101 results on '"Linsay Gray"'
Search Results
2. The effects of social determinants on children's health outcomes in Bangladesh slums through an intersectionality lens: An application of multilevel analysis of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy (MAIHDA).
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Proloy Barua, Eliud Kibuchi, Bachera Aktar, Sabrina Fatema Chowdhury, Imran Hossain Mithu, Zahidul Quayyum, Noemia Teixeira de Siqueira Filha, Alastair H Leyland, Sabina Faiz Rashid, and Linsay Gray
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Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Empirical evidence suggests that the health outcomes of children living in slums are poorer than those living in non-slums and other urban areas. Improving health especially among children under five years old (U5y) living in slums, requires a better understanding of the social determinants of health (SDoH) that drive their health outcomes. Therefore, we aim to investigate how SDoH collectively affects health outcomes of U5y living in Bangladesh slums through an intersectionality lens. We used data from the most recent national Urban Health Survey (UHS) 2013 covering urban populations in Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna, Rajshahi, Barisal, Sylhet, and Rangpur divisions. We applied multilevel analysis of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy (MAIHDA) to estimate the Discriminatory Accuracy (DA) of the intersectional effects estimates using Variance Partition Coefficient (VPC) and the Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUC-ROC). We also assessed the Proportional Change in Variance (PCV) to calculate intersectional effects. We considered three health outcomes: cough, fever, and acute respiratory infections (ARI) in U5y.We found a low DA for cough (VPC = 0.77%, AUC-ROC = 61.90%), fever (VPC = 0.87%, AUC-ROC = 61.89%) and ARI (VPC = 1.32%, AUC-ROC = 66.36%) of intersectional strata suggesting that SDoH considered do not collectively differentiate U5y with a health outcome from those with and without a health outcome. The PCV for cough (85.90%), fever (78.42%) and ARI (69.77%) indicates the existence of moderate intersectional effects. We also found that SDoH factors such as slum location, mother's employment, age of household head, and household's garbage disposal system are associated with U5y health outcomes. The variables used in this analysis have low ability to distinguish between those with and without health outcomes. However, the existence of moderate intersectional effect estimates indicates that U5y in some social groups have worse health outcomes compared to others. Therefore, policymakers need to consider different social groups when designing intervention policies aimed to improve U5y health outcomes in Bangladesh slums.
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- 2023
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3. Changes in childhood experimentation with, and exposure to, tobacco and e-cigarettes and perceived smoking norms: a repeated cross-sectional study of 10–11 year olds’ in Wales
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Britt Hallingberg, Lianna Angel, Rachel Brown, Lauren Copeland, Linsay Gray, Jordan Van Godwin, and Graham Moore
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E-cigarettes ,Tobacco ,Smoking ,Children ,Parents ,Exposure ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Abstract Background Today’s primary school children have grown up in a climate of strong smoking restrictions, decreasing tobacco use, and the emergence of e-cigarettes. Children’s exposure to tobacco declined substantially in years following the introduction of smoke-free legislation, with smoking uptake and perceived smoking norms declining. There is debate regarding whether emergence of e-cigarettes may interrupt trends in children’s smoking perceptions, or offer a means for adults to limit children’s exposure to tobacco. This study examines change in children’s tobacco and e-cigarettes experimentation (ever use), exposure to secondhand smoking and vaping, and perceived smoking norms. Methods Data from four, repeat cross-sectional surveys of Year 6 primary school pupils (age 10–11 years) in Wales in 2007, 2008, 2014 and 2019 (n = 6741) were combined. E-cigarette use and perceptions were included in 2014 and 2019 surveys. Analyses used binary logistic regression analyses, adjusted for school-level clustering. Results Child tobacco experimentation and most indicators of exposure to tobacco smoke indicated a graded decreasing trend over time from 2007 to 2019. Exposure to e-cigarettes increased from 2014 to 2019, as did pupil awareness of e-cigarettes (OR = 2.56, 95%CI = 2.12–3.10), and parental use (OR = 1.26, 95%CI = 1.00–1.57). A decrease in child e-cigarette experimentation was not significant (OR = 0.80, 95%CI = 0.57–1.13). Children’s normative perceptions for smoking by adults and children indicated a graded decrease over time (OR = 0.66, 95%CI = 0.54–0.80; OR = 0.69, 95%CI = 0.55–0.86; respectively from 2014 to 2019). However, fewer reported disapproval of people smoking around them in 2019 relative to 2014 (OR = 0.68, 95%CI = 0.53–0.88). Higher exposure to tobacco cigarettes and e-cigarettes in public places, cars and households were associated with favourable normative perceptions for tobacco smoking; however in models adjusted for exposure to both associations of e-cigarette exposure were attenuated. Conclusion Children’s experimentation with and exposure to tobacco, and their perceptions of smoking as a normative behaviour, have continued to decline alongside growth in exposure to e-cigarettes. Although a large majority of pupils reported they minded people smoking around them, there was some evidence of diminishing disapproval of secondhand smoke since 2007. Further research is needed to understand whether use of e-cigarettes in cars and homes is displacing prior smoking or being introduced into environments where smoking had been eliminated.
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- 2021
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4. Standard multiple imputation of survey data didn’t perform better than simple substitution in enhancing an administrative dataset: the example of self-rated health in England
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Frank Popham, Elise Whitley, Oarabile Molaodi, and Linsay Gray
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Surveys ,Census ,Validation ,Multiple imputation ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background Health surveys provide a rich array of information but on relatively small numbers of individuals and evidence suggests that they are becoming less representative as response levels fall. Routinely collected administrative data offer more extensive population coverage but typically comprise fewer health topics. We explore whether data combination and multiple imputation of health variables from survey data is a simple and robust way of generating these variables in the general population. Methods We use the UK Integrated Household Survey and the English 2011 population census both of which included self-rated general health. Setting aside the census self-rated health data we multiply imputed self-rated health responses for the census using the survey data and compared these with the actual census results in 576 unique groups defined by age, sex, housing tenure and geographic region. Results Compared with original census data across the groups, multiply imputed proportions of bad or very bad self-rated health were not a markedly better fit than those simply derived from the survey proportions. Conclusion While multiple imputation may have the potential to augment population data with information from surveys, further testing and refinement is required.
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- 2021
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5. Effects of social determinants on children’s health in informal settlements in Bangladesh and Kenya through an intersectionality lens: a study protocol
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Helen Elsey, Alastair H Leyland, Linsay Gray, Laura Dean, Bachera Aktar, Zahidul Quayyum, Penelope Phillips-Howard, Ivy Chumo, Caroline Kabaria, Blessing Mberu, Samuel Saidu, Lana Whittaker, Lakshmi K Josyula, Md Imran Hossain Mithu, Ross Forsyth, Eliud Kibuchi, Varun Sai, Sureka Garimella, Proloy Barua, Noemia Teixeira de Siqueira Filha, Tasmiah Selim, and Ibrahim Gandi
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Medicine - Published
- 2022
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6. Implications of COVID-19 for safeguarding in international development research: learning, action and reflection from a research hub
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Helen Elsey, Linsay Gray, Laura Dean, Rachel Tolhurst, Bachera Aktar, Ivy Chumo, Surekha Garimella, Kunhi Lakshmi Josyula, Bintu Mansaray, Linet Okoth, Sally Theobald, Phil Tubb, Linda Waldman, Lana Whittaker, Ross Forsyth, Shrutika Murthy, Farzana Manzoor, Jane Waritu, and Andrea Klingel
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Medicine (General) ,R5-920 ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Published
- 2022
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7. Youth vaping and smoking and parental vaping: a panel survey
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Michael J. Green, Linsay Gray, and Helen Sweeting
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E-cigarettes ,Smoking ,Youth ,Parents ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Abstract Background Concerns remain about potential negative impacts of e-cigarettes including possibilities that: youth e-cigarette use (vaping) increases risk of youth smoking; and vaping by parents may have impacts on their children’s vaping and smoking behaviour. Methods With panel data from 3291 youth aged 10–15 years from the 7th wave of the UK Understanding Society Survey (2015–2017), we estimated effects of youth vaping on youth smoking (ever, current and past year initiation), and of parental vaping on youth smoking and vaping, and examined whether the latter differed by parental smoking status. Propensity weighting was used to adjust for measured confounders and estimate average effects of vaping for all youth, and among youth who vaped. E-values were calculated to assess the strength of unmeasured confounding influences needed to negate our estimates. Results Associations between youth vaping and youth smoking were attenuated considerably by adjustment for measured confounders. Estimated average effects of youth vaping on youth smoking were stronger for all youth (e.g. OR for smoking initiation: 32.5; 95% CI: 9.8–107.1) than among youth who vaped (OR: 4.4; 0.6–30.9). Relatively strong unmeasured confounding would be needed to explain these effects. Associations between parental vaping and youth vaping were explained by measured confounders. Estimates indicated effects of parental vaping on youth smoking, especially for youth with ex-smoking parents (e.g. OR for smoking initiation: 11.3; 2.7–46.4) rather than youth with currently smoking parents (OR: 1.0; 0.2–6.4), but these could be explained by relatively weak unmeasured confounding. Conclusions While measured confounding accounted for much of the associations between youth vaping and youth smoking, indicating support for underlying propensities, our estimates suggested residual effects that could only be explained away by considerable unmeasured confounding or by smoking leading to vaping. Estimated effects of youth vaping on youth smoking were stronger among the general youth population than among the small group of youth who actually vaped. Associations of parental vaping with youth smoking and vaping were either explained by measured confounding or could be relatively easily explained by unmeasured confounding.
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- 2020
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8. Socioeconomic patterning of vaping by smoking status among UK adults and youth
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Michael J. Green, Linsay Gray, Helen Sweeting, and Michaela Benzeval
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Adults ,E-cigarettes ,Smoking ,Socioeconomic position ,Vaping ,Youth ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Abstract Background Smoking contributes significantly to socioeconomic health inequalities. Vaping has captured much interest as a less harmful alternative to smoking, but may be harmful relative to non-smoking. Examining inequalities in vaping by smoking status, may offer insights into potential impacts of vaping on socioeconomic inequalities in health. Methods Data were from 3291 youth (aged 10–15) and 35,367 adults (aged 16+) from wave 7 (2015–17) of the UK Household Longitudinal Study. In order to adjust for biases that could be introduced by stratifying on smoking status, marginal structural models were used to estimate controlled direct effects of an index of socioeconomic disadvantage (incorporating household education, occupation and income) on vaping by smoking status (among adults and youth), adjusting for relevant confounders and for selection into smoking states. We also estimated controlled direct effects of socioeconomic disadvantage on being an ex-smoker by vaping status (among adult ever-smokers; n = 18,128). Results Socioeconomic disadvantage was associated with vaping among never smoking youth (OR for a unit increase in the socioeconomic index: 1.17; 95%: 1.03–1.34), and among ex-smoking adults (OR: 1.17; 95% CI: 1.09–1.26), with little to no association among never smoking (OR: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.91–1.07) and current smoking (OR: 1.00; 95% CI: 0.93–1.07) adults. Socioeconomic disadvantage was also associated with reduced odds of being an ex-smoker among adult ever-smokers, but this association was moderately weaker among those who vaped (OR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.82–0.95) than those who did not (OR: 0.82; 95% CI: 0.80–0.84; p-value for difference = 0.081). Conclusions Inequalities in vaping among never smoking youth and adult ex-smokers, suggest potential to widen health inequalities, while weaker inequalities in smoking cessation among adult vapers indicate e-cigarettes could help narrow inequalities. Further research is needed to understand the balance of these opposing potential impacts, and how any benefits can be maximised whilst protecting the vulnerable.
