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1. A Predicted Dearth of Majority Hypervolatile Ices in Oort Cloud Comets

Author

Lisse, C. M., Gladstone, G. R., Young, L. A., Cruikshank, D. P., Sandford, S. A., Schmitt, B., Stern, S. A., Weaver, H. A., Umurhan, O., Pendleton, Y. J., Keane, J. T., Parker, J. M., Binzel, R. P., Earle, A. M., Horanyi, M., El-Maarry, M., Cheng, A. F., Moore, J. M., McKinnon, W. B., Grundy, W. M., Kavelaars, J. J., Linscott, I. R., Lyra, W., Lewis, B. L., Britt, D. T., Spencer, J. R., Olkin, C. B., McNutt, R. L., Elliott, H. A., Dello-Russo, N., Steckloff, J. K., Neveu, M., and Mousis, O.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

We present new, ice species-specific New Horizons/Alice upper gas coma production limits from the 01 Jan 2019 MU69/Arrokoth flyby of Gladstone et al. (2021) and use them to make predictions about the rarity of majority hypervolatile (CO, N$_2$, CH$_4$) ices in KBOs and Oort Cloud comets. These predictions have a number of important implications for the study of the Oort Cloud, including: determination of hypervolatile rich comets as the first objects emplaced into the Oort Cloud; measurement of CO/N$_2$/CH$_4$ abundance ratios in the proto-planetary disk from hypervolatile rich comets; and population statistical constraints on early (< 20 Myr) planetary aggregation driven versus later (> 50 Myr) planetary migration driven emplacement of objects into the Oort Cloud. They imply that the phenomenon of ultra-distant active comets like C/2017K2 (Jewitt et al. 2017, Hui et al. 2018) should be rare, and thus not a general characteristic of all comets. They also suggest that interstellar object 2I/Borisov did not originate in a planetary system that was inordinately CO rich (Bodewits et al. 2020), but rather could have been ejected onto an interstellar trajectory very early in its natal system's history., Comment: 16 Pages, 2 Figures, 1 Table; accepted for Publication in PSJ 14-Mar-2022

Published
2022

2. A Near Surface Temperature Model of Arrokoth

Author

Umurhan, O. M., Grundy, W. M., Bird, M. K., Beyer, R., Keane, J. T., Linscott, I. R., Birch, S., Bierson, C., Young, L. A., Stern, S. A., Lisse, C. M., Howett, C. J. A., Protopapa, S., Spencer, J. R., Binzel, R. P., Mckinnon, W. B., Lauer, T. R., Weaver, H. A., Olkin, C. B., Singer, K. N., Verbiscer, A. J., and Parker, A. H.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

A near surface thermal model for Arrokoth is developed based on the recently released $10^5$ facet model of the body. This thermal solution takes into account Arrokoth's surface re-radiation back onto itself. The solution method exploits Arrokoth's periodic orbital character to develop a thermal response using a time-asymptotic solution method, which involves a Fourier transform solution of the heat equation, an approach recently used by others. We display detailed thermal solutions assuming that Arrokoth's near surface material's thermal inertia ${\cal I} = $ 2.5 W/m$^{-2}$K$^{-1}$s$^{1/2}$. We predict that at New Horizons' encounter with Arrokoth its encounter hemisphere surface temperatures were $\sim$ 57-59 K in its polar regions, 30-40 K on its equatorial zones, and 11-13 K for its winter hemisphere. Arrokoth's orbitally averaged temperatures are around 30-35 K in its polar regions, and closer to 40 K near its equatorial zones. Thermal reradiation from the surrounding surface amounts to less than 5\% of the total energy budget, while the total energy ensconced into and exhumed out Arrokoth's interior via thermal conduction over one orbit is about 0.5\% of the total energy budget. As a generalized application of this thermal modeling together with other KBO origins considerations, we favor the interpretation that New Horizons' REX instrument's $29 \pm 5$K brightness temperature measurement is consistent with Arrokoth's near surface material's being made of sub-to-few mm sized tholin-coated amorphous \water ice grains with 1 W/m$^{-2}$K$^{-1}$s$^{1/2}$ $< {\cal I} < $10-20 W/m$^{-2}$K$^{-1}$s$^{1/2}$, and which are characterized by an X-band emissivity in the range 0.9 and 1., Comment: Accepted on Feb. 21, 2022 for publication in Planetary Science Journal (PSJ)

Published
2022

3. On the Origin and Thermal Stability of Arrokoths and Plutos Ices

Author

Lisse, C. M., Young, L. A., Cruikshank, D. P., Sandford, S. A., Schmitt, B., Stern, S. A., Weaver, H. A., Umurhan, O., Pendleton, Y. J., Keane, J. T., Gladstone, G. R., Parker, J. M., Binzel, R. P., Earle, A. M., Horanyi, M., El-Maarry, M., Cheng, A. F., Moore, J. M., McKinnon, W. B., Grundy, W. M., Kavelaars, J. J., Linscott, I. R., Lyra, W., Lewis, B. L., Britt, D. T., Spencer, J. R., Olkin, C. B., McNutt, R. L., Elliott, H. A., Dello-Russo, N., Steckloff, J. K., Neveu, M., and Mousis, O.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

We discuss in a thermodynamic, geologically empirical way the long-term nature of the stable majority ices that could be present in Kuiper Belt Object 2014 MU69 after its 4.6 Gyr residence in the EKB as a cold classical object. Considering the stability versus sublimation into vacuum for the suite of ices commonly found on comets, Centaurs, and KBOs at the average ~40K sunlit surface temperature of MU69 over Myr to Gyr, we find only 3 common ices that are truly refractory: HCN, CH3OH, and H2O (in order of increasing stability). NH3 and H2CO ices are marginally stable and may be removed by any positive temperature excursions in the EKB, as produced every 1e8 - 1e9 yrs by nearby supernovae and passing O/B stars. To date the NH team has reported the presence of abundant CH3OH and evidence for H2O on MU69s surface (Lisse et al. 2017, Grundy et al. 2020). NH3 has been searched for, but not found. We predict that future absorption feature detections will be due to an HCN or poly-H2CO based species. Consideration of the conditions present in the EKB region during the formation era of MU69 lead us to infer that it formed "in the dark", in an optically thick mid-plane, unable to see the nascent, variable, highly luminous Young Stellar Object-TTauri Sun, and that KBOs contain HCN and CH3OH ice phases in addition to the H2O ice phases found in their Short Period comet descendants. Finally, when we apply our ice thermal stability analysis to bodies/populations related to MU69, we find that methanol ice may be ubiquitous in the outer solar system; that if Pluto is not a fully differentiated body, then it must have gained its hypervolatile ices from proto-planetary disk sources in the first few Myr of the solar systems existence; and that hypervolatile rich, highly primordial comet C/2016 R2 was placed onto an Oort Cloud orbit on a similar timescale., Comment: 34 Pages, 5 Figures, 2 SOM Tables

Published
2020
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4. Initial results from the New Horizons exploration of 2014 MU69, a small Kuiper Belt Object

