is positive for $n\ge 5$. We also show that the correlation is always negative when $G$ is a cycle, $C_n$, and negative or zero when $G$ is a tree (or a forest)., Comment: 11 pages, improved exposition of Section 4

Given a graph $G$, we consider the model where $G$ is given a random orientation by giving each edge a random direction. It is proven that for $a,b,s\in V(G)$, the events $\{s\to a\}$ and $\{s\to b\}$ are positively correlated. This correlation persists, perhaps unexpectedly, also if we first condition on $\{s\nto t\}$ for any vertex $t\neq s$. With this conditioning it is also true that $\{s\to b\}$ and $\{a\to t\}$ are negatively correlated. A concept of increasing events in random orientations is defined and a general inequality corresponding to Harris inequality is given. The results are obtained by combining a very useful lemma by Colin McDiarmid which relates random orientations with edge percolation, with results by van den Berg, H\"aggstr\"om, Kahn on correlation inequalities for edge percolation. The results are true also for another model of randomly directed graphs., Comment: 7 pages. The main lemma was first published by Colin McDiarmid. Relevant reference added and text rewritten to reflect this fact

We study a problem on edge percolation on product graphs $G\times K_2$. Here $G$ is any finite graph and $K_2$ consists of two vertices $\{0,1\}$ connected by an edge. Every edge in $G\times K_2$ is present with probability $p$ independent of other edges. The Bunkbed conjecture states that for all $G$ and $p$ the probability that $(u,0)$ is in the same component as $(v,0)$ is greater than or equal to the probability that $(u,0)$ is in the same component as $(v,1)$ for every pair of vertices $u,v\in G$. We generalize this conjecture and formulate and prove similar statements for randomly directed graphs. The methods lead to a proof of the original conjecture for special classes of graphs $G$, in particular outerplanar graphs., Comment: 13 pages, improved exposition thanks to anonymous referee. To appear in CPC

We prove the conjecture of A. Postnikov that (A) the number of regions in the inversion hyperplane arrangement associated with a permutation $w\in \Sn$ is at most the number of elements below $w$ in the Bruhat order, and (B) that equality holds if and only if $w$ avoids the patterns 4231, 35142, 42513 and 351624. Furthermore, assertion (A) is extended to all finite reflection groups. A byproduct of this result and its proof is a set of inequalities relating Betti numbers of complexified inversion arrangements to Betti numbers of closed Schubert cells. Another consequence is a simple combinatorial interpretation of the chromatic polynomial of the inversion graph of a permutation which avoids the above patterns., Comment: 24 pages

The enumeration of independent sets of regular graphs is of interest in statistical mechanics, as it corresponds to the solution of hard-particle models. In 2004, it was conjectured by Fendleyet al. that for some rectangular grids, with toric boundary conditions, the alternating number of independent sets is extremely simple. More precisely, under a coprimality condition on the sides of the rectangle, the number of independent sets of even and odd cardinality always differ by 1. In physics terms, this means looking at the hard-particle model on these grids at activity -1. This conjecture was recently proved by Jonsson. Here we produce other families of grid graphs, with open or cylindric boundary conditions, for which similar properties hold without any size restriction: the number of independent sets of even and odd cardinality always differ by 0, 1,-1, or, in the cylindric case, by some power of 2. We show that these results reflect a stronger property of the independence complexes of our graphs. We determine the homotopy type of these complexes using Forman's discrete Morse theory. We find that these complexes are either contractible, or homotopic to a sphere, or, in the cylindric case, to a wedge of spheres. Finally, we use our enumerative results to determine the spectra of certain transfer matrices describing the hard-particle model on our graphs at activity -1. These results parallel certain conjectures of Fendley et al., proved by Jonsson in the toric case.