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- 2020
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9. Predicting Childhood Overweight in Linked Administrative Data: Are There Lessons for Targeting Early Years Interventions?
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Louis Chislett, Paul Henery, Linsay Gray, Alastair Leyland, Ruth Dundas, Rachael Wood, and Anna Pearce
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Demography. Population. Vital events ,HB848-3697 - Abstract
Introduction Many early years interventions, e.g. UK’s Family Nurse Partnership, aim to provide additional support to higher need families to prevent poor health and development. Most prediction studies using cohort surveys have had limited success in identifying which families to target for such interventions. Objectives and Approach To examine whether the breadth and volume of information available in linked administrative data can predict childhood overweight (defined using International Obesity TaskForce cut-offs) at age 5 years. Data for all children born in Scotland 2011-2012 (n~120,000) were sourced from: birth registration records, maternity hospital records, health visitor and school health checks, immunisation records, prescription data. Predictors spanned socio-economic (e.g. neighbourhood deprivation, occupational status), demographic (e.g. mother’s age, number of children), birth (e.g. birthweight, APGAR score), service planning (allocation to core/additional services), and health (e.g. smoking in pregnancy, overweight at age 3y). Sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive values (PPV) for each predictor was considered. The collective predictive power of >20 variables (selected a-priori) (complete case sample, n~22000) was examined using conventional area under the curve (AUC) and three machine learning methods: decision tree classification, random forest, gradient boosted trees. Results Overweight at 3y was the strongest predictor of overweight at 5y (sensitivity:0.53; specificity:0.89; PPV:0.51). AUC and the machine learning approaches prioritised different sets of predictors, but all included overweight at 3y. All produced ‘Moderate-Good’ predictive power, falling to ‘Poor-Moderate’ when overweight at 3y was excluded. Multiple imputation will be carried out to address item missingness. Conclusion Overweight at 3y was the most informative predictor, yet 49% who were overweight at 3y were not by 5y. Models excluding overweight at 3y had poor predictive power, indicating the challenge of targeting interventions to prevent overweight. Thus, universal interventions addressing the upstream determinants of childhood overweight are likely to have greatest success in supporting child health.
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- 2020
10. How to prevent and address safeguarding concerns in global health research programmes: practice, process and positionality in marginalised spaces
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Helen Elsey, Linsay Gray, Laura Dean, Rachel Tolhurst, Nadia Farnaz, Bachera Aktar, Abdul Awal, Kate Hawkins, Haja Wurie, Wafa Alam, Samiha Ali, Margaret Bayoh, Ivy Chumo, Yirah Contay, Abu Conteh, Skye Dobson, Jerker Edstrom, Surekha Garimella, Jaideep Gupte, Beth Hollihead, Kunhi Lakshmi Josyula, Caroline Kabaria, Robinson Karuga, Joseph Kimani, Dolf te Lintelo, Bintu Mansaray, Joseph MacCarthy, Hayley MacGregor, Blessing Mberu, Nelly Muturi, Linet Okoth, Lilian Otiso, Kim Ozano, Ateeb Parray, Penny Phillips-Howard, Vinodkumar Rao, Sabina Rashid, Joanna Raven, Francis Refell, Samuel Saidu, Shafinaz Sobhan, Prasanna Subramanya Saligram, Samira Sesay, Sally Theobald, Phil Tubb, Linda Waldman, Jane Wariutu, and Lana Whittaker
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Medicine (General) ,R5-920 ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Safeguarding is rapidly rising up the international development agenda, yet literature on safeguarding in related research is limited. This paper shares processes and practice relating to safeguarding within an international research consortium (the ARISE hub, known as ARISE). ARISE aims to enhance accountability and improve the health and well-being of marginalised people living and working in informal urban spaces in low-income and middle-income countries (Bangladesh, India, Kenya and Sierra Leone). Our manuscript is divided into three key sections. We start by discussing the importance of safeguarding in global health research and consider how thinking about vulnerability as a relational concept (shaped by unequal power relations and structural violence) can help locate fluid and context specific safeguarding risks within broader social systems. We then discuss the different steps undertaken in ARISE to develop a shared approach to safeguarding: sharing institutional guidelines and practice; facilitating a participatory process to agree a working definition of safeguarding and joint understandings of vulnerabilities, risks and mitigation strategies and share experiences; developing action plans for safeguarding. This is followed by reflection on our key learnings including how safeguarding, ethics and health and safety concerns overlap; the challenges of referral and support for safeguarding concerns within frequently underserved informal urban spaces; and the importance of reflective practice and critical thinking about power, judgement and positionality and the ownership of the global narrative surrounding safeguarding. We finish by situating our learning within debates on decolonising science and argue for the importance of an iterative, ongoing learning journey that is critical, reflective and inclusive of vulnerable people.
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- 2020
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11. Socioeconomic status as an effect modifier of alcohol consumption and harm: analysis of linked cohort data
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Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi, DrFFPH, Elise Whitley, PhD, Jim Lewsey, PhD, Linsay Gray, PhD, and Alastair H Leyland, ProfPhD
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Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Summary: Background: Alcohol-related mortality and morbidity are high in socioeconomically disadvantaged populations compared with individuals from advantaged areas. It is unclear if this increased harm reflects differences in alcohol consumption between these socioeconomic groups, reverse causation (ie, downward social selection for high-risk drinkers), or a greater risk of harm in individuals of low socioeconomic status compared with those of higher status after similar consumption. We aimed to investigate whether the harmful effects of alcohol differ by socioeconomic status, accounting for alcohol consumption and other health-related factors. Methods: The Scottish Health Surveys are record-linked cross-sectional surveys representative of the adult population of Scotland. We obtained baseline demographics and data for alcohol consumption (units per week and binge drinking) from Scottish Health Surveys done in 1995, 1998, 2003, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2012. We matched these data to records for deaths, admissions, and prescriptions. The primary outcome was alcohol-attributable admission or death. The relation between alcohol-attributable harm and socioeconomic status was investigated for four measures (education level, social class, household income, and area-based deprivation) using Cox proportional hazards models. The potential for alcohol consumption and other risk factors (including smoking and body-mass index [BMI]) mediating social patterning was explored in separate regression models. Reverse causation was tested by comparing change in area deprivation over time. Findings: 50 236 participants (21 777 men and 28 459 women) were included in the analytical sample, with 429 986 person-years of follow-up. Low socioeconomic status was associated consistently with strikingly raised alcohol-attributable harms, including after adjustment for weekly consumption, binge drinking, BMI, and smoking. Evidence was noted of effect modification; for example, relative to light drinkers living in advantaged areas, the risk of alcohol-attributable admission or death for excessive drinkers was increased (hazard ratio 6·12, 95% CI 4·45–8·41 in advantaged areas; and 10·22, 7·73–13·53 in deprived areas). We found little support for reverse causation. Interpretation: Disadvantaged social groups have greater alcohol-attributable harms compared with individuals from advantaged areas for given levels of alcohol consumption, even after accounting for different drinking patterns, obesity, and smoking status at the individual level. Funding: Medical Research Council, NHS Research Scotland, Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office.
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- 2017
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12. Adjustment for survey non-participation using record linkage and multiple imputation: A validity assessment exercise using the Health 2000 survey
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Joonas Pitkänen, Pekka Martikainen, Megan A. McMinn, Alastair H Leyland, Hanna Tolonen, Linsay Gray, Tommi Härkänen, Demography, Center for Population, Health and Society, Population Research Unit (PRU), Doctoral Programme in Social Sciences, Helsinki Inequality Initiative (INEQ), and Sociology
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multiple imputation ,alcohol consumption ,MODELS ,ALCOHOL ,01 natural sciences ,010104 statistics & probability ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Non participation ,Environmental health ,RATES ,030212 general & internal medicine ,0101 mathematics ,Finland ,validation ,Validity assessment ,MORTALITY ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,CONSUMPTION ,non-participation ,General Medicine ,Health 2000 ,3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health ,NONRESPONSE BIAS ,record linkage ,Health survey ,Psychology ,Alcohol consumption ,Record linkage - Abstract
Aims: It is becoming increasingly possible to obtain additional information about health survey participants, though not usually non-participants, via record linkage. We aimed to assess the validity of an assumption underpinning a method developed to mitigate non-participation bias. We use a survey in Finland where it is possible to link both participants and non-participants to administrative registers. Survey-derived alcohol consumption is used as the exemplar outcome. Methods: Data on participants (85.5%) and true non-participants of the Finnish Health 2000 survey (invited survey sample N=7167 aged 30-79 years) and a contemporaneous register-based population sample ( N=496,079) were individually linked to alcohol-related hospitalisation and death records. Applying the methodology to create synthetic observations on non-participants, we created ‘inferred samples’ (participants and inferred non-participants). Relative differences (RDs) between the inferred sample and the invited survey sample were estimated overall and by education. Five per cent limits were used to define acceptable RDs. Results: Average weekly consumption estimates for men were 129 g and 131 g of alcohol in inferred and invited survey samples, respectively (RD –1.6%; 95% confidence interval (CI) –2.2 to –0.04%) and 35 g for women in both samples (RD –1.1%; 95% CI –2.4 to –0.8%). Estimates for men with secondary levels of education had the greatest RD (–2.4%; 95% CI –3.7 to –1.1%). Conclusions: The sufficiently small RDs between inferred and invited survey samples support the assumption validity and use of our methodology for adjusting for non-participation. However, the presence of some significant differences means caution is required.