Author

Stern, S. A., Weaver, H. A., Spencer, J. R., Olkin, C. B., Gladstone, G. R., Grundy, W. M., Moore, J. M., Cruikshank, D. P., Elliott, H. A., McKinnon, W. B., Parker, J. Wm., Verbiscer, A. J., Young, L. A., Aguilar, D. A., Albers, J. M., Andert, T., Andrews, J. P., Bagenal, F., Banks, M. E., Bauer, B. A., Bauman, J. A., Bechtold, K. E., Beddingfield, C. B., Behrooz, N., Beisser, K. B., Benecchi, S. D., Bernardoni, E., Beyer, R. A., Bhaskaran, S., Bierson, C. J., Binzel, R. P., Birath, E. M., Bird, M. K., Boone, D. R., Bowman, A. F., Bray, V. J., Britt, D. T., Brown, L. E., Buckley, M. R., Buie, M. W., Buratti, B. J., Burke, L. M., Bushman, S. S., Carcich, B., Chaikin, A. L., Chavez, C. L., Cheng, A. F., Colwell, E. J., Conard, S. J., Conner, M. P., Conrad, C. A., Cook, J. C., Cooper, S. B., Custodio, O. S., Ore, C. M. Dalle, Deboy, C. C., Dharmavaram, P., Dhingra, R. D., Dunn, G. F., Earle, A. M., Egan, A. F., Eisig, J., El-Maarry, M. R., Engelbrecht, C., Enke, B. L., Ercol, C. J., Fattig, E. D., Ferrell, C. L., Finley, T. J., Firer, J., Fischetti, J., Folkner, W. M., Fosbury, M. N., Fountain, G. H., Freeze, J. M., Gabasova, L., Glaze, L. S., Green, J. L., Griffith, G. A., Guo, Y., Hahn, M., Hals, D. W., Hamilton, D. P., Hamilton, S. A., Hanley, J. J., Harch, A., Harmon, K. A., Hart, H. M., Hayes, J., Hersman, C. B., Hill, M. E., Hill, T. A., Hofgartner, J. D., Holdridge, M. E., Horányi, M., Hosadurga, A., Howard, A. D., Howett, C. J. A., Jaskulek, S. E., Jennings, D. E., Jensen, J. R., Jones, M. R., Kang, H. K., Katz, D. J., Kaufmann, D. E., Kavelaars, J. J., Keane, J. T., Keleher, G. P., Kinczyk, M., Kochte, M. C., Kollmann, P., Krimigis, S. M., Kruizinga, G. L., Kusnierkiewicz, D. Y., Lahr, M. S., Lauer, T. R., Lawrence, G. B., Lee, J. E., Lessac-Chenen, E. J., Linscott, I. R., Lisse, C. M., Lunsford, A. W., Mages, D. M., Mallder, V. A., Martin, N. P., May, B. H., McComas, D. J., McNutt, R. L., Mehoke, Jr. D. S., Mehoke, T. S., Nelson, D. S., Nguyen, H. D., Núñez, J. I., Ocampo, A. C., Owen, W. M., Oxton, G. K., Parker, A. H., Pätzold, M., Pelgrift, J. Y., Pelletier, F. J., Pineau, J. P., Piquette, M. R., Porter, S. B., Protopapa, S., Quirico, E., Redfern, J. A., Regiec, A. L., Reitsema, H. J., Reuter, D. C., Richardson, D. C., Riedel, J. E., Ritterbush, M. A., Robbins, S. J., Rodgers, D. J., Rogers, G. D., Rose, D. M., Rosendall, P. E., Runyon, K. D., Ryschkewitsch, M. G., Saina, M. M., Salinas, M. J., Schenk, P. M., Scherrer, J. R., Schlei, W. R., Schmitt, B., Schultz, D. J., Schurr, D. C., Scipioni, F., Sepan, R. L., Shelton, R. G., Showalter, M. R., Simon, M., Singer, K. N., Stahlheber, E. W., Stanbridge, D. R., Stansberry, J. A., Steffl, A. J., Strobel, D. F., Stothoff, M. M., Stryk, T., Stuart, J. R., Summers, M. E., Tapley, M. B., Taylor, A., Taylor, H. W., Tedford, R. M., Throop, H. B., Turner, L. S., Umurhan, O. M., Van Eck, J., Velez, D., Versteeg, M. H., Vincent, M. A., Webbert, R. W., Weidner, S. E., Weigle II, G. E., Wendel, J. R., White, O. L., Whittenburg, K. E., Williams, B. G., Williams, K. E., Williams, S. P., Winters, H. L., Zangari, A. M., and Zurbuchen, T. H.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

The Kuiper Belt is a distant region of the Solar System. On 1 January 2019, the New Horizons spacecraft flew close to (486958) 2014 MU69, a Cold Classical Kuiper Belt Object, a class of objects that have never been heated by the Sun and are therefore well preserved since their formation. Here we describe initial results from these encounter observations. MU69 is a bi-lobed contact binary with a flattened shape, discrete geological units, and noticeable albedo heterogeneity. However, there is little surface color and compositional heterogeneity. No evidence for satellites, ring or dust structures, gas coma, or solar wind interactions was detected. By origin MU69 appears consistent with pebble cloud collapse followed by a low velocity merger of its two lobes., Comment: 43 pages, 8 figure

Published
2020
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5. The Geology and Geophysics of Kuiper Belt Object (486958) Arrokoth

Author

Spencer, J. R., Stern, S. A., Moore, J. M., Weaver, H. A., Singer, K. N., Olkin, C. B., Verbiscer, A. J., McKinnon, W. B., Parker, J. Wm., Beyer, R. A., Keane, J. T., Lauer, T. R., Porter, S. B., White, O. L., Buratti, B. J., El-Maarry, M. R., Lisse, C. M., Parker, A. H., Throop, H. B., Robbins, S. J., Umurhan, O. M., Binzel, R. P., Britt, D. T., Buie, M. W., Cheng, A. F., Cruikshank, D. P., Elliott, H. A., Gladstone, G. R., Grundy, W. M., Hill, M. E., Horanyi, M., Jennings, D. E., Kavelaars, J. J., Linscott, I. R., McComas, D. J., McNutt, R. L., Protopapa, S., Reuter, D. C., Schenk, P. M., Showalter, M. R., Young, L. A., Zangari, A. M., Abedin, A. Y., Beddingfield, C. B., Benecchi, S. D., Bernardoni, E., Bierson, C. J., Borncamp, D., Bray, V. J., Chaikin, A. L., Dhingra, R. D., Fuentes, C., Fuse, T., Gay, P. L, Gwyn, S. D. J., Hamilton, D. P., Hofgartner, J. D., Holman, M. J., Howard, A. D., Howett, C. J. A., Karoji, H., Kaufmann, D. E., Kinczyk, M., May, B. H., Mountain, M., Pätzold, M., Petit, J. M., Piquette, M. R., Reid, I. N., Reitsema, H. J., Runyon, K. D., Sheppard, S. S., Stansberry, J. A., Stryk, T., Tanga, P., Tholen, D. J., Trilling, D. E., and Wasserman, L. H.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

The Cold Classical Kuiper Belt, a class of small bodies in undisturbed orbits beyond Neptune, are primitive objects preserving information about Solar System formation. The New Horizons spacecraft flew past one of these objects, the 36 km long contact binary (486958) Arrokoth (2014 MU69), in January 2019. Images from the flyby show that Arrokoth has no detectable rings, and no satellites (larger than 180 meters diameter) within a radius of 8000 km, and has a lightly-cratered smooth surface with complex geological features, unlike those on previously visited Solar System bodies. The density of impact craters indicates the surface dates from the formation of the Solar System. The two lobes of the contact binary have closely aligned poles and equators, constraining their accretion mechanism.

Published
2020
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6. Color, Composition, and Thermal Environment of Kuiper Belt Object (486958) Arrokoth

Author

Grundy, W. M., Bird, M. K., Britt, D. T., Cook, J. C., Cruikshank, D. P., Howett, C. J. A., Krijt, S., Linscott, I. R., Olkin, C. B., Parker, A. H., Protopapa, S., Ruaud, M., Umurhan, O. M., Young, L. A., Ore, C. M. Dalle, Kavelaars, J. J., Keane, J. T., Pendleton, Y. J., Porter, S. B., Scipioni, F., Spencer, J. R., Stern, S. A., Verbiscer, A. J., Weaver, H. A., Binzel, R. P., Buie, M. W., Buratti, B. J., Cheng, A., Earle, A. M., Elliott, H. A., Gabasova, L., Gladstone, G. R., Hill, M. E., Horanyi, M., Jennings, D. E., Lunsford, A. W., McComas, D. J., McKinnon, W. B., McNutt Jr., R. L., Moore, J. M., Parker, J. W., Quirico, E., Reuter, D. C., Schenk, P. M., Schmitt, B., Showalter, M. R., Singer, K. N., Weigle II, G. E., and Zangari, A. M.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

The outer Solar System object (486958) Arrokoth (provisional designation 2014 MU$_{69}$) has been largely undisturbed since its formation. We study its surface composition using data collected by the New Horizons spacecraft. Methanol ice is present along with organic material, which may have formed through radiation of simple molecules. Water ice was not detected. This composition indicates hydrogenation of carbon monoxide-rich ice and/ or energetic processing of methane condensed on water ice grains in the cold, outer edge of the early Solar System. There are only small regional variations in color and spectra across the surface, suggesting Arrokoth formed from a homogeneous or well-mixed reservoir of solids. Microwave thermal emission from the winter night side is consistent with a mean brightness temperature of 29$\pm$5 K., Comment: 31 pages, 8 figures

Published
2020
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7. Reorientation of Sputnik Planitia implies a Subsurface Ocean on Pluto

Author

Nimmo, F., Hamilton, D. P., Schenk, W. B. McKinnon P. M., Binzel, R. P., Bierson, C. J., Beyer, R. A., Moore, J. M., Stern, S. A., Weaver, H. A., Olkin, C., Young, L. A., Smith, K. E., Spencer, J. R., Buie, M., Buratti, B., Cheng, A., Cruikshank, D., Ore, C. Dalle, Earle, A., Gladstone, R., Grundy, W., Howard, A. D., Lauer, T., Linscott, I., Parker, J., Porter, S., Reitsema, H., Reuter, D., Roberts, J. H., Robbins, S., Showalter, M., Singer, K., Strobel, D., Summers, M., Tyler, L., Weaver, H., White, O. L., Umurhan, O. M., Banks, M., Barnouin, O., Bray, V., Carcich, B., Chaikin, A., Chavez, C., Conrad, C., Howett, C., Hofgartner, J., Kammer, J., Lisse, C., Marcotte, A., Parker, A., Retherford, K., Saina, M., Runyon, K., Schindhelm, R., Stansberry, J., Steffl, A., Stryk, T., Throop, . H., Tsang, C., Verbiscer, A., Winters, H., and Zangari, A.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

The deep nitrogen-covered Sputnik Planitia (SP; informal name) basin on Pluto is located very close to the longitude of Pluto's tidal axis[1] and may be an impact feature [2], by analogy with other large basins in the solar system[3,4]. Reorientation[5-7] due to tidal and rotational torques can explain SP's location, but requires it to be a positive gravity anomaly[7], despite its negative topography. Here we argue that if SP formed via impact and if Pluto possesses a subsurface ocean, a positive gravity anomaly would naturally result because of shell thinning and ocean uplift, followed by later modest N2 deposition. Without a subsurface ocean a positive gravity anomaly requires an implausibly thick N2 layer (greater than 40 km). A rigid, conductive ice shell is required to prolong such an ocean's lifetime to the present day[8] and maintain ocean uplift. Because N2 deposition is latitude-dependent[9], nitrogen loading and reorientation may have exhibited complex feedbacks[7].