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- 2021
13. Standard multiple imputation of survey data didn’t perform better than simple substitution in enhancing an administrative dataset: the example of self-rated health in England
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Linsay Gray, Elise Whitley, Oarabile R. Molaodi, and Frank Popham
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Census ,Epidemiology ,Population ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 ,Surveys ,01 natural sciences ,010104 statistics & probability ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Housing tenure ,Statistics ,Validation ,medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,0101 mathematics ,education ,Data combination ,Self-rated health ,education.field_of_study ,Public health ,Analytic Perspective ,Geography ,Multiple imputation ,Survey data collection - Abstract
Background Health surveys provide a rich array of information but on relatively small numbers of individuals and evidence suggests that they are becoming less representative as response levels fall. Routinely collected administrative data offer more extensive population coverage but typically comprise fewer health topics. We explore whether data combination and multiple imputation of health variables from survey data is a simple and robust way of generating these variables in the general population. Methods We use the UK Integrated Household Survey and the English 2011 population census both of which included self-rated general health. Setting aside the census self-rated health data we multiply imputed self-rated health responses for the census using the survey data and compared these with the actual census results in 576 unique groups defined by age, sex, housing tenure and geographic region. Results Compared with original census data across the groups, multiply imputed proportions of bad or very bad self-rated health were not a markedly better fit than those simply derived from the survey proportions. Conclusion While multiple imputation may have the potential to augment population data with information from surveys, further testing and refinement is required.
- Published
- 2021
14. Effects of social determinants on children's health in informal settlements in Bangladesh and Kenya through an intersectionality lens: a study protocol
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Eliud Kibuchi, Proloy Barua, Ivy Chumo, Noemia Teixeira de Siqueira Filha, Penelope Phillips-Howard, Md Imran Hossain Mithu, Caroline Kabaria, Zahidul Quayyum, Lana Whittaker, Laura Dean, Ross Forsyth, Tasmiah Selim, Bachera Aktar, Varun Sai, Sureka Garimella, Samuel Saidu, Ibrahim Gandi, Lakshmi K Josyula, Blessing Mberu, Helen Elsey, Alastair H Leyland, and Linsay Gray
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wa_30 ,wa_546 ,Bangladesh ,Intersectional Framework ,Urban Population ,Social Determinants of Health ,Child Health ,Infant, Newborn ,Infant ,General Medicine ,Health Promotion ,Kenya ,wa_320 ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Child, Preschool ,Poverty Areas ,Humans ,Child - Abstract
IntroductionSeveral studies have shown that residents of urban informal settlements/slums are usually excluded and marginalised from formal social systems and structures of power leading to disproportionally worse health outcomes compared to other urban dwellers. To promote health equity for slum dwellers, requires an understanding of how their lived realities shape inequities especially for young children 0–4 years old (ie, under-fives) who tend to have a higher mortality compared with non-slum children. In these proposed studies, we aim to examine how key Social Determinants of Health (SDoH) factors at child and household levels combine to affect under-five health conditions, who live in slums in Bangladesh and Kenya through an intersectionality lens.Methods and analysisThe protocol describes how we will analyse data from the Nairobi Cross-sectional Slum Survey (NCSS 2012) for Kenya and the Urban Health Survey (UHS 2013) for Bangladesh to explore how SDoH influence under-five health outcomes in slums within an intersectionality framework. The NCSS 2012 and UHS 2013 samples will consist of 2199 and 3173 under-fives, respectively. We will apply Multilevel Analysis of Individual Heterogeneity and Discriminatory Accuracy approach. Some of SDoH characteristics to be considered will include those of children, head of household, mothers and social structure characteristics of household. The primary outcomes will be whether a child had diarrhoea, cough, fever and acute respiratory infection (ARI) 2 weeks preceding surveys.Ethics and disseminationThe results will be disseminated in international peer-reviewed journals and presented in events organised by the Accountability and Responsiveness in Informal Settlements for Equity consortium and international conferences. Ethical approval was not required for these studies. Access to the NCSS 2012 has been given by Africa Population and Health Center and UHS 2013 is freely available.
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- 2022
15. Implications of COVID-19 for safeguarding in international development research: learning, action and reflection from a research hub
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Bintu Mansaray, Laura Dean, Phil Tubb, Kunhi Lakshmi Josyula, Linet Okoth, Ivy Chumo, Jane Waritu, Andrea Klingel, Farzana Manzoor, Bachera Aktar, Surekha Garimella, Shrutika Murthy, Rachel Tolhurst, Lana Whittaker, Linsay Gray, Ross Forsyth, Helen Elsey, Linda Waldman, and Sally Theobald
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wa_105 ,Bangladesh ,Health Policy ,wc_506 ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,COVID-19 ,Humans ,India ,Health Services Research ,Pandemics ,wa_20_5 - Abstract
COVID-19 brings uncertainties and new precarities for communities and researchers, altering and amplifying relational vulnerabilities (vulnerabilities which emerge from relationships of unequal power and place those less powerful at risk of abuse and violence). Research approaches have changed too, with increasing use of remote data collection methods. These multiple changes necessitate new or adapted safeguarding responses. This practice piece shares practical learnings and resources on safeguarding from the Accountability for Informal Urban Equity hub, which uses participatory action research, aiming to catalyse change in approaches to enhancing accountability and improving the health and well-being of marginalised people living and working in informal urban spaces in Bangladesh, India, Kenya and Sierra Leone. We outline three new challenges that emerged in the context of the pandemic (1): exacerbated relational vulnerabilities and dilemmas for researchers in responding to increased reports of different forms of violence coupled with support services that were limited prior to the pandemic becoming barely functional or non-existent in some research sites, (2) the increased use of virtual and remote research methods, with implications for safeguarding and (3) new stress, anxiety and vulnerabilities experienced by researchers. We then outline our learning and recommended action points for addressing emerging challenges, linking practice to the mnemonic ‘the four Rs: recognise, respond, report, refer’. COVID-19 has intensified safeguarding risks. We stress the importance of communities, researchers and co-researchers engaging in dialogue and ongoing discussions of power and positionality, which are important to foster co-learning and co-production of safeguarding processes.
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- 2022
16. Alcohol-related Outcomes and All-cause Mortality in the Health 2000 Survey by Participation Status and Compared with the Finnish Population
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Joonas Pitkänen, Pekka Martikainen, Hanna Tolonen, Linsay Gray, Tommi Härkänen, Megan A. McMinn, Oarabile R. Molaodi, Alastair H Leyland, Demography, Population Research Unit (PRU), Center for Population, Health and Society, and Helsinki Inequality Initiative (INEQ)
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Adult ,Male ,Population sample ,Epidemiology ,Population ,Context (language use) ,Non-participation ,01 natural sciences ,010104 statistics & probability ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Finnish population ,Bias ,Cause of Death ,Methods ,Humans ,Medicine ,Alcohol consumption ,Health 2000 Survey ,030212 general & internal medicine ,0101 mathematics ,education ,Finland ,Aged ,education.field_of_study ,business.industry ,Participation Status ,Middle Aged ,Health Surveys ,Confidence interval ,Educational attainment ,3. Good health ,5142 Social policy ,Socioeconomic Factors ,ComputingMethodologies_DOCUMENTANDTEXTPROCESSING ,Female ,business ,Alcohol-Related Disorders ,All cause mortality ,Demography - Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text., Background: In the context of declining levels of participation, understanding differences between participants and non-participants in health surveys is increasingly important for reliable measurement of health-related behaviors and their social differentials. This study compared participants and non-participants of the Finnish Health 2000 survey, and participants and a representative sample of the target population, in terms of alcohol-related harms (hospitalizations and deaths) and all-cause mortality. Methods: We individually linked 6,127 survey participants and 1,040 non-participants, aged 30–79, and a register-based population sample (n = 496,079) to 12 years of subsequent administrative hospital discharge and mortality data. We estimated age-standardized rates and rate ratios for each outcome for non-participants and the population sample relative to participants with and without sampling weights by sex and educational attainment. Results: Harms and mortality were higher in non-participants, relative to participants for both men (rate ratios = 1.5 [95% confidence interval = 1.2, 1.9] for harms; 1.6 [1.3, 2.0] for mortality) and women (2.7 [1.6, 4.4] harms; 1.7 [1.4, 2.0] mortality). Non-participation bias in harms estimates in women increased with education and in all-cause mortality overall. Age-adjusted comparisons between the population sample and sampling weighted participants were inconclusive for differences by sex; however, there were some large differences by educational attainment level. Conclusions: Rates of harms and mortality in non-participants exceed those in participants. Weighted participants’ rates reflected those in the population well by age and sex, but insufficiently by educational attainment. Despite relatively high participation levels (85%), social differentiating factors and levels of harm and mortality were underestimated in the participants.
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- 2020
17. Changes in childhood experimentation with, and exposure to, tobacco and e-cigarettes and perceived smoking norms: a repeated cross-sectional study of 10-11 year olds' in Wales
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Jordan Van Godwin, Linsay Gray, Lianna Angel, Britt Hallingberg, Rachel Brown, Graham Moore, and Lauren Copeland
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Parents ,Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Cross-sectional study ,Legislation ,Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems ,Logistic regression ,Tobacco smoke ,Exposure ,Tobacco Use ,Environmental health ,Epidemiology ,Tobacco ,medicine ,Perceptions ,Humans ,Child ,Children ,Wales ,business.industry ,Public health ,Research ,Vaping ,Smoking ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Tobacco Products ,Smoking norms ,E-cigarettes ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Normative ,Tobacco Smoke Pollution ,Biostatistics ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 ,business - Abstract
Background Today’s primary school children have grown up in a climate of strong smoking restrictions, decreasing tobacco use, and the emergence of e-cigarettes. Children’s exposure to tobacco declined substantially in years following the introduction of smoke-free legislation, with smoking uptake and perceived smoking norms declining. There is debate regarding whether emergence of e-cigarettes may interrupt trends in children’s smoking perceptions, or offer a means for adults to limit children’s exposure to tobacco. This study examines change in children’s tobacco and e-cigarettes experimentation (ever use), exposure to secondhand smoking and vaping, and perceived smoking norms. Methods Data from four, repeat cross-sectional surveys of Year 6 primary school pupils (age 10–11 years) in Wales in 2007, 2008, 2014 and 2019 (n = 6741) were combined. E-cigarette use and perceptions were included in 2014 and 2019 surveys. Analyses used binary logistic regression analyses, adjusted for school-level clustering. Results Child tobacco experimentation and most indicators of exposure to tobacco smoke indicated a graded decreasing trend over time from 2007 to 2019. Exposure to e-cigarettes increased from 2014 to 2019, as did pupil awareness of e-cigarettes (OR = 2.56, 95%CI = 2.12–3.10), and parental use (OR = 1.26, 95%CI = 1.00–1.57). A decrease in child e-cigarette experimentation was not significant (OR = 0.80, 95%CI = 0.57–1.13). Children’s normative perceptions for smoking by adults and children indicated a graded decrease over time (OR = 0.66, 95%CI = 0.54–0.80; OR = 0.69, 95%CI = 0.55–0.86; respectively from 2014 to 2019). However, fewer reported disapproval of people smoking around them in 2019 relative to 2014 (OR = 0.68, 95%CI = 0.53–0.88). Higher exposure to tobacco cigarettes and e-cigarettes in public places, cars and households were associated with favourable normative perceptions for tobacco smoking; however in models adjusted for exposure to both associations of e-cigarette exposure were attenuated. Conclusion Children’s experimentation with and exposure to tobacco, and their perceptions of smoking as a normative behaviour, have continued to decline alongside growth in exposure to e-cigarettes. Although a large majority of pupils reported they minded people smoking around them, there was some evidence of diminishing disapproval of secondhand smoke since 2007. Further research is needed to understand whether use of e-cigarettes in cars and homes is displacing prior smoking or being introduced into environments where smoking had been eliminated.