Published
2019
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8. Convection in a volatile nitrogen-ice-rich layer drives Pluto's geological vigor

Author

McKinnon, William B., Nimmo, Francis, Wong, Teresa, Schenk, Paul M., White, Oliver L., Roberts, J. H., Moore, J. M., Spencer, J. R., Howard, A. D., Umurhan, O. M., Stern, S. A., Weaver, H. A., Olkin, C. B., Young, L. A., Smith, K. E., Beyer, R., Binzel, R. P., Buie, M., Buratti, B., Cheng, A., Cruikshank, D., Ore, C. Dalle, Earle, A., Gladstone, R., Grundy, W., Lauer, T., Linscott, I., Parker, J., Porter, S., Reitsema, H., Reuter, D., Robbins, S., Showalter, M., Singer, K., Strobel, D., Summers, M., Tyler, L., Weaver, H., Banks, M., Barnouin, O., Bray, V., Carcich, B., Chaikin, A., Chavez, C., Conrad, C., Hamilton, D., Howett, C., Hofgartner, J., Kammer, J., Lisse, C., Marcotte, A., Parker, A., Retherford, K., Saina, M., Runyon, K., Schindhelm, R., Stansberry, J., Steffl, A., Stryk, T., Throop, . H., Tsang, C., Verbiscer, A., Winters, H., and Zangari, A.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

The vast, deep, volatile-ice-filled basin informally named Sputnik Planum is central to Pluto's geological activity[1,2]. Composed of molecular nitrogen, methane, and carbon monoxide ices[3], but dominated by N2-ice, this ice layer is organized into cells or polygons, typically ~10-40 km across, that resemble the surface manifestation of solid state convection[1,2]. Here we report, based on available rheological measurements[4], that solid layers of N2 ice approximately greater than 1 km thick should convect for estimated present-day heat flow conditions on Pluto. More importantly, we show numerically that convective overturn in a several-km-thick layer of solid nitrogen can explain the great lateral width of the cells. The temperature dependence of N2-ice viscosity implies that the SP ice layer convects in the so-called sluggish lid regime[5], a unique convective mode heretofore not definitively observed in the Solar System. Average surface horizontal velocities of a few cm/yr imply surface transport or renewal times of ~500,000 years, well under the 10 Myr upper limit crater retention age for Sputnik Planum[2]. Similar convective surface renewal may also occur on other dwarf planets in the Kuiper belt, which may help explain the high albedos of some of them.

Published
2019
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9. Pluto's Haze as a Surface Material

Author

Grundy, W. M., Bertrand, T., Binzel, R. P., Buie, M. W., Buratti, B. J., Cheng, A. F., Cook, J. C., Cruikshank, D. P., Devins, S. L., Ore, C. M. Dalle, Earle, A. M., Ennico, K., Forget, F., Gao, P., Gladstone1, G. R., Howett, C. J. A., Jennings, D. E., Kammer, J. A., Lauer, T. R., Linscott, I. R., Lisse, C. M., Lunsford, A. W., McKinnon, W. B., Olkin, C. B., Parker, A. H., Protopapa, S., Quirico, E., Reuter, D. C., Schmitt, B., Singer, K. N., Spencer, J. A., Stern, S. A., Strobel, D. F., Summers, M. E., Weaver, H. A., Weigle II, G. E., Wong, M. L., Young, E. F., Young, L. A., and Zhang, X.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Pluto's atmospheric haze settles out rapidly compared with geological timescales. It needs to be accounted for as a surface material, distinct from Pluto's icy bedrock and from the volatile ices that migrate via sublimation and condensation on seasonal timescales. This paper explores how a steady supply of atmospheric haze might affect three distinct provinces on Pluto. We pose the question of why they each look so different from one another if the same haze material is settling out onto all of them. Cthulhu is a more ancient region with comparatively little present-day geological activity, where the haze appears to simply accumulate over time. Sputnik Planitia is a very active region where glacial convection, as well as sublimation and condensation rapidly refresh the surface, hiding recently deposited haze from view. Lowell Regio is a region of intermediate age featuring very distinct coloration from the rest of Pluto. Using a simple model haze particle as a colorant, we are not able to match the colors in both Lowell Regio and Cthulhu. To account for their distinct colors, we propose that after arrival at Pluto's surface, haze particles may be less inert than might be supposed from the low surface temperatures. They must either interact with local materials and environments to produce distinct products in different regions, or else the supply of haze must be non-uniform in time and/or location, such that different products are delivered to different places.

Published
2019
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11. Surface Compositions Across Pluto and Charon

Author

Grundy, W. M., Binzel, R. P., Buratti, B. J., Cook, J. C., Cruikshank, D. P., Ore, C. M. Dalle, Earle, A. M., Ennico, K., Howett, C. J. A., Lunsford, A. W., Olkin, C. B., Parker, A. H., Philippe, S., Protopapa, S., Quirico, E., Reuter, D. C., Schmitt, B., Singer, K. N., Verbiscer, A. J., Beyer, R. A., Buie, M. W., Cheng, A. F., Jennings, D. E., Linscott, I. R., Parker, J. Wm., Schenk, P. M., Spencer, J. R., Stansberry, J. A., Stern, S. A., Throop, H. B., Tsang, C. C. C., Weaver, H. A., Weigle II, G. E., Young, L. A., and Team, the New Horizons Science

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

The New Horizons spacecraft mapped colors and infrared spectra across the encounter hemispheres of Pluto and Charon. The volatile ices CH$_4$, CO, and N$_2$, that dominate Pluto's surface, have complicated spatial distributions resulting from sublimation, condensation, and glacial flow acting over seasonal and geological timescales. Pluto's H$_2$O ice "bedrock" is also mapped, with isolated outcrops occurring in a variety of settings. Pluto's surface exhibits complex regional color diversity associated with its distinct provinces. Charon's color pattern is simpler, dominated by neutral low latitudes and a reddish northern polar region. Charon near infrared spectra reveal highly localized areas with strong NH$_3$ absorption tied to small craters with relatively fresh-appearing impact ejecta., Comment: in Science 351, aad9189 (2016)

Published
2016
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12. The Small Satellites of Pluto as Observed by New Horizons

Author

Weaver, H. A., Buie, M. W., Buratti, B. J., Grundy, W. M., Lauer, T. R., Olkin, C. B., Parker, A. H., Porter, S. B., Showalter, M. R., Spencer, J. R., Stern, S. A., Verbiscer, A. J., McKinnon, W. B., Moore, J. M., Robbins, S. J., Schenk, P., Singer, K. N., Barnouin, O. S., Cheng, A. F., Ernst, C. M., Lisse, C. M., Jennings, D. E., Lunsford, A. W., Reuter, D. C., Hamilton, D. P., Kaufmann, D. E., Ennico, K., Young, L. A., Beyer, R. A., Binzel, R. P., Bray, V. J., Chaikin, A. L., Cook, J. C., Cruikshank, D. P., Ore, C. M. Dalle, Earle, A. M., Gladstone, G. R., Howett, C. J. A., Linscott, I. R., Nimmo, F., Parker, J. Wm., Philippe, S., Protopapa, S., Reitsema, H. J., Schmitt, B., Stryk, T., Summers, M. E., Tsang, C. C. C., Throop, H. H. B., White, O. L., and Zangari, A. M.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

The New Horizons mission has provided resolved measurements of Pluto's moons Styx, Nix, Kerberos, and Hydra. All four are small, with equivalent spherical diameters of $\approx$40 km for Nix and Hydra and ~10 km for Styx and Kerberos. They are also highly elongated, with maximum to minimum axis ratios of $\approx$2. All four moons have high albedos ( $\approx$50-90 %) suggestive of a water-ice surface composition. Crater densities on Nix and Hydra imply surface ages $\gtrsim$ 4 Ga. The small moons rotate much faster than synchronous, with rotational poles clustered nearly orthogonal to the common pole directions of Pluto and Charon. These results reinforce the hypothesis that the small moons formed in the aftermath of a collision that produced the Pluto-Charon binary., Comment: in Science 351, aae0030 (2016)

Published
2016
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13. Inflight Radiometric Calibration of New Horizons' Multispectral Visible Imaging Camera (MVIC)

Author

Howett, C. J. A., Parker, A. H., Olkin, C. B., Reuter, D. C., Ennico, K., Grundy, W. M, Graps, A. L., Harrison, K. P., Throop, H. B., Buie, M. W., Lovering, J. R., Porter, S. B., Weaver, H. A., Young, L. A., Stern, S. A., Beyer, R. A., Binzell, R. P., Buratti, B. J., Cheng, A. F., Cook, J. C., Cruikshank, D. P., Ore, C. M. Dalle, Earle, A. M., Jennings, D. E., Linscott, I. R., Lunsford, A. W., Parker, J. Wm., Phillippe, S., Protopapa, S., Quirico, E., Schenk, P. M., Schmitt, B., Singer, K. N., Spencer, J. R., Stansberry, J. A., Tsang, C. C. C., Weigle II, G. E., and Verbiscer, A. J.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

We discuss two semi-independent calibration techniques used to determine the in-flight radiometric calibration for the New Horizons' Multi-spectral Visible Imaging Camera (MVIC). The first calibration technique compares the observed stellar flux to modeled values. The difference between the two provides a calibration factor that allows the observed flux to be adjusted to the expected levels for all observations, for each detector. The second calibration technique is a channel-wise relative radiometric calibration for MVIC's blue, near-infrared and methane color channels using observations of Charon and scaling from the red channel stellar calibration. Both calibration techniques produce very similar results (better than 7% agreement), providing strong validation for the techniques used. Since the stellar calibration can be performed without a color target in the field of view and covers all of MVIC's detectors, this calibration was used to provide the radiometric keywords delivered by the New Horizons project to the Planetary Data System (PDS). These keywords allow each observation to be converted from counts to physical units; a description of how these keywords were generated is included. Finally, mitigation techniques adopted for the gain drift observed in the near-infrared detector and one of the panchromatic framing cameras is also discussed.