- Published
- 2021
18. Approaches to triangulation of alcohol data in Scotland: Commentary on Rehm et al
- Author
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Mark Robinson, Gerry McCartney, Linsay Gray, and Eliud Kibuchi
- Subjects
Consumption (economics) ,education.field_of_study ,Health (social science) ,Population ,Statistics ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Triangulation (social science) ,education ,Psychology ,Representativeness heuristic ,Alcohol consumption ,Sampling bias - Abstract
Rehm et al. highlight the ongoing difficulties in accurately estimating alcohol consumption using surveys. Population surveys, in particular, suffer from non-response and sampling bias, which affects their representativeness, but they are one of the few ways of estimating differences in consumption across population subgroups. In this article, we highlight different approaches that have been taken in Scotland to try to overcome these problems, from the pragmatic to the sophisticated.
- Published
- 2020
19. Correcting for non-participation bias in health surveys using record-linkage, synthetic observations and pattern mixture modelling
- Author
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Linsay Gray, Ian R. White, Lisa Rutherford, S Vittal Katikireddi, Emma Gorman, Gerry McCartney, and Alastair H Leyland
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Statistics and Probability ,pattern-mixture modelling ,multiple imputation ,Alcohol Drinking ,Epidemiology ,Population ,01 natural sciences ,Article ,survey data ,Young Adult ,010104 statistics & probability ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Non participation ,Bias ,Health Information Management ,Statistics ,Humans ,Mixture modelling ,Prospective Studies ,030212 general & internal medicine ,0101 mathematics ,education ,education.field_of_study ,record-linkage ,Missing not at random ,non-participation ,Middle Aged ,Missing data ,Health Surveys ,Weighting ,Scotland ,Survey data collection ,Female ,Psychology ,Record linkage - Abstract
Surveys are key means of obtaining policy-relevant information not available from routine sources. Bias arising from non-participation is typically handled by applying weights derived from limited socio-demographic characteristics. This approach neither captures nor adjusts for differences in health and related behaviours between participants and non-participants within categories. We addressed non-participation bias in alcohol consumption estimates using novel methodology applied to 2003 Scottish Health Survey responses record-linked to prospective administrative data. Differences were identified in socio-demographic characteristics, alcohol-related harm (hospitalisation or mortality) and all-cause mortality between survey participants and, from unlinked administrative sources, the contemporaneous general population of Scotland. These were used to infer the number of non-participants within each subgroup defined by socio-demographics and health outcomes. Synthetic observations for non-participants were then generated, missing only alcohol consumption. Weekly alcohol consumption values among synthetic non-participants were multiply imputed under missing at random and missing not at random assumptions. Relative to estimates adjusted using previously derived weights, the obtained mean weekly alcohol intake estimates were up to 59% higher among men and 16% higher among women, depending on the assumptions imposed. This work demonstrates the universal value of multiple imputation-based methodological advancement incorporating administrative health data over routine weighting procedures.
- Published
- 2019
20. Young people’s use of e-cigarettes in Wales, England and Scotland before and after introduction of EU Tobacco Products Directive regulations: a mixed-method natural experimental evaluation
- Author
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Jennifer McKell, Linsay Gray, Rachel Brown, Anna Blackwell, Anne Marie MacKintosh, Britt Hallingberg, Marcus R. Munafò, Emily Lowthian, Linda Bauld, Graham Moore, Olivia M Maynard, and Nicholas Page
- Subjects
Mixed methods ,Adolescent ,mixed methods ,Interrupted time series analysis ,Appeal ,030508 substance abuse ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems ,tobacco ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,E-cigarette ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Political science ,Environmental health ,Tobacco ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Child ,interrupted time series analysis ,Wales ,Health Policy ,Tobacco and Alcohol ,Health behaviour ,Tobacco Products ,Directive ,Adolescence ,Policy ,England ,Scotland ,North America ,Physical and Mental Health ,adolescence ,School health ,0305 other medical science ,Research Paper ,policy - Abstract
BackgroundYoung people's experimentation with e-cigarettes has increased in recent years, although regular use remains limited. EU Tobacco Products Directive (TPD) regulations introduced packet warnings, advertising restrictions, and regulated nicotine strength from 2016, in part due to concerns regarding use by young people. This paper examines e-cigarette use trajectories before and after TPD.MethodsE-cigarette use data were obtained from School Health Research Network/Health Behaviour in School-aged Children surveys in Wales and Smoking Drinking and Drug Use surveys in England. Data from Wales were analysed using segmented logistic regression, with before and after regression analyses of English data. Semi-structured group interviews included young people aged 14-16 years in Wales, England and Scotland in 2017 and 2018.ResultsIn Wales, ever use of e-cigarettes increased over time, but under a range of assumptions, growth did not appear to continue post-TPD. A small and non-significant change in trend was observed post-implementation (OR=0.96; 95%CI=0.91 to 1.01), which increased in size and significance after adjusting for ever smoking (OR=0.93; 95%CI=0.88 to 0.98). There was little increase in regular e-cigarette use from 2015 to 2017 in Wales. However, ever and regular use increased from 2014 to 2016 in England. Young people in all nations described limited interactions with components of TPD, while describing e-cigarette use as a ‘fad’, which had begun to run its course.ConclusionsThis study provides preliminary evidence that young people's e-cigarette experimentation may be plateauing in UK nations. The extent to which this arises from regulatory changes, or due to a fad having begun to lose its appeal among young people in the UK countries, remains unclear. These trends contrast to those observed in North America, where newer products whose EU market entry and marketing have been impacted by TPD, have gained traction among young people. Long-term monitoring of e-cigarette use trends and perceptions among young people remain vital.
- Published
- 2020
21. P84 Child experimentation with, and exposure to, tobacco and e-cigarettes: a mixed methods study of primary school children in Wales from 2007 to 2019
- Author
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Rachel Brown, Lauren Copeland, Lianna Angel, Britt Hallingberg, Graham Moore, and Linsay Gray
- Subjects
Change over time ,Tobacco use ,business.industry ,Environmental health ,Medicine ,Qualitative property ,Smoking restrictions ,business ,Focus group ,Qualitative research - Abstract
Background Children in the United Kingdom (UK) today have grown up amidst strong smoking restrictions, decreasing tobacco use and increasing e-cigarette use. It is debated whether e-cigarettes interrupt downward trends in children’s smoking uptake or offer a means for adults to limit tobacco use in front of their children. This study examines change over time in experimentation with, and exposure to, smoking (2007–2019) and e-cigarettes (2014–2019). Methods Mixed methods design combining data from four national surveys of Year 6 primary school pupils in Wales from 2007–2019 (n=6,741) and qualitative data from 22 focus groups within four primary schools. Results Parental smoking (OR=0.85 95%CI=0.78–0.94), child tobacco experimentation (OR=0.50, 95%CI=0.40–0.63), and exposure to tobacco in all locations declined over time. Exposure to e-cigarettes increased in all locations from 2014–2019, as did pupil awareness (OR=2.56, 95%CI=2.13–3.09), and parental use (OR=1.26 95%CI=1.01–1.57]). Child ever e-cigarette use was unchanged (OR=0.80, 95%CI=0.58–1.12). Since 2014, pupils’ reports that parents used only e-cigarettes increased. Qualitative research identified strong disapproval for smoking and vaping indoors among children. Pupils from smoking families were more knowledgeable about e-cigarettes, with family smoking and e-cigarette use important in shaping children’s exposure to, and perceptions of, smoking and vaping. Conclusion Children’s experimentation with, and exposure to, tobacco continues to decline. Further research is needed to understand whether use of e-cigarettes in cars and homes is displacing prior smoking in these locations or being introduced into environments where smoking had already been eliminated.
- Published
- 2020
22. How to prevent and address safeguarding concerns in global health research programmes: practice, process and positionality in marginalised spaces
- Author
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Abdul Awal, Skye Dobson, Kim Ozano, Kunhi Lakshmi Josyula, Abu Conteh, Caroline W Kabaria, Samuel Saidu, Beth Hollihead, Vinodkumar Rao, Lana Whittaker, Dolf te Lintelo, Blessing Mberu, Sabina Faiz Rashid, Bachera Aktar, Ivy Chumo, Alastair H Leyland, Joanna Raven, Sally Theobald, Ateeb Ahmad Parray, Jane Wariutu, Surekha Garimella, Haja Wurie, Samiha Ali, Joseph MacCarthy, Helen Elsey, Jerker Edström, Phil Tubb, Hayley MacGregor, Wafa Alam, Penny Phillips-Howard, Shafinaz Sobhan, Jaideep Gupte, Kate Hawkins, Lilian Otiso, Linsay Gray, Margaret Bayoh, Francis Refell, Nadia Farnaz, Samira Sesay, Bintu Mansaray, Robinson Karuga, Laura Dean, Prasanna Subramanya Saligram, Rachel Tolhurst, Nelly Muturi, Linda Waldman, Joseph Kimani, Linet Okoth, and Yirah Contay
- Subjects
Reflective practice ,0507 social and economic geography ,Vulnerability ,India ,wa_395 ,010501 environmental sciences ,Safeguarding ,Global Health ,01 natural sciences ,Sierra leone ,lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases ,wa_20_5 ,Political science ,Humans ,lcsh:RC109-216 ,Poverty ,Health policy ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Bangladesh ,Practice ,lcsh:R5-920 ,business.industry ,05 social sciences ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,health policy ,Public relations ,Structural violence ,Kenya ,health services research ,wa_100 ,Accountability ,business ,International development ,lcsh:Medicine (General) ,050703 geography ,health systems - Abstract
Safeguarding is rapidly rising up the international development agenda, yet literature on safeguarding in related research is limited. This paper shares processes and practice relating to safeguarding within an international research consortium (the ARISE hub, known as ARISE). ARISE aims to enhance accountability and improve the health and well-being of marginalised people living and working in informal urban spaces in low-income and middle-income countries (Bangladesh, India, Kenya and Sierra Leone). Our manuscript is divided into three key sections. We start by discussing the importance of safeguarding in global health research and consider how thinking about vulnerability as a relational concept (shaped by unequal power relations and structural violence) can help locate fluid and context specific safeguarding risks within broader social systems. We then discuss the different steps undertaken in ARISE to develop a shared approach to safeguarding: sharing institutional guidelines and practice; facilitating a participatory process to agree a working definition of safeguarding and joint understandings of vulnerabilities, risks and mitigation strategies and share experiences; developing action plans for safeguarding. This is followed by reflection on our key learnings including how safeguarding, ethics and health and safety concerns overlap; the challenges of referral and support for safeguarding concerns within frequently underserved informal urban spaces; and the importance of reflective practice and critical thinking about power, judgement and positionality and the ownership of the global narrative surrounding safeguarding. We finish by situating our learning within debates on decolonising science and argue for the importance of an iterative, ongoing learning journey that is critical, reflective and inclusive of vulnerable people.
- Published
- 2020
23. Socioeconomic patterning of vaping by smoking status among UK adults and youth
- Author
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Michaela Benzeval, Michael J. Green, Helen Sweeting, and Linsay Gray
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Longitudinal study ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Youth ,Adolescent ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Marginal structural model ,01 natural sciences ,Odds ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Environmental health ,Epidemiology ,Humans ,Adults ,Medicine ,Longitudinal Studies ,030212 general & internal medicine ,0101 mathematics ,Child ,Socioeconomic status ,Smokers ,business.industry ,Vaping ,lcsh:Public aspects of medicine ,Public health ,Smoking ,010102 general mathematics ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,lcsh:RA1-1270 ,Health Status Disparities ,United Kingdom ,E-cigarettes ,Socioeconomic position ,Socioeconomic Factors ,Smoking cessation ,Female ,Biostatistics ,business ,Research Article - Abstract
Background Smoking contributes significantly to socioeconomic health inequalities. Vaping has captured much interest as a less harmful alternative to smoking, but may be harmful relative to non-smoking. Examining inequalities in vaping by smoking status, may offer insights into potential impacts of vaping on socioeconomic inequalities in health. Methods Data were from 3291 youth (aged 10–15) and 35,367 adults (aged 16+) from wave 7 (2015–17) of the UK Household Longitudinal Study. In order to adjust for biases that could be introduced by stratifying on smoking status, marginal structural models were used to estimate controlled direct effects of an index of socioeconomic disadvantage (incorporating household education, occupation and income) on vaping by smoking status (among adults and youth), adjusting for relevant confounders and for selection into smoking states. We also estimated controlled direct effects of socioeconomic disadvantage on being an ex-smoker by vaping status (among adult ever-smokers; n = 18,128). Results Socioeconomic disadvantage was associated with vaping among never smoking youth (OR for a unit increase in the socioeconomic index: 1.17; 95%: 1.03–1.34), and among ex-smoking adults (OR: 1.17; 95% CI: 1.09–1.26), with little to no association among never smoking (OR: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.91–1.07) and current smoking (OR: 1.00; 95% CI: 0.93–1.07) adults. Socioeconomic disadvantage was also associated with reduced odds of being an ex-smoker among adult ever-smokers, but this association was moderately weaker among those who vaped (OR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.82–0.95) than those who did not (OR: 0.82; 95% CI: 0.80–0.84; p-value for difference = 0.081). Conclusions Inequalities in vaping among never smoking youth and adult ex-smokers, suggest potential to widen health inequalities, while weaker inequalities in smoking cessation among adult vapers indicate e-cigarettes could help narrow inequalities. Further research is needed to understand the balance of these opposing potential impacts, and how any benefits can be maximised whilst protecting the vulnerable.
- Published
- 2020
24. Youth vaping and smoking and parental vaping: a cross-sectional survey
- Author
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Linsay Gray, Helen Sweeting, and Michael J. Green
- Subjects
Cross-sectional study ,Environmental health ,Psychology - Abstract
Background: Concerns remain about potential negative impacts of e-cigarettes including possibilities that: youth e-cigarette use (vaping) increases risk of youth smoking; and vaping by parents may have impacts on their children’s vaping and smoking behaviour. Methods: With cross-sectional data from 3291 youth aged 10-15 years from the Understanding Society Survey, we estimated effects of youth vaping on youth smoking (ever, current and initiation in the past year), and of parental vaping on youth smoking and vaping, and examined whether the latter differed by parental smoking status. Propensity weighting was used to adjust for measured confounders and estimate effects of vaping under alternative scenarios of no vaping vs universal adoption, and vs observed vaping levels. E-values were calculated to assess the strength of unmeasured confounding influences needed to negate our estimates. Results: Associations between youth vaping and youth smoking were attenuated considerably by adjustment for measured confounders. Estimated effects of youth vaping on youth smoking were stronger comparing no use to universal adoption (e.g. OR for smoking initiation: 32.5; 95% CI: 9.8-107.1) than to observed levels of youth vaping (OR: 4.4; 0.6-30.9). Relatively strong unmeasured confounding would be needed to explain these effects. Associations between parental vaping and youth vaping were explained by measured confounders. However, estimates for parental vaping on youth smoking indicated effects, especially for youth with ex-smoking parents (e.g. OR for smoking initiation: 11.3; 2.7-46.4) rather than youth with currently smoking parents (OR: 1.0; 0.2-6.4). Relatively weak unmeasured confounding could explain these parental vaping effects. Conclusions: While results for youth vaping and youth smoking associations indicated support for underlying propensities, estimated effects still required considerable unmeasured confounding to be explained fully. However, these estimates from cross-sectional data could also be explained by smoking leading to vaping. Stronger estimates for universal vaping adoption vs observed usage, indicated that if youth vaping does increase risk of youth smoking, this effect may be stronger in the general population of youth, than among those youth who typically vape. Associations of parental vaping with youth smoking and vaping were either explained by measured confounding or could be relatively easily explained by unmeasured confounding.
- Published
- 2020
25. Associations of Socioeconomic Status, Parental Smoking and Parental E-Cigarette Use with 10–11-Year-Old Children’s Perceptions of Tobacco Cigarettes and E-Cigarettes: Cross Sectional Analysis of the CHETS Wales 3 Survey
- Author
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Britt Hallingberg, Graham Moore, Lianna Angel, Lauren Copeland, Linsay Gray, Jeremy Segrott, and Jordan Van Godwin
- Subjects
Male ,Cross-sectional study ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,education ,lcsh:Medicine ,030508 substance abuse ,Cigarette use ,Positive perception ,Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems ,tobacco ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) ,children ,Environmental health ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,parasitic diseases ,Medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Parent-Child Relations ,Child ,Socioeconomic status ,Smoke ,business.industry ,Vaping ,lcsh:R ,Smoking ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,parents ,e-cigarettes ,Tobacco Products ,medicine.disease ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Social Class ,Female ,0305 other medical science ,business ,Attitude to Health - Abstract
Background: This study examines primary schoolchildren&rsquo, s perceptions of e-cigarettes and tobacco cigarettes, and associations with parental smoking, vaping and socioeconomic status. Methods: Survey of 2218 10&ndash, 11-year-old children in 73 schools in Wales. Results: Overall, 36% reported that a parent figure smoked compared to 21% for vaping, with parental smoking lower in affluent families (OR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.68 to 0.76). Overall, 1% had tried a cigarette, while 5% had tried an e-cigarette. Most said they would not smoke or vape in 2 years&rsquo, time, susceptibility to vaping (20%) was higher than smoking (12%). Exposure to and perceptions of tobacco cigarettes were more positive for children of smokers. Having a parent who vaped was associated with exposure to and positive perceptions of e-cigarettes, but not smoking. Most children perceived e-cigarettes as used by adults to stop smoking (64%). Susceptibility to smoking (OR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.41 to 0.79) and vaping (OR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.62 to 0.99) were lower among children who perceived e-cigarettes as cessation aids. Conclusions: Parental smoking continues to be concentrated in poorer families. This study provides no evidence that parental vaping in the absence of smoking is associated with more positive perceptions of tobacco cigarettes. Communicating to children the role of e-cigarettes as cessation devices for smokers may help to limit their appeal to young people.
- Published
- 2020
26. Validating record-linkage based methodology for addressing health survey non-participation
- Author
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Megan A. McMinn, Tommi Härkänen, Alastair H Leyland, Pekka Martikainen, Linsay Gray, Joonas Pitkänen, and Hanna Tolonen
- Subjects
03 medical and health sciences ,Medical education ,0302 clinical medicine ,Non participation ,Geography ,030503 health policy & services ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Health survey ,030212 general & internal medicine ,0305 other medical science ,Record linkage - Abstract
Background As a consequence of declining levels of participation in health surveys, the results purported to be population-representative may be biased. Traditional adjustments for non-participation, such as weighting, can fail to correct for such biases. We aim to validate our developed methodology, which simulates non-participants, and compare results from the inferred sample to the ’gold standard’ sample of participants and true non-participants, and participants alone. Methods Participants and non-participants of the Finnish Health 2000 survey, and a contemporaneous population sample are available, with alcohol-related hospitalisations and deaths (“harms”, individually record-linked for all Health 2000 invitees). Synthetic observations on non-participants were simulated through comparison of participants and population sample. Alcohol consumption of true and inferred non-participants were multiply imputed based on harms and education as well as age and sex, assuming data are Missing At Random (MAR). Results are compared via the relative differences (RD) between the inferred sample and 1) gold standard sample, and 2) participants alone. Results Average weekly estimates for men are 129g in the inferred sample, and 130g in the gold standard (RD -1.2%, 95%CI -2.0, -0.4%), and 35g for women in both samples (RD -0.8%; -1.9, 0.3%). Estimates for men with secondary levels of education had the greatest RD (-1.9%; -3.3, -0.5%). Comparisons between the participants and the inferred sample revealed few differences. Conclusions All RD between the inferred and gold standard samples lie within our ±5% acceptability limits, in support of the use of our methodology for adjusting for non-participation in health surveys. However, under MAR, there are no significant differences between the results generated from the inferred sample and the participants alone. Further work exploring Missing Not At Random scenarios is required to ensure utility for reliable population health monitoring. Key messages Survey weights alone cannot adjust for non-representativeness, but we have shown that data linkage can be used to match the characteristics and outcomes of the selected sample. Non-participation in health surveys may be adjusted for using our methodology, with further exploration into alternative missing data scenarios required.