Published
2016
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14. The Pluto system: Initial results from its exploration by New Horizons

Author

Stern, S. A., Bagenal, F., Ennico, K., Gladstone, G. R., Grundy, W. M., McKinnon, W. B., Moore, J. M., Olkin, C. B., Spencer, J. R., Weaver, H. A., Young, L. A., Andert, T., Andrews, J., Banks, M., Bauer, B., Bauman, J., Barnouin, O. S., Bedini, P., Beisser, K., Beyer, R. A., Bhaskaran, S., Binzel, R. P., Birath, E., Bird, M., Bogan, D. J., Bowman, A., Bray, V. J., Brozovic, M., Bryan, C., Buckley, M. R., Buie, M. W., Buratti, B. J., Bushman, S. S., Calloway, A., Carcich, B., Cheng, A. F., Conard, S., Conrad, C. A., Cook, J. C., Cruikshank, D. P., Custodio, O. S., Ore, C. M. Dalle, Deboy, C., Dischner, Z. J. B., Dumont, P., Earle, A. M., Elliott, H. A., Ercol, J., Ernst, C. M., Finley, T., Flanigan, S. H., Fountain, G., Freeze, M. J., Greathouse, T., Green, J. L., Guo, Y., Hahn, M., Hamilton, D. P., Hamilton, S. A., Hanley, J., Harch, A., Hart, H. M., Hersman, C. B., Hill, A., Hill, M. E., Hinson, D. P., Holdridge, M. E., Horanyi, M., Howard, A. D., Howett, C. J. A., Jackman, C., Jacobson, R. A., Jennings, D. E., Kammer, J. A., Kang, H. K., Kaufmann, D. E., Kollmann, P., Krimigis, S. M., Kusnierkiewicz, D., Lauer, T. R., Lee, J. E., Lindstrom, K. L., Linscott, I. R., Lisse, C. M., Lunsford, A. W., Mallder, V. A., Martin, N., McComas, D. J., McNutt Jr., R. L., Mehoke, D., Mehoke, T., Melin, E. D., Mutchler, M., Nelson, D., Nimmo, F., Nunez, J. I., Ocampo, A., Owen, W. M., Paetzold, M., Page, B., Parker, A. H., Parker, J. W., Pelletier, F., Peterson, J., Pinkine, N., Piquette, M., Porter, S. B., Protopapa, S., Redfern, J., Reitsema, H. J., Reuter, D. C., Roberts, J. H., Robbins, S. J., Rogers, G., Rose, D., Runyon, K., Retherford, K. D., Ryschkewitsch, M. G., Schenk, P., Schindhelm, R., Sepan, B., Showalter, M. R., Singer, K. N., Soluri, M., Stanbridge, D., Steffl, A. J., Strobel, D. F., Stryk, T., Summers, M. E., Szalay, J. R., Tapley, M., Taylor, A., Taylor, H., Throop, H. B., Tsang, C. C. C., Tyler, G. L., Umurhan, O. M., Verbiscer, A. J., Versteeg, M. H., Vincent, M., Webbert, R., Weidner, S., Weigle II, G. E., White, O. L., Whittenburg, K., Williams, B. G., Williams, K., Williams, S., Woods, W. W., Zangari, A. M., and Zirnstein, E.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

The Pluto system was recently explored by NASA's New Horizons spacecraft, making closest approach on 14 July 2015. Pluto's surface displays diverse landforms, terrain ages, albedos, colors, and composition gradients. Evidence is found for a water-ice crust, geologically young surface units, surface ice convection, wind streaks, volatile transport, and glacial flow. Pluto's atmosphere is highly extended, with trace hydrocarbons, a global haze layer, and a surface pressure near 10 microbars. Pluto's diverse surface geology and long-term activity raise fundamental questions about how small planets remain active many billions of years after formation. Pluto's large moon Charon displays tectonics and evidence for a heterogeneous crustal composition, its north pole displays puzzling dark terrain. Small satellites Hydra and Nix have higher albedos than expected., Comment: 8 pages - Initial Science paper from NASA's New Horizons Pluto Encounter

Published
2015
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16. Overview of the Demonstration and Science Experiments (DSX) Mission

Author

Johnston, W. R., primary, Ginet, G. P., additional, Starks, M. J., additional, McCollough, J. P., additional, Sanchez, J. C., additional, Song, P., additional, Galkin, I. A., additional, Inan, U. S., additional, Lauben, D. S., additional, Tu, J., additional, Reinisch, B. W., additional, Linscott, I. R., additional, Roche, K., additional, Stelmash, S., additional, Allgeier, S., additional, Lambour, R., additional, Schoenberg, J., additional, Gillespie, W., additional, Farrell, W. M., additional, Xapsos, M. A., additional, Roddy, P. A., additional, Lindstrom, C. D., additional, Pedinotti, G. F., additional, Huston, S. L., additional, Albert, J. M., additional, Sinclair, A. J., additional, Davis, L. D., additional, Carilli, J. A., additional, Cooke, D. L., additional, and Parker, C. W., additional

Published
2023
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17. PEP II: RF and Feedback R&D

Author

Hindi, H., Fox, J., Eisen, N., Linscott, I., Oxoby, G., Pendleton, R.P., Sapozhnikov, L., Schwarz, H.D., Rimmer, R.A., Lambertson, A., Voelker, F., and Serio, M.

Published
1992

21. Convection in a volatile nitrogen-ice-rich layer drives Plutos geological vigour

Author

McKinnon, William B., Nimmo, Francis, Wong, Teresa, Schenk, Paul M., White, Oliver L., Roberts, J. H., Moore, J. M., Spencer, J. R., Howard, A. D., Umurhan, O. M., Stern, S. A., Weaver, H. A., Olkin, C. B., Young, L. A., Smith, K. E., McKinnon, W. B., Beyer, R., Buie, M., Buratti, B., Cheng, A., Cruikshank, D., Dalle Ore, C., Gladstone, R., Grundy, W., Lauer, T., Linscott, I., Olkin, C., Parker, J., Porter, S., Reitsema, H., Reuter, D., Robbins, S., Schenk, P. M., Showalter, M., Singer, K., Strobel, D., Summers, M., Tyler, L., Weaver, H., White, O. L., Banks, M., Barnouin, O., Bray, V., Carcich, B., Chaikin, A., Chavez, C., Conrad, C., Hamilton, D., Howett, C., Hofgartner, J., Kammer, J., Lisse, C., Marcotte, A., Parker, A., Retherford, K., Saina, M., Runyon, K., Schindhelm, E., Stansberry, J., Steffl, A., Stryk, T., Throop, H., Tsang, C., Verbiscer, A., Winters, H., and Zangari, A.

Subjects
Pluto (Dwarf planet) -- Observations, Astrogeology -- Methods, Environmental issues, Science and technology, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

Author(s): William B. McKinnon (corresponding author) [1]; Francis Nimmo [2]; Teresa Wong [1]; Paul M. Schenk [3]; Oliver L. White [4]; J. H. Roberts [5]; J. M. Moore [4]; J. [...]