- Published
- 2019
27. Assessing progress in protecting non-smokers from secondhand smoke
- Author
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John W. Cherrie, William Mueller, Sean Semple, Alastair H Leyland, and Linsay Gray
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Saliva ,Health (social science) ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,Environmental health ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Secondhand smoke ,Cotinine ,030505 public health ,business.industry ,Tobacco control ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Non-Smokers ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,chemistry ,Scotland ,Female ,Tobacco Smoke Pollution ,Public Health ,Population exposure ,0305 other medical science ,business - Abstract
ObjectiveTo examine trends in population exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) and consider two exposure metrics as appropriate targets for tobacco control policy-makers.DesignComparison of adult non-smokers’ salivary cotinine data available from 11 Scottish Health Surveys between 1998 and 2016.MethodsThe proportions of non-smoking adults who had measurable levels of cotinine in their saliva were calculated for the 11 time points. The geometric mean (GM) concentrations of cotinine levels were calculated using Tobit regression. Changes in both parameters were assessed for the whole period and also for the years since implementation of smoke-free legislation in Scotland in 2006.ResultsSalivary cotinine expressed as a GM fell from 0.464 ng/mL (95% CI 0.444 to 0.486 ng/mL) in 1998 to 0.013 ng/mL (95% CI 0.009 to 0.020 ng/mL) in 2016: a reduction of 97.2%. The percentage of non-smoking adults who had no measurable cotinine in their saliva increased by nearly sixfold between 1998 (12.5%, 95% CI 11.5% to 13.6%) and 2016 (81.6%, 95% CI 78.6% to 84.6%). Reductions in population exposure to SHS have continued even after smoke-free legislation in 2006.ConclusionsScotland has witnessed a dramatic reduction in SHS exposure in the past two decades, but there are still nearly one in five non-smoking adults who have measurable exposure to SHS on any given day. Tobacco control strategies globally should consider the use of both the proportion of non-smoking adults with undetectable salivary cotinine and the GM as targets to encourage policies that achieve a smoke-free future.
- Published
- 2019
28. Use of e-cigarettes by young people in Great Britain before and after Tobacco Products Directive
- Author
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Jennifer McKell, Britt Hallingberg, Nicholas Page, Rachel Brown, Linsay Gray, Olivia M Maynard, Linda Bauld, and Graham Moore
- Subjects
Cyclic thrombocytopenia ,School age child ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Directive ,Drug usage ,Nicotine ,Perception ,Environmental health ,medicine ,Health behavior ,Psychology ,media_common ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Background Young people’s experimentation with e-cigarettes has increased in recent years, although regular use remains rare. In May 2016, the EU Tobacco Products Directive (TPD) introduced regulations aimed in part at preventing use by young people. It imposed warnings on e-cigarette packets, banned many forms of advertising, and restricted nicotine strength. This paper examines change in young people’s e-cigarette use after TPD, as well as complementary and alternative causal explanations for change, from young people’s perspectives. Methods Quantitative data sources were 2013, 2015 and 2017 School Health Research Network/Health Behaviour in School-aged Children surveys in Wales and 2014 and 2016 Smoking Drinking and Drug Use surveys in England. Data were analysed using segmented binary logistic regression in Wales, with simpler before and after analyses in England. Results were considered alongside qualitative interview data from young people aged 14-15 years in England, Wales and Scotland, collected in 2017 and 2018. Results Ever-use of e-cigarettes almost doubled from 2013-15, though subsequent increases were smaller. In Wales, where pre-legislation time series data were available, under a range of assumptions, prior growth in e-cigarette ever-use did not continue post-TPD. Change in trend post-TPD did not reach significance (OR = 0.96; 95%CI=0.91 to 1.01), but became significant after adjusting for change in smoking rates across the time-series (OR = 0.93; 95%CI=0.88 to 0.98). Regular use did not increase significantly from 2015 to 2017 in Wales, although ever and regular use in England both increased from 2014 to 2016. Young people described limited interactions with core components of TPD, while commonly describing e-cigarette use as a fad which was beginning to run its course. Conclusions Growth in youth experimentation with e-cigarettes may be slowing. Qualitative data from young people provide a range of explanations which appear largely unrelated to TPD itself. Key messages Survey data provide preliminary evidence that use of e-cigarettes may be plateauing among young people in the UK after a rapid initial increase in experimentation. Explanations position e-cigarettes as a passing fad which is beginning to lose its appeal in UK youth. Longer term monitoring of trends and perceptions remain vital.
- Published
- 2019
29. Adjustment for survey non-representativeness using record-linkage: refined estimates of alcohol consumption by deprivation in Scotland
- Author
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Lesley Graham, Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi, Gerry McCartney, Linsay Gray, Alastair H Leyland, Emma Gorman, Lisa Rutherford, and Mark Robinson
- Subjects
Consumption (economics) ,medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,030508 substance abuse ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Missing data ,Representativeness heuristic ,03 medical and health sciences ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,0302 clinical medicine ,Epidemiology ,medicine ,Population data ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Health information ,0305 other medical science ,business ,Alcohol consumption ,Record linkage ,Demography - Abstract
Background and aims: Analytical approaches to addressing survey non-participation bias typically use only demographic information to improve estimates. We applied a novel methodology which uses health information from data linkage to adjust for non-representativeness. We illustrate the method by presenting adjusted alcohol consumption estimates for Scotland. Design: Data on consenting respondents to the Scottish Health Surveys (SHeSs) 1995-2010 were linked confidentially to routinely collected hospital admission and mortality records. Synthetic observations representing non-respondents were created using general population data. Multiple imputation was performed to compute adjusted alcohol estimates given a range of assumptions about the missing data. Adjusted estimates of mean weekly consumption were additionally calibrated to per-capita alcohol sales data. Setting: Scotland. Participants: 13 936 male and 18 021 female respondents to the SHeSs 1995-2010, aged 20-64years. Measurements: Weekly alcohol consumption, non-, binge- and problem-drinking. Findings: Initial adjustment for non-response resulted in estimates of mean weekly consumption that were elevated by up to 17.8% [26.5units (18.6-34.4)] compared with corrections based solely on socio-demographic data [22.5 (17.7-27.3)]; other drinking behaviour estimates were little changed. Under more extreme assumptions the overall difference was up to 53%, and calibrating to sales estimates resulted in up to 88% difference. Increases were especially pronounced among males in deprived areas. Conclusions: The use of routinely collected health data to reduce bias arising from survey non-response resulted in higher alcohol consumption estimates among working-age males in Scotland, with less impact for females. This new method of bias reduction can be generalized to other surveys to improve estimates of alternative harmful behaviours.
- Published
- 2017
30. Validation of non-participation bias methodology based on record-linked Finnish register-based health survey data : a protocol paper
- Author
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Emma Gorman, Megan A. McMinn, Hanna Tolonen, Linsay Gray, Alastair H Leyland, Harri Rissanen, Pekka Martikainen, Tommi Härkänen, Helsinki Inequality Initiative (INEQ), Demography, Population Research Unit (PRU), Center for Population, Health and Society, Sociology, and University of Helsinki
- Subjects
Male ,ALCOHOL-CONSUMPTION ,0302 clinical medicine ,Research Methods ,Protocol ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Registries ,Finland ,education.field_of_study ,RESPONDENTS ,public health ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,3. Good health ,5141 Sociology ,Female ,Record linkage ,Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,Medical Records Systems, Computerized ,Population ,PARTICIPATION ,Sample (statistics) ,Synthetic data ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,Humans ,COHORT ,RATES ,education ,Aged ,Retrospective Studies ,Protocol (science) ,Estimation ,OLDER ,Actuarial science ,Models, Statistical ,business.industry ,Public health ,CAUSE-SPECIFIC MORTALITY ,Health Surveys ,Survey data collection ,Patient Participation ,business ,FOLLOW-UP ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
IntroductionDecreasing participation levels in health surveys pose a threat to the validity of estimates intended to be representative of their target population. If participants and non-participants differ systematically, the results may be biased. The application of traditional non-response adjustment methods, such as weighting, can fail to correct for such biases, as estimates are typically based on the sociodemographic information available. Therefore, a dedicated methodology to infer on non-participants offers advancement by employing survey data linked to administrative health records, with reference to data on the general population. We aim to validate such a methodology in a register-based setting, where individual-level data on participants and non-participants are available, taking alcohol consumption estimation as the exemplar focus.Methods and analysisWe made use of the selected sample of the Health 2000 survey conducted in Finland and a separate register-based sample of the contemporaneous population, with follow-up until 2012. Finland has nationally representative administrative and health registers available for individual-level record linkage to the Health 2000 survey participants and invited non-participants, and the population sample. By comparing the population sample and the participants, synthetic observations representing the non-participants may be generated, as per the developed methodology. We can compare the distribution of the synthetic non-participants with the true distribution from the register data. Multiple imputation was then used to estimate alcohol consumption based on both the actual and synthetic data for non-participants, and the estimates can be compared to evaluate the methodology’s performance.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval and access to the Health 2000 survey data and data from administrative and health registers have been given by the Health 2000 Scientific Advisory Board, Statistics Finland and the National Institute for Health and Welfare. The outputs will include two publications in public health and statistical methodology journals and conference presentations.
- Published
- 2019
31. Supplemental material for Correcting for non-participation bias in health surveys using record-linkage, synthetic observations and pattern mixture modelling
- Author
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Linsay Gray, Gorman, Emma, White, Ian R, S Vittal Katikireddi, McCartney, Gerry, Rutherford, Lisa, and Leyland, Alastair H
- Subjects
111099 Nursing not elsewhere classified ,111708 Health and Community Services ,160807 Sociological Methodology and Research Methods ,FOS: Health sciences ,FOS: Sociology - Abstract
Supplemental Material for Correcting for non-participation bias in health surveys using record-linkage, synthetic observations and pattern mixture modelling by Linsay Gray, Emma Gorman, Ian R White, S Vittal Katikireddi, Gerry McCartney, Lisa Rutherford and Alastair H Leyland in Statistical Methods in Medical Research
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Supplemental Material1 - Supplemental material for Correcting for non-participation bias in health surveys using record-linkage, synthetic observations and pattern mixture modelling
- Author
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Linsay Gray, Gorman, Emma, White, Ian R, S Vittal Katikireddi, McCartney, Gerry, Rutherford, Lisa, and Leyland, Alastair H
- Subjects
111099 Nursing not elsewhere classified ,111708 Health and Community Services ,160807 Sociological Methodology and Research Methods ,FOS: Health sciences ,FOS: Sociology - Abstract
Supplemental material, Supplemental Material1 for Correcting for non-participation bias in health surveys using record-linkage, synthetic observations and pattern mixture modelling by Linsay Gray, Emma Gorman, Ian R White, S Vittal Katikireddi, Gerry McCartney, Lisa Rutherford and Alastair H Leyland in Statistical Methods in Medical Research
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Mixed tenure communities as a policy instrument for educational outcomes in a deprived urban context?
- Author
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Marion Henderson, Lyndal Bond, Linsay Gray, Ade Kearns, and Oonagh Robison
- Subjects
Economic growth ,educational outcomes ,Context effect ,4. Education ,05 social sciences ,Geography, Planning and Development ,education ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,050301 education ,021107 urban & regional planning ,Context (language use) ,02 engineering and technology ,Articles ,Destinations ,school context ,Article ,Urban Studies ,School performance ,mixed communities ,Sociology ,neighbourhood context ,0503 education ,Neighbourhood (mathematics) ,health care economics and organizations - Abstract
This article considers mixed community strategies, enacted through planning and regeneration policies, as a policy approach to the improvement of educational outcomes in schools. Analysis is undertaken of educational outcomes across secondary schools in Glasgow. The level of owner occupation in the catchment is positively associated with both examination results at S4 and positive destinations post-school, particularly at the more deprived end of the school spectrum. The results suggest that tenure mix may be both directly and indirectly related to school performance, with neighbourhood context effects not being entirely mediated through the school context.
- Published
- 2015
34. OP58 Associations between parental vaping and youth smoking and vaping in the UK: cross-sectional survey findings
- Author
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Helen Sweeting, Michael J. Green, Michaela Benzeval, and Linsay Gray
- Subjects
Cross-sectional study ,business.industry ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Single parent ,Confounding ,Ethnic group ,medicine ,Smoking cessation ,Risk factor ,Youth smoking ,Logistic regression ,business ,Demography - Abstract
Background: E-cigarette use has been rising steadily in the UK since 2011. Mounting evidence suggests e-cigarette use (‘vaping’) is safer than traditional cigarettes (‘smoking’), and can aid smoking cessation. Nevertheless concerns are still raised that vaping may re-normalise smoking behaviour and help introduce youth to traditional cigarettes. Parental smoking is long-established as a risk factor for youth smoking, so parental vaping may be an important component of any normalisation effects of e-cigarettes on youth. We estimated associations of parental vaping with youth smoking and vaping. Methods: Data were from the 7th wave of the Understanding Society study, a representative annual panel study of UK households. Youth and parents self-reported current vaping and current and past smoking (parental vaping/smoking coded for any use in couples). Logistic regression analyses were conducted in STATA on 2373 youth aged 10–15 with valid data (65% of 3635 interviewed; 51% female). Models were weighted for study non-response and adjusted for potential confounders (gender, age, UK country, ethnic minority, single parent status, parental education, occupation, income and parental smoking). Where there were interactions between parental vaping and parental smoking (never, ex or current), we estimated ORs within strata of parental smoking. With responses from previous surveys we additionally examined current smoking in youth who had never smoked before (n=2,243; i.e. initiation of smoking). Results: Vaping and smoking were rare among youth (3.5% and 2.3% respectively) but more youth had parents who vaped (11.6%) or were ex (39.7%) or current (24.9%) smokers. Parental vaping was not clearly associated with youth vaping after adjustment for confounders (OR: 1.86; 95% CI 0.70 to 4.96). However, associations between parent and youth vaping varied by parental smoking (p-value for interaction: 0.043) being strongest among youth whose parents were ex-smokers (OR: 4.99; 95% CI 0.94 to 26.53). After adjustment, parental vaping was not clearly associated with youth current smoking either (OR: 1.26; 95% CI 0.38 to 4.19), which held across strata of parental smoking (interaction p-value: 0.102). However, parental vaping was associated with youth smoking initiation, even after adjustment (OR: 4.63; 95% CI 1.29 to 16.58), and this too did not vary by parental smoking status (interaction p-value: 0.115). Conclusion: There was not strong evidence that parental vaping encouraged youth smoking or vaping overall. However, some indications of increased risk (e.g. for smoking initiation, or among youth whose parents were ex-smokers) warrant further study and monitoring to further inform regulation, especially as increasing numbers of smokers (including parents) switch to e-cigarettes.
- Published
- 2018
35. OP59 #Have e-cigarettes re-normalized or displaced youth smoking?: a segmented regression analysis of repeated cross sectional survey data in england, scotland and wales
- Author
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Anne Marie MacKintosh, Emily Lowthian, Olivia M Maynard, Britt Hallingberg, Linsay Gray, and Graham Moore
- Subjects
Harm reduction ,education.field_of_study ,business.industry ,Cross-sectional study ,Population ,Health behaviour ,Youth smoking ,Floor effect ,Medicine ,Normative ,Segmented regression ,business ,education ,Demography - Abstract
Background Small yet significant impacts of e-cigarettes on population smoking cessations rates indicate promise for harm reduction. However, non-smoking young people are increasingly experimenting with e-cigarettes, and while regular use remains rare, arguments for regulation have been driven by fears that e-cigarettes re-normalize smoking. Others counter that e-cigarettes may displace youth smoking and further de-normalize it. This study tests whether the secular decline in youth smoking prevalence, as well as perceived smoking norms, slowed or accelerated during the period from 2011–2015 (when e-cigarettes were emerging but prior to recent moves to regulate their use). Methods Data were taken from the Smoking Drinking and Drug Use survey in England, Health Behaviour in School Aged Children/School Health Research Network surveys in Wales, and the Scottish Adolescents Lifestyle and Substance Use Surveys between 1998 and 2015, including 247,515 13 and 15 year-old respondents. Segmented regression analyses examined trends for smoking prevalence (ever smoking and weekly smoking) and perceived smoking norms, testing for change in trend from 2011–15. Falsifiability checks examined change in trends for alcohol use and cannabis use for the same period. Results In final models for the whole sample, there was no change in rate of decline for ever smoking (OR=1.01; CI 0.99 to 1.03), with a marginally significant slowing in the rate of decline for weekly smoking (OR=1.04; CI 1.00 to 1.08). This slowing decline in weekly smoking was however limited to groups for whom rates were declining prior to 2010 at a rate which could not be sustained (i.e. girls and 13 year olds), and occurred in a greater magnitude for other substances, including cannabis use (OR=1.21, CI 1.18 to 1.25) and alcohol use (OR=1.17; CI 1.14 to 1.19). There was consistent evidence across all subgroups of an increased rate of decline in the percentage of young people saying that smoking is ok (OR=0.83; CI 0.81 to 0.86). Conclusion We found no evidence that the growing prevalence of e-cigarette use has led to increased experimentation with smoking, and some evidence that young people’s perceptions against smoking as a normative behavior have hardened rather than softened. Although the decline in weekly smoking rates is slowing, this appears to reflect a floor effect and is of smaller magnitude than change in trend for other substances. While the idea that e-cigarettes renormalize smoking has been central to much policy debate surrounding regulation, these findings indicate no reason to believe that this renormalization is occurring.
- Published
- 2018
36. How healthy are survey respondents compared with the general population? Using survey-linked death records to compare mortality outcomes
- Author
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Silvia S. Martins, Linsay Gray, Frank Popham, Caroline Rutherford, and Katherine M. Keyes
- Subjects
education.field_of_study ,Epidemiology ,business.industry ,Mortality rate ,Population ,Sample (statistics) ,Census ,Confidence interval ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Cohort ,Medicine ,National Health Interview Survey ,030212 general & internal medicine ,business ,education ,Sampling frame ,Demography - Abstract
BACKGROUND National surveys are used to capture US health trends and set clinical guidelines, yet the sampling frame often includes those in noninstitutional households, potentially missing those most vulnerable for poor health. Declining response rates in national surveys also represent a challenge, and existing inputs to survey weights have limitations. We compared mortality rates between those who respond to surveys and the general population over time. METHODS Survey respondents from 20 waves of the National Health Interview Survey from 1990 to 2009 who have been linked to death records through 31 December 2011 were included. For each cohort in the survey, we estimated their mortality rates along with that cohort's mortality rate in the census population using vital statistics records, and differences were examined using Poisson models. RESULTS In all years, survey respondents had lower mortality rates compared with the general population when data were both weighted and unweighted. Among men, survey respondents in the weighted sample had 0.86 (95% confidence interval = 0.853, 0.868) times the mortality rate of the general population (among women, RR = 0.887; 95% confidence interval, 0.879, 0.895). Differences in mortality are evident along all points of the life course. Differences have remained relatively stable over time. CONCLUSION Survey respondents have lower death rates than the general US population, suggesting that they are a systematically healthier source population. Incorporating nonhousehold samples and revised weighting strategies to account for sample frame exclusion and nonresponse may allow for more rigorous estimation of the US population's health.
- Published
- 2018
37. Enriching census data by combining health survey data using multiple imputation: Concept testing
- Author
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Linsay Gray
- Subjects
Geography ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Health survey ,Census ,Gray (horse) ,Cartography - Published
- 2017
38. What is wrong with non-respondents? Alcohol-, drug- and smoking-related mortality and morbidity in a 12-year follow-up study of respondents and non-respondents in the Danish Health and Morbidity Survey
- Author
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Linsay Gray, Knud Juel, Ola Ekholm, Charlotte Glümer, and Anne Illemann Christensen
- Subjects
Drug ,Gerontology ,education.field_of_study ,business.industry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Population ,Follow up studies ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Cause specific mortality ,030209 endocrinology & metabolism ,language.human_language ,3. Good health ,Danish ,03 medical and health sciences ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,0302 clinical medicine ,Environmental health ,language ,Health survey ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,education ,business ,media_common - Abstract
Aim Response rates in health surveys have diminished over the last two decades, making it difficult to obtain reliable information on health and health‐related risk factors in different population groups. This study compared cause‐specific mortality and morbidity among survey respondents and different types of non‐respondents to estimate alcohol‐, drug‐ and smoking‐related mortality and morbidity among non‐respondents.