Published
2016
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22. Detection of Radio Thermal Emission from the Kuiper Belt Object (486958) Arrokoth during the New Horizons Encounter

Author

Bird, M. K., primary, Linscott, I. R., additional, Tyler, G. L., additional, Umurhan, O. M., additional, Beyer, R. A., additional, Grundy, W. M., additional, Lisse, C. M., additional, Hinson, D. P., additional, Pätzold, M., additional, Stern, S. A., additional, Weaver, H. A., additional, Olkin, C. B., additional, Young, L. A., additional, Spencer, J. R., additional, Singer, K. N., additional, Moore, J. M., additional, Gladstone, G. R., additional, DeBoy, C. C., additional, Vincent, M., additional, and Porter, S. B., additional

Published
2022
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23. A Predicted Dearth of Majority Hypervolatile Ices in Oort Cloud Comets

Author

Lisse, C. M., primary, Gladstone, G. R., additional, Young, L. A., additional, Cruikshank, D. P., additional, Sandford, S. A., additional, Schmitt, B., additional, Stern, S. A., additional, Weaver, H. A., additional, Umurhan, O., additional, Pendleton, Y. J., additional, Keane, J. T., additional, Parker, J. M., additional, Binzel, R. P., additional, Earle, A. M., additional, Horanyi, M., additional, El-Maarry, M., additional, Cheng, A. F., additional, Moore, J. M., additional, McKinnon, W. B., additional, Grundy, W. M., additional, Kavelaars, J. J., additional, Linscott, I. R., additional, Lyra, W., additional, Lewis, B. L., additional, Britt, D. T., additional, Spencer, J. R., additional, Olkin, C. B., additional, McNutt, R. L., additional, Elliott, H. A., additional, Dello-Russo, N., additional, Steckloff, J. K., additional, Neveu, M., additional, and Mousis, O., additional

Published
2022
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25. PLANETARY SCIENCE: The small satellites of Pluto as observed by New Horizons

Author

Weaver, H. A., Buie, M. W., Buratti, B. J., Grundy, W. M., Lauer, T. R., Olkin, C. B., Parker, A. H., Porter, S. B., Showalter, M. R., Spencer, J. R., Stern, S. A., Verbiscer, A. J., McKinnon, W. B., Moore, J. M., Robbins, S. J., Schenk, P., Singer, K. N., Barnouin, O. S., Cheng, A. F., Ernst, C. M., Lisse, C. M., Jennings, D. E., Lunsford, A. W., Reuter, D. C., Hamilton, D. P., Kaufmann, D. E., Ennico, K., Young, L. A., Beyer, R. A., Binzel, R. P., Bray, V. J., Chaikin, A. L., Cook, J. C., Cruikshank, D. P., Dalle Ore, C. M., Earle, A. M., Gladstone, G. R., Howett, C. J.A., Linscott, I. R., Nimmo, F., Parker, J. Wm., Philippe, S., Protopapa, S., Reitsema, H. J., Schmitt, B., Stryk, T., Summers, M. E., Tsang, C. C.C., Throop, H. H.B., White, O. L., and Zangari, A. M.

Published
2016
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26. PLANETARY SCIENCE: Surface compositions across Pluto and Charon

Author

Grundy, W. M., Binzel, R. P., Buratti, B. J., Cook, J. C., Cruikshank, D. P., Dalle Ore, C. M., Earle, A. M., Ennico, K., Howett, C. J.A., Lunsford, A. W., Olkin, C. B., Parker, A. H., Philippe, S., Protopapa, S., Quirico, E., Reuter, D. C., Schmitt, B., Singer, K. N., Verbiscer, A. J., Beyer, R. A., Buie, M. W., Cheng, A. F., Jennings, D. E., Linscott, I. R., Parker, J. Wm., Schenk, P. M., Spencer, J. R., Stansberry, J. A., Stern, S. A., Throop, H. B., Tsang, C. C.C., Weaver, H. A., Weigle, G. E., II, and Young, L. A.

Published
2016
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27. PLANETARY SCIENCE: The Pluto system: Initial results from its exploration by New Horizons

Author

Stern, S. A., Bagenal, F., Ennico, K., Gladstone, G. R., Grundy, W. M., McKinnon, W. B., Moore, J. M., Olkin, C. B., Spencer, J. R., Weaver, H. A., Young, L. A., Andert, T., Andrews, J., Banks, M., Bauer, B., Bauman, J., Barnouin, O. S., Bedini, P., Beisser, K., Beyer, R. A., Bhaskaran, S., Binzel, R. P., Birath, E., Bird, M., Bogan, D. J., Bowman, A., Bray, V. J., Brozovic, M., Bryan, C., Buckley, M. R., Buie, M. W., Buratti, B. J., Bushman, S. S., Calloway, A., Carcich, B., Cheng, A. F., Conard, S., Conrad, C. A., Cook, J. C., Cruikshank, D. P., Custodio, O. S., Ore, Dalle C. M., Deboy, C., Dischner, Z. J. B., Dumont, P., Earle, A M., Elliott, H. A, Ercol, J., Ernst, C. M., Finley, T., Flanigan, S. H., Fountain, G., Freeze, M. J., Greathouse, T., Green, J. L., Guo, Y., Hahn, M., Hamilton, D. P., Hamilton, S. A., Hanley, J., Harch, A., Hart, H. M., Hersman, C. B., Hill, A., Hill, M. E., Hinson, D. P., Holdridge, M. E., Horanyi, M., Howard, A. D., Howett, C. J. A., Jackman, C., Jacobson, R. A., Jennings, D. E., Kammer, J. A., Kang, H. K., Kaufmann, D. E., Kollmann, P., Krimigis, S. M., Kusnierkiewicz, D., Lauer, T. R., Lee, J. E., Lindstrom, K. L., Linscott, I. R., Lisse, C. M., Lunsford, A. W., Mallder, V. A., Martin, N., McComas, D. J., McNutt, R. L., Jr., Mehoke, D., Mehoke, T., Melin, E. D., Mutchler, M., Nelson, D., Nimmo, F., Nunez, J. I., Ocampo, A., Owen, W. M., Paetzold, M., Page, B., Parker, A. H., Parker, J. W., Pelletier, F., Peterson, J., Pinkine, N., Piquette, M., Porter, S. B., Protopapa, S., Redfern, J., Reitsema, H. J., Reuter, D. C., Roberts, J. H., Bobbins, S. J., Rogers, G., Rose, D., Runyon, K., Retherford, K. D., Ryschkewitsch, M. G., Schenk, P., Schindhelm, E., Sepan, B., Showalter, M. R., Singer, K. N., Soluri, M., Stanbridge, D., Steffl, A. J., Strobel, D. F., Stryk, T., Summers, M. E., Szalay, J. R., Tapley, M., Taylor, A., Taylor, H., Throop, H. B., Tsang, C. C. C., Tyler, G. L., Umurhan, O. M., Verbiscer, A. J., Versteeg, M. H., Vincent, M., Webbert, R., Weidner, S., Weigle, G. E., II, White, O. L., Whittenburg, K., Williams, B. G., Williams, K., Williams, S., Woods, W. W., Zangari, A. M., and Zirnstein, E.

Published
2015
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29. Solar System Interiors, Atmospheres, and Surfaces Investigations via Radio Links: Goals for the Next Decade

Author

Asmar, Sami, primary, Preston, R. A., additional, Vergados, P., additional, Atkinson, D. H., additional, Andert, T., additional, Ando, H., additional, Ao, C. O., additional, Armstrong, J. W., additional, Ashby, N., additional, Barriot, J.-P., additional, Beauchamp, P. M., additional, Bell, D. J., additional, Bender, P. L., additional, Benedetto, M. Di, additional, Bills, B. G., additional, Bird, M. K., additional, Bocanegra-Bahamon, T. M., additional, Botteon, G. K., additional, Bruinsma, S., additional, Buccino, D. R., additional, Cahoy, K. L., additional, Cappuccio, P., additional, Choudhary, R. K., additional, Dehant, V., additional, Dumoulin, C., additional, Durante, D., additional, Edwards, C. D., additional, Elliott, H. M., additional, Ely, T. A., additional, Ermakov, A. I., additional, Ferri, F., additional, Flasar, F. M., additional, French, R. G., additional, Genova, A., additional, Goossens, S. J., additional, Häusler, B., additional, Helled, R., additional, Hinson, D. P., additional, Hofstadter, M. D., additional, Iess, L., additional, Imamura, T., additional, Jongeling, A. P., additional, Karatekin, Ö., additional, Kaspi, Y., additional, Kobayashi, M. M., additional, Komjathy, A., additional, Konopliv, A. S., additional, Kursinski, E. R., additional, Lazio, T. J. W., additional, Maistre, S. Le, additional, Lemoine, F. G., additional, Lillis, R. J., additional, Linscott, I. R., additional, Mannucci, A. J., additional, Marouf, E. A., additional, Marty, J.-C., additional, Matousek, S. E., additional, Matsumoto, K., additional, Mazarico, E. M., additional, Notaro, V., additional, Parisi, M., additional, Park, R. S., additional, Pätzold, M., additional, Peytaví, G. G., additional, Pugh, M. P., additional, Rennó, N. O., additional, Rosenblatt, P., additional, Serra, D., additional, Simpson, R. A., additional, Smith, D. E., additional, Steffes, P. G., additional, Tapley, B. D., additional, Tellmann, S., additional, Tortora, P., additional, Turyshev, S. G., additional, Hoolst, T. Van, additional, Verma, A. K., additional, Watkins, M. M., additional, Williamson, W., additional, Wieczorek, M. A., additional, Withers, P., additional, Yseboodt, M., additional, Yu, N., additional, Zannoni, M., additional, and Zuber, M. T., additional

Published
2021
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30. Reorientation of Sputnik Planitia implies a subsurface ocean on Pluto

Author

Nimmo, F., Hamilton, D. P., McKinnon, W. B., Schenk, P. M., Binzel, R. P., Bierson, C. J., Beyer, R. A., Moore, J. M., Stern, S. A., Weaver, H. A., Olkin, C. B., Young, L. A., Smith, K. E., Spencer, J. R., Beyer, R., Buie, M., Buratti, B., Cheng, A., Cruikshank, D., Ore, C. Dalle, Earle, A., Gladstone, R., Grundy, W., Howard, A. D., Lauer, T., Linscott, I., Parker, J., Porter, S., Reitsema, H., Reuter, D., Roberts, J. H., Robbins, S., Showalter, M., Singer, K., Strobel, D., Summers, M., Tyler, L., White, O. L., Umurhan, O. M., Banks, M., Barnouin, O., Bray, V., Carcich, B., Chaikin, A., Chavez, C., Conrad, C., Howett, C., Hofgartner, J., Kammer, J., Lisse, C., Marcotte, A., Parker, A., Retherford, K., Saina, M., Runyon, K., Schindhelm, E., Stansberry, J., Steffl, A., Stryk, T., Throop, H., Tsang, C., Verbiscer, A., Winters, H., and Zangari, A.

Subjects
Pluto (Dwarf planet) -- Observations, Environmental issues, Science and technology, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

Author(s): F. Nimmo (corresponding author) [1]; D. P. Hamilton [2]; W. B. McKinnon [3]; P. M. Schenk [4]; R. P. Binzel [5]; C. J. Bierson [1]; R. A. Beyer [6]; [...]

Published
2016
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31. The formation of Charons red poles from seasonally cold-trapped volatiles

Author

Grundy, W. M., Cruikshank, D. P., Gladstone, G. R., Howett, C. J. A., Lauer, T. R., Spencer, J. R., Summers, M. E., Buie, M. W., Earle, A. M., Ennico, K., Parker, J. Wm., Porter, S. B., Singer, K. N., Stern, S. A., Verbiscer, A. J., Beyer, R. A., Binzel, R. P., Buratti, B. J., Cook, J. C., Dalle Ore, C. M., Olkin, C. B., Parker, A. H., Protopapa, S., Quirico, E., Retherford, K. D., Robbins, S. J., Schmitt, B., Stansberry, J. A., Umurhan, O. M., Weaver, H. A., Young, L. A., Zangari, A. M., Bray, V. J., Cheng, A. F., McKinnon, W. B., McNutt, R. L., Moore, J. M., Nimmo, F., Reuter, D. C., Schenk, P. M., Bagenal, F., Andert, T., Barnouin, O., Bird, M., Brozovi, M., Elliott, H. A., Greathouse, T. K., Hahn, M., Hamilton, D. P., Hill, M. E., Hinson, D. P., Hofgartner, J., Hornyi, M., Howard, A. D., Jennings, D. E., Kammer, J. A., Kollmann, P., Lavvas, P., Linscott, I. R., Lisse, C. M., Lunsford, A. W., McComas, D. J., McNutt Jr., R. L., Mutchler, M., Nunez, J. I., Paetzold, M., Wm. Parker, J., Philippe, S., Piquette, M., Reitsema, H. J., Roberts, J. H., Runyon, K., Schindhelm, E., Showalter, M. R., Steffl, A. J., Strobel, D. F., Stryk, T., Szalay, J. R., Throop, H. B., Tsang, C. C. C., Tyler, G. L., Versteeg, M. H., Weigle II, G. E., White, O. L., Woods, W. W., and Young, E. F.

Subjects
Charon (Satellite) -- Natural history -- Observations, Pluto (Dwarf planet) -- Natural history -- Observations, Planetary atmospheres -- Natural history -- Observations, Environmental issues, Science and technology, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

Author(s): W. M. Grundy (corresponding author) [1]; D. P. Cruikshank [2]; G. R. Gladstone [3]; C. J. A. Howett [4]; T. R. Lauer [5]; J. R. Spencer [4]; M. E. [...]

Published
2016
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32. Influence of Solar Disturbances on Galactic Cosmic Rays in the Solar Wind, Heliosheath, and Local Interstellar Medium: Advanced Composition Explorer, New Horizons, and Voyager Observations

Author

Hill, M. E., primary, Allen, R. C., additional, Kollmann, P., additional, Brown, L. E., additional, Decker, R. B., additional, McNutt, R. L., additional, Krimigis, S. M., additional, Andrews, G. B., additional, Bagenal, F., additional, Clark, G., additional, Elliott, H. A., additional, Jaskulek, S. E., additional, Kusterer, M. B., additional, Leske, R. A., additional, Lisse, C. M., additional, Mewaldt, R. A., additional, Nelson, K. S., additional, Richardson, J. D., additional, Romeo, G., additional, Salazar, N. A., additional, Vandegriff, J. D., additional, Bernardoni, E. A., additional, Gladstone, G. R., additional, Horanyi, M., additional, Linscott, I. R., additional, Singer, K. N., additional, Steffl, A. J., additional, Summers, M. E., additional, Throop, H. B., additional, Young, L. A., additional, Olkin, C. B., additional, Parker, J. Wm., additional, Spencer, J. R., additional, Stern, S. A., additional, Verbiscer, A. J., additional, and Weaver, H. A., additional

Published
2020
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33. The geology and geophysics of Kuiper Belt object (486958) Arrokoth

Author

Spencer, J. R., primary, Stern, S. A., additional, Moore, J. M., additional, Weaver, H. A., additional, Singer, K. N., additional, Olkin, C. B, additional, Verbiscer, A. J., additional, McKinnon, W. B., additional, Parker, J. Wm., additional, Beyer, R. A., additional, Keane, J. T., additional, Lauer, T. R., additional, Porter, S. B., additional, White, O. L., additional, Buratti, B. J., additional, El-Maarry, M. R., additional, Lisse, C. M., additional, Parker, A. H., additional, Throop, H. B., additional, Robbins, S. J., additional, Umurhan, O. M., additional, Binzel, R. P., additional, Britt, D. T., additional, Buie, M. W., additional, Cheng, A. F., additional, Cruikshank, D. P., additional, Elliott, H. A., additional, Gladstone, G. R., additional, Grundy, W. M., additional, Hill, M. E., additional, Horanyi, M., additional, Jennings, D. E., additional, Kavelaars, J. J., additional, Linscott, I. R., additional, McComas, D. J., additional, McNutt, R. L., additional, Protopapa, S., additional, Reuter, D. C., additional, Schenk, P. M., additional, Showalter, M. R., additional, Young, L. A., additional, Zangari, A. M., additional, Abedin, A. Y., additional, Beddingfield, C. B., additional, Benecchi, S. D., additional, Bernardoni, E., additional, Bierson, C. J., additional, Borncamp, D., additional, Bray, V. J., additional, Chaikin, A. L., additional, Dhingra, R. D., additional, Fuentes, C., additional, Fuse, T., additional, Gay, P. L, additional, Gwyn, S. D. J., additional, Hamilton, D. P., additional, Hofgartner, J. D., additional, Holman, M. J., additional, Howard, A. D., additional, Howett, C. J. A., additional, Karoji, H., additional, Kaufmann, D. E., additional, Kinczyk, M., additional, May, B. H., additional, Mountain, M., additional, Pätzold, M., additional, Petit, J. M., additional, Piquette, M. R., additional, Reid, I. N., additional, Reitsema, H. J., additional, Runyon, K. D., additional, Sheppard, S. S., additional, Stansberry, J. A., additional, Stryk, T., additional, Tanga, P., additional, Tholen, D. J., additional, Trilling, D. E., additional, and Wasserman, L. H., additional

Published
2020
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34. Color, composition, and thermal environment of Kuiper Belt object (486958) Arrokoth

Author

Grundy, W. M., primary, Bird, M. K., additional, Britt, D. T., additional, Cook, J. C., additional, Cruikshank, D. P., additional, Howett, C. J. A., additional, Krijt, S., additional, Linscott, I. R., additional, Olkin, C. B., additional, Parker, A. H., additional, Protopapa, S., additional, Ruaud, M., additional, Umurhan, O. M., additional, Young, L. A., additional, Dalle Ore, C. M., additional, Kavelaars, J. J., additional, Keane, J. T., additional, Pendleton, Y. J., additional, Porter, S. B., additional, Scipioni, F., additional, Spencer, J. R., additional, Stern, S. A., additional, Verbiscer, A. J., additional, Weaver, H. A., additional, Binzel, R. P., additional, Buie, M. W., additional, Buratti, B. J., additional, Cheng, A., additional, Earle, A. M., additional, Elliott, H. A., additional, Gabasova, L., additional, Gladstone, G. R., additional, Hill, M. E., additional, Horanyi, M., additional, Jennings, D. E., additional, Lunsford, A. W., additional, McComas, D. J., additional, McKinnon, W. B., additional, McNutt, R. L., additional, Moore, J. M., additional, Parker, J. W., additional, Quirico, E., additional, Reuter, D. C., additional, Schenk, P. M., additional, Schmitt, B., additional, Showalter, M. R., additional, Singer, K. N., additional, Weigle, G. E., additional, and Zangari, A. M., additional

Published
2020
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38. Horizontal distributions of sprites derived from the JEM-GLIMS nadir observations

Author

Sato, M., Mihara, M., Adachi, T., Ushio, T., Morimoto, T., Kikuchi, M., Kikuchi, H., Suzuki, M., Yamazaki, A., Takahashi, Y., Inan, U., Linscott, I., Ishida, R., Sakamoto, Y., Yoshida, K., and Hobara, Y.

Subjects
ISS, TLEs, lightning, thunderstorm
Abstract

Global Lightning and Sprite Measurements on Japanese Experiment Module (JEM-GLIMS) started the nadir observations of lightning discharges and transient luminous events (TLEs) from the International Space Station (ISS) since November 2012. In the nadir observations, JEM-GLIMS optical instruments have to simultaneously detect incomparably intense lightning emissions and weak TLE emissions. To distinguish TLEs, especially sprite events, from lightning events, combined data analytical methods are adopted: (1) a subtraction of the wideband camera image from the narrowband camera image, (2) a calculation of the intensity ratio between different photometer channels, and (3) an estimation of the polarization and charge moment changes for the TLE-producing lightning discharges. We succeeded in identifying numbers of sprite events using the combined analytical methods, and here we report three sprite events detected by JEM-GLIMS as a case study. In the subtracted images, sprite emissions are located over the area of the sprite-producing lightning emissions. However, these sprites and sprite-producing lightning discharges did not occur at the nadir point of the ISS. For this reason, the geometry conversion of the sprite and sprite-producing lightning emissions as observed from the point just over the sprite-producing lightning discharges is performed. In the geometry-converted images, the locations of the sprite emissions are clearly displaced by 8-20km from the peak positions of the sprite-producing lightning emissions. Thus, the first quantitative spatial distributions of sprites and sprite-producing lightning discharges from the JEM-GLIMS nadir observations are revealed.

Published
2016

39. Initial results from the New Horizons exploration of 2014 MU69, a small Kuiper Belt object

Author

Stern, S. A., primary, Weaver, H. A., additional, Spencer, J. R., additional, Olkin, C. B., additional, Gladstone, G. R., additional, Grundy, W. M., additional, Moore, J. M., additional, Cruikshank, D. P., additional, Elliott, H. A., additional, McKinnon, W. B., additional, Parker, J. Wm., additional, Verbiscer, A. J., additional, Young, L. A., additional, Aguilar, D. A., additional, Albers, J. M., additional, Andert, T., additional, Andrews, J. P., additional, Bagenal, F., additional, Banks, M. E., additional, Bauer, B. A., additional, Bauman, J. A., additional, Bechtold, K. E., additional, Beddingfield, C. B., additional, Behrooz, N., additional, Beisser, K. B., additional, Benecchi, S. D., additional, Bernardoni, E., additional, Beyer, R. A., additional, Bhaskaran, S., additional, Bierson, C. J., additional, Binzel, R. P., additional, Birath, E. M., additional, Bird, M. K., additional, Boone, D. R., additional, Bowman, A. F., additional, Bray, V. J., additional, Britt, D. T., additional, Brown, L. E., additional, Buckley, M. R., additional, Buie, M. W., additional, Buratti, B. J., additional, Burke, L. M., additional, Bushman, S. S., additional, Carcich, B., additional, Chaikin, A. L., additional, Chavez, C. L., additional, Cheng, A. F., additional, Colwell, E. J., additional, Conard, S. J., additional, Conner, M. P., additional, Conrad, C. A., additional, Cook, J. C., additional, Cooper, S. B., additional, Custodio, O. S., additional, Dalle Ore, C. M., additional, Deboy, C. C., additional, Dharmavaram, P., additional, Dhingra, R. D., additional, Dunn, G. F., additional, Earle, A. M., additional, Egan, A. F., additional, Eisig, J., additional, El-Maarry, M. R., additional, Engelbrecht, C., additional, Enke, B. L., additional, Ercol, C. J., additional, Fattig, E. D., additional, Ferrell, C. L., additional, Finley, T. J., additional, Firer, J., additional, Fischetti, J., additional, Folkner, W. M., additional, Fosbury, M. N., additional, Fountain, G. H., additional, Freeze, J. M., additional, Gabasova, L., additional, Glaze, L. S., additional, Green, J. L., additional, Griffith, G. A., additional, Guo, Y., additional, Hahn, M., additional, Hals, D. W., additional, Hamilton, D. P., additional, Hamilton, S. A., additional, Hanley, J. J., additional, Harch, A., additional, Harmon, K. A., additional, Hart, H. M., additional, Hayes, J., additional, Hersman, C. B., additional, Hill, M. E., additional, Hill, T. A., additional, Hofgartner, J. D., additional, Holdridge, M. E., additional, Horányi, M., additional, Hosadurga, A., additional, Howard, A. D., additional, Howett, C. J. A., additional, Jaskulek, S. E., additional, Jennings, D. E., additional, Jensen, J. R., additional, Jones, M. R., additional, Kang, H. K., additional, Katz, D. J., additional, Kaufmann, D. E., additional, Kavelaars, J. J., additional, Keane, J. T., additional, Keleher, G. P., additional, Kinczyk, M., additional, Kochte, M. C., additional, Kollmann, P., additional, Krimigis, S. M., additional, Kruizinga, G. L., additional, Kusnierkiewicz, D. Y., additional, Lahr, M. S., additional, Lauer, T. R., additional, Lawrence, G. B., additional, Lee, J. E., additional, Lessac-Chenen, E. J., additional, Linscott, I. R., additional, Lisse, C. M., additional, Lunsford, A. W., additional, Mages, D. M., additional, Mallder, V. A., additional, Martin, N. P., additional, May, B. H., additional, McComas, D. J., additional, McNutt, R. L., additional, Mehoke, D. S., additional, Mehoke, T. S., additional, Nelson, D. S., additional, Nguyen, H. D., additional, Núñez, J. I., additional, Ocampo, A. C., additional, Owen, W. M., additional, Oxton, G. K., additional, Parker, A. H., additional, Pätzold, M., additional, Pelgrift, J. Y., additional, Pelletier, F. J., additional, Pineau, J. P., additional, Piquette, M. R., additional, Porter, S. B., additional, Protopapa, S., additional, Quirico, E., additional, Redfern, J. A., additional, Regiec, A. L., additional, Reitsema, H. J., additional, Reuter, D. C., additional, Richardson, D. C., additional, Riedel, J. E., additional, Ritterbush, M. A., additional, Robbins, S. J., additional, Rodgers, D. J., additional, Rogers, G. D., additional, Rose, D. M., additional, Rosendall, P. E., additional, Runyon, K. D., additional, Ryschkewitsch, M. G., additional, Saina, M. M., additional, Salinas, M. J., additional, Schenk, P. M., additional, Scherrer, J. R., additional, Schlei, W. R., additional, Schmitt, B., additional, Schultz, D. J., additional, Schurr, D. C., additional, Scipioni, F., additional, Sepan, R. L., additional, Shelton, R. G., additional, Showalter, M. R., additional, Simon, M., additional, Singer, K. N., additional, Stahlheber, E. W., additional, Stanbridge, D. R., additional, Stansberry, J. A., additional, Steffl, A. J., additional, Strobel, D. F., additional, Stothoff, M. M., additional, Stryk, T., additional, Stuart, J. R., additional, Summers, M. E., additional, Tapley, M. B., additional, Taylor, A., additional, Taylor, H. W., additional, Tedford, R. M., additional, Throop, H. B., additional, Turner, L. S., additional, Umurhan, O. M., additional, Van Eck, J., additional, Velez, D., additional, Versteeg, M. H., additional, Vincent, M. A., additional, Webbert, R. W., additional, Weidner, S. E., additional, Weigle, G. E., additional, Wendel, J. R., additional, White, O. L., additional, Whittenburg, K. E., additional, Williams, B. G., additional, Williams, K. E., additional, Williams, S. P., additional, Winters, H. L., additional, Zangari, A. M., additional, and Zurbuchen, T. H., additional

Published
2019
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40. Suprathermal Ions in the Outer Heliosphere

Author

Kollmann, Peter, primary, Hill, M. E., additional, McNutt, R. L., additional, Brown, L. E., additional, Allen, R. C., additional, Clark, G., additional, Andrews, B., additional, Salazar, N., additional, Westlake, J., additional, Romeo, G., additional, Vandegriff, J., additional, Kusterer, M., additional, Smith, D., additional, Jaskulek, S., additional, Decker, R., additional, Cheng, A. F., additional, Krimigis, S. M., additional, Lisse, C. M., additional, Mitchell, D. G., additional, Weaver, H. A., additional, Delamere, P., additional, Elliott, H. A., additional, Fattig, E., additional, Gladstone, G. R., additional, Valek, P. W., additional, Weidner, S., additional, Bagenal, F., additional, Horányi, M., additional, Kammer, J. A., additional, Kaufmann, D., additional, Olkin, C. B., additional, Piquette, M. R., additional, Spencer, J. R., additional, Steffl, A. J., additional, Stern, S. A., additional, Young, L. A., additional, Ennico, K., additional, Linscott, I. R., additional, Strobel, D. F., additional, Summers, M. E., additional, and Szalay, J. R., additional

Published
2019
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41. The Mars Relay

Author

Callas, J, Linscott, I, Ribes, A, and Cousins, M

Subjects
Lunar And Planetary Science And Exploration
Abstract

The UHF Mars Relay onboard the orbiting Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft provides data relay capability for landed systems on Mars.

Published
2000

42. 国際宇宙ステーションGLIMS ミッションにより観測された雷発光強度を用いた雷の電気的特性導出に関する研究

Author

Linscott, I. R., Inan, U. S., Suzuki, Katsunori, Kakinuma, Kanata, Hobara, Yasuhide, Sato, Mitsuteru, Takahashi, Yukihiro, Adachi, Toru, Ushio, Tomoo, Kawasaki, Zenichiro, Morimoto, Takeshi, Yamazaki, Atsushi, and Suzuki, Makoto

Abstract

形態: 図版あり, Physical characteristics: Original contains illustrations, 資料番号: DS1740339005

Published
2017

45. JEM-GLIMSの光学・電波観測によるスプライトの空間分布特定とそれに伴うVHF帯電磁波の関係

Author

Inan, U., Linscott, I., Mihara, M., Sato, Mitsuteru, Ushio, Tomoo, Morimoto, Takeshi, Kikuchi, Hiroshi, Adachi, Toru, Suzuki, Makoto, Yamazaki, Atsushi, Takahashi, Yukihiro, and Hobara, Yasuhide

Abstract

第28回大気圏シンポジウム（2014年12月8日-9日. 宇宙航空研究開発機構宇宙科学研究所（JAXA)(ISAS)）, 相模原市, 神奈川県, 28th Atmospheric Science Symposium (December 8-9, 2014. Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)(ISAS)), Sagamihara, Kanagawa Japan, 著者人数: 12名, 資料番号: SA6000069025, レポート番号: Ⅲ-6

Published
2014

46. The small satellites of Pluto as observed by New Horizons

Author

Weaver, H. A., primary, Buie, M. W., additional, Buratti, B. J., additional, Grundy, W. M., additional, Lauer, T. R., additional, Olkin, C. B., additional, Parker, A. H., additional, Porter, S. B., additional, Showalter, M. R., additional, Spencer, J. R., additional, Stern, S. A., additional, Verbiscer, A. J., additional, McKinnon, W. B., additional, Moore, J. M., additional, Robbins, S. J., additional, Schenk, P., additional, Singer, K. N., additional, Barnouin, O. S., additional, Cheng, A. F., additional, Ernst, C. M., additional, Lisse, C. M., additional, Jennings, D. E., additional, Lunsford, A. W., additional, Reuter, D. C., additional, Hamilton, D. P., additional, Kaufmann, D. E., additional, Ennico, K., additional, Young, L. A., additional, Beyer, R. A., additional, Binzel, R. P., additional, Bray, V. J., additional, Chaikin, A. L., additional, Cook, J. C., additional, Cruikshank, D. P., additional, Dalle Ore, C. M., additional, Earle, A. M., additional, Gladstone, G. R., additional, Howett, C. J. A., additional, Linscott, I. R., additional, Nimmo, F., additional, Parker, J. Wm., additional, Philippe, S., additional, Protopapa, S., additional, Reitsema, H. J., additional, Schmitt, B., additional, Stryk, T., additional, Summers, M. E., additional, Tsang, C. C. C., additional, Throop, H. H. B., additional, White, O. L., additional, and Zangari, A. M., additional

Published
2016
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48. The Pluto system: Initial results from its exploration by New Horizons

Author

Stern, S. A., primary, Bagenal, F., additional, Ennico, K., additional, Gladstone, G. R., additional, Grundy, W. M., additional, McKinnon, W. B., additional, Moore, J. M., additional, Olkin, C. B., additional, Spencer, J. R., additional, Weaver, H. A., additional, Young, L. A., additional, Andert, T., additional, Andrews, J., additional, Banks, M., additional, Bauer, B., additional, Bauman, J., additional, Barnouin, O. S., additional, Bedini, P., additional, Beisser, K., additional, Beyer, R. A., additional, Bhaskaran, S., additional, Binzel, R. P., additional, Birath, E., additional, Bird, M., additional, Bogan, D. J., additional, Bowman, A., additional, Bray, V. J., additional, Brozovic, M., additional, Bryan, C., additional, Buckley, M. R., additional, Buie, M. W., additional, Buratti, B. J., additional, Bushman, S. S., additional, Calloway, A., additional, Carcich, B., additional, Cheng, A. F., additional, Conard, S., additional, Conrad, C. A., additional, Cook, J. C., additional, Cruikshank, D. P., additional, Custodio, O. S., additional, Dalle Ore, C. M., additional, Deboy, C., additional, Dischner, Z. J. B., additional, Dumont, P., additional, Earle, A. M., additional, Elliott, H. A., additional, Ercol, J., additional, Ernst, C. M., additional, Finley, T., additional, Flanigan, S. H., additional, Fountain, G., additional, Freeze, M. J., additional, Greathouse, T., additional, Green, J. L., additional, Guo, Y., additional, Hahn, M., additional, Hamilton, D. P., additional, Hamilton, S. A., additional, Hanley, J., additional, Harch, A., additional, Hart, H. M., additional, Hersman, C. B., additional, Hill, A., additional, Hill, M. E., additional, Hinson, D. P., additional, Holdridge, M. E., additional, Horanyi, M., additional, Howard, A. D., additional, Howett, C. J. A., additional, Jackman, C., additional, Jacobson, R. A., additional, Jennings, D. E., additional, Kammer, J. A., additional, Kang, H. K., additional, Kaufmann, D. E., additional, Kollmann, P., additional, Krimigis, S. M., additional, Kusnierkiewicz, D., additional, Lauer, T. R., additional, Lee, J. E., additional, Lindstrom, K. L., additional, Linscott, I. R., additional, Lisse, C. M., additional, Lunsford, A. W., additional, Mallder, V. A., additional, Martin, N., additional, McComas, D. J., additional, McNutt, R. L., additional, Mehoke, D., additional, Mehoke, T., additional, Melin, E. D., additional, Mutchler, M., additional, Nelson, D., additional, Nimmo, F., additional, Nunez, J. I., additional, Ocampo, A., additional, Owen, W. M., additional, Paetzold, M., additional, Page, B., additional, Parker, A. H., additional, Parker, J. W., additional, Pelletier, F., additional, Peterson, J., additional, Pinkine, N., additional, Piquette, M., additional, Porter, S. B., additional, Protopapa, S., additional, Redfern, J., additional, Reitsema, H. J., additional, Reuter, D. C., additional, Roberts, J. H., additional, Robbins, S. J., additional, Rogers, G., additional, Rose, D., additional, Runyon, K., additional, Retherford, K. D., additional, Ryschkewitsch, M. G., additional, Schenk, P., additional, Schindhelm, E., additional, Sepan, B., additional, Showalter, M. R., additional, Singer, K. N., additional, Soluri, M., additional, Stanbridge, D., additional, Steffl, A. J., additional, Strobel, D. F., additional, Stryk, T., additional, Summers, M. E., additional, Szalay, J. R., additional, Tapley, M., additional, Taylor, A., additional, Taylor, H., additional, Throop, H. B., additional, Tsang, C. C. C., additional, Tyler, G. L., additional, Umurhan, O. M., additional, Verbiscer, A. J., additional, Versteeg, M. H., additional, Vincent, M., additional, Webbert, R., additional, Weidner, S., additional, Weigle, G. E., additional, White, O. L., additional, Whittenburg, K., additional, Williams, B. G., additional, Williams, K., additional, Williams, S., additional, Woods, W. W., additional, Zangari, A. M., additional, and Zirnstein, E., additional

Published
2015
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49. 国際宇宙ステーションからの雷放電と高高度発光現象の観測計画（GLIMS）

Author

Inan, U., Linscott, I., Watanabe, S., Ushio, T., Sato, M., Suzuki, M., Morimoto, T., Hobara, Y., Takahashi, Y., Kikuchi, M., Ishida, R., Yamazaki, A., Abe, T., Sakamoto, Y., Yoshida, K., and Kawasaki, Z-I.

Abstract

第27回大気圏シンポジウム（2013年2月28日-3月1日. 宇宙航空研究開発機構宇宙科学研究所（JAXA)(ISAS)）, 相模原市, 神奈川県, 27th Atmospheric Science Symposium (February 28- March 1, 2013. Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)(ISAS)), Sagamihara, Kanagawa Japan, 著者人数: 16名, 資料番号: SA6000070032, レポート番号: Ⅲ-3【招待講演】

Published
2013

50. Overview and early results of the Global Lightning and Sprite Measurements mission

Author

Sato, M., primary, Ushio, T., additional, Morimoto, T., additional, Kikuchi, M., additional, Kikuchi, H., additional, Adachi, T., additional, Suzuki, M., additional, Yamazaki, A., additional, Takahashi, Y., additional, Inan, U., additional, Linscott, I., additional, Ishida, R., additional, Sakamoto, Y., additional, Yoshida, K., additional, Hobara, Y., additional, Sano, T., additional, Abe, T., additional, Nakamura, M., additional, Oda, H., additional, and Kawasaki, Z.-I., additional

Published
2015
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