- Published
- 2015
39. Using linkage and pseudo-cohorts for comparing US survey and general population mortality 1990-2011
- Author
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Silvia S. Martins, Katherine M. Keyes, Frank Popham, Caroline Rutherford, and Linsay Gray
- Subjects
education.field_of_study ,Population ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Biology ,education ,Gray (horse) ,Cartography - Published
- 2016
40. Explaining the social patterning of lung function in adulthood at different ages: the roles of childhood precursors, health behaviours and environmental factors
- Author
-
Alastair H Leyland, Linsay Gray, Michaela Benzeval, and Graham Watt
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Gerontology ,Aging ,Vital capacity ,Epidemiology ,Cross-sectional study ,Health Behavior ,Vital Capacity ,Social class ,Interviews as Topic ,Young Adult ,FEV1/FVC ratio ,Risk Factors ,Air Pollution ,Forced Expiratory Volume ,Humans ,Medicine ,Young adult ,Lung ,Socioeconomic status ,Aged ,Aged, 80 and over ,Social Inequalities ,business.industry ,Smoking ,Age Factors ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Environmental Exposure ,Environmental exposure ,Middle Aged ,Respiratory Di ,Health Surveys ,Ageing ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Scotland ,Social Class ,Socioeconomic Factors ,Linear Models ,Regression Analysis ,Female ,Health education ,Child and Life Course ,business ,Environmental Health ,Demography - Abstract
Background Lung function successfully predicts subsequent health. Although lung function is known to decline over age, little is known about changes in association with socioeconomic status (SES) throughout life, and whether explanatory factors for association vary with age or patterns for non smokers. Methods Analyses were based on data on 24 500 participants aged ≥18 years from the 1995, 1998 and 2003 Scottish Health Surveys who were invited to provide 1 s forced expiratory volume (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) lung measurements. Sex-stratified multiple linear regression assessed lung function–SES (occupational social class) associations and attenuation by covariates in three age groups (2003 data (n=7928)). Results The FEV1–SES patterns were clear (p
- Published
- 2013
41. Adjustment for survey non-representativeness using record-linkage: refined estimates of alcohol consumption by deprivation in Scotland
- Author
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Emma, Gorman, Alastair H, Leyland, Gerry, McCartney, Srinivasa Vittal, Katikireddi, Lisa, Rutherford, Lesley, Graham, Mark, Robinson, and Linsay, Gray
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,bias ,Alcohol Drinking ,Middle Aged ,health surveys ,non‐participation ,Alcoholism ,Young Adult ,Scotland ,Humans ,Female ,Alcohol consumption ,alcohol‐related harm ,epidemiology ,Methods and Techniques ,record‐linkage - Abstract
Background and aims Analytical approaches to addressing survey non‐participation bias typically use only demographic information to improve estimates. We applied a novel methodology which uses health information from data linkage to adjust for non‐representativeness. We illustrate the method by presenting adjusted alcohol consumption estimates for Scotland. Design Data on consenting respondents to the Scottish Health Surveys (SHeSs) 1995–2010 were linked confidentially to routinely collected hospital admission and mortality records. Synthetic observations representing non‐respondents were created using general population data. Multiple imputation was performed to compute adjusted alcohol estimates given a range of assumptions about the missing data. Adjusted estimates of mean weekly consumption were additionally calibrated to per‐capita alcohol sales data. Setting Scotland. Participants 13 936 male and 18 021 female respondents to the SHeSs 1995–2010, aged 20–64 years. Measurements Weekly alcohol consumption, non‐, binge‐ and problem‐drinking. Findings Initial adjustment for non‐response resulted in estimates of mean weekly consumption that were elevated by up to 17.8% [26.5 units (18.6–34.4)] compared with corrections based solely on socio‐demographic data [22.5 (17.7–27.3)]; other drinking behaviour estimates were little changed. Under more extreme assumptions the overall difference was up to 53%, and calibrating to sales estimates resulted in up to 88% difference. Increases were especially pronounced among males in deprived areas. Conclusions The use of routinely collected health data to reduce bias arising from survey non‐response resulted in higher alcohol consumption estimates among working‐age males in Scotland, with less impact for females. This new method of bias reduction can be generalized to other surveys to improve estimates of alternative harmful behaviours.
- Published
- 2016
42. The importance of post-hoc approaches for overcoming non-response and attrition bias in population-sampled studies
- Author
-
Linsay Gray
- Subjects
Gerontology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Health (social science) ,Social Psychology ,Non-response ,Epidemiology ,Substance-Related Disorders ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Population ,Inference ,Population health ,Substance use ,Health(social science) ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Bias ,Attrition ,medicine ,Humans ,Generalizability theory ,Commentary (Invited) ,030212 general & internal medicine ,education ,media_common ,Selection bias ,education.field_of_study ,Population based ,medicine.disease ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Epidemiologic Research Design ,Psychology ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Clinical psychology ,Follow-Up Studies - Abstract
Population-based health studies are critical resources for monitoring population health\ud and related factors such as substance use, but reliable inference can be compromised\ud in various ways. Non-response and attrition are major methodological problems which\ud reduce power and can hamper the generalizability of findings if individuals who\ud participate and who remain in a study differ systematically from those who do not. In\ud this issue of SPPE, McCabe et al. studied participants of the 2001-2002 National\ud Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, comparing attrition in Wave\ud 2 across participants with different patterns of substance use at Wave 1. The\ud implications of differential follow-up and further possibilities for addressing selective\ud participation are discussed.
- Published
- 2016
43. Association of body mass index in early adulthood and middle age with future site-specific cancer mortality: the Harvard Alumni Health Study
- Author
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Howard D. Sesso, G. D. Batty, Linsay Gray, and I-Min Lee
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Gerontology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,Epidemiology ,body mass index ,Cohort Studies ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Risk Factors ,Neoplasms ,cohort study ,medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Risk factor ,Young adult ,Adiposity ,2. Zero hunger ,Harvard alumni health study ,Cancer Death Rate ,Obstetrics ,business.industry ,Hazard ratio ,Original Articles ,Hematology ,Middle Aged ,mortality ,Confidence interval ,Middle age ,3. Good health ,Oncology ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Harvard ,business ,Body mass index - Abstract
Background: The association between adiposity in early adulthood and subsequent development of specific malignancies is unclear. Further, the potential for mediation by adiposity in middle age has not been well examined. In a rare study, we investigated the association of body mass index (BMI) in early adulthood with mortality from several site-specific cancers. Design: In the Harvard Alumni Health Study cohort, 19 593 males had a physical examination at the university between 1914 and 1952 (mean age: 18.4 years) and returned a questionnaire in 1962 or 1966 (mean age = 45.1 years). BMI was computed using weight (kg)/height2 (m2) at both time points. Vital status follow up continued for a maximum of 82 years. Results: Positive early adulthood cancer mortality gradients by BMI were found for all malignancies combined (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 1.11; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05–1.17 for a one standard deviation increase in early adulthood BMI), and for lung (HR = 1.24; 95% CI = 1.10–1.40) and skin (HR = 1.29; 95% CI = 0.96–1.75) cancers. There were also apparent associations for cancers of the oesophagus and urogenital sites. Mediation by BMI in middle age was found to be minimal. Conclusion: Higher BMI in early adulthood appears to be a direct risk factor for selected malignancies several decades later.
- Published
- 2012
44. Factors associated with consenting to health record linkage in the Scottish Health Surveys
- Author
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Alastair H Leyland, Linsay Gray, and Carolyn A. Davies
- Subjects
Linkage (software) ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Nursing ,business.industry ,Family medicine ,Medical record ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Medicine ,business - Published
- 2015
45. Why are alcohol harms high in areas of deprivation? Analysis of linked Scottish data (1995-2012)
- Author
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Elise Whitley, James Lewsey, Linsay Gray, Alastair H Leyland, and Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,business.industry ,Environmental health ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Medicine ,Alcohol ,business - Published
- 2015
46. Blood Pressure in Early Adulthood, Hypertension in Middle Age, and Future Cardiovascular Disease Mortality
- Author
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I-Min Lee, Howard D. Sesso, G. David Batty, and Linsay Gray
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Harvard alumni health study ,business.industry ,medicine.disease ,Middle age ,Prehypertension ,Surgery ,Blood pressure ,Internal medicine ,Medicine ,Young adult ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business ,Body mass index ,Stroke ,Cohort study - Abstract
Objectives We sought to examine the association of early adulthood blood pressure with cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality, while accounting for middle-age hypertension. Background Elevated blood pressure in middle age is an established CVD risk factor, but evidence for association with measurements earlier in life is sparse. Methods The HAHS (Harvard Alumni Health Study) is a cohort study of 18,881 male university students who had their blood pressure measured at university entry (1914 to 1952; mean age 18.3 years) and who responded to a questionnaire mailed in either 1962 or 1966 (mean age 45.8 years) in which physician-diagnosed hypertension status was reported. Study members were subsequently followed for mortality until the end of 1998. Results Following adjustment for age, body mass index, smoking, and physical activity at college entry, compared with men who were normotensive according to the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure criteria (aamp;amp;amp;lt;120/aamp;amp;amp;lt;80 mm Hg), there was an elevated risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality (1,917 deaths) in those who were pre-hypertensive (120 to 139/80 to 89 mm Hg) (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.21; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07 to 1.36), stage 1 (140 to 159/90 to 99 mm Hg) (HR: 1.46; 95% CI: 1.25 to 1.70), and stage 2 hypertensive (≥160/≥100 mm Hg) (HR: 1.89; 95% CI: 1.46 to 2.45), incremental across categories (ptrend aamp;amp;amp;lt; 0.001). After additionally accounting for middle-age hypertension, estimates were somewhat attenuated, but the pattern remained. Similar associations were apparent for total and CVD mortality, but not stroke mortality. Conclusions Higher blood pressure in early adulthood was associated with elevated risk of all-cause mortality, CVD, and CHD, but not stroke, several decades later. Effects largely persisted after taking into account mediation by middle-age hypertension. Thus, the long-term benefits of blood pressure lowering in early adulthood are promising, but supporting trial data are required.
- Published
- 2011
47. Response to FergussonBoden (2015): The importance of considering the impacts of survey non-participation
- Author
-
Anne Illemann, Christensen, Ola, Ekholm, Linsay, Gray, Charlotte, Glümer, and Knud, Juel
- Subjects
Bias ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Humans ,Health Surveys - Published
- 2015
48. Modelling HIV-RNA viral load in vertically infected children
- Author
-
Mario Cortina-Borja, Linsay Gray, and Marie-Louise Newell
- Subjects
Male ,Statistics and Probability ,Epidemiology ,Computer science ,HIV Infections ,Correlation ,symbols.namesake ,Statistics ,Econometrics ,Humans ,Models, Statistical ,Infant, Newborn ,HIV ,Infant ,Repeated measures design ,Viral Load ,Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical ,Europe ,Identification (information) ,Censoring (clinical trials) ,Ordinary least squares ,Benchmark (computing) ,symbols ,RNA, Viral ,Female ,Zidovudine ,Viral load ,Algorithms ,Gibbs sampling - Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) ribo-nucleic acid (RNA) viral load is a measure of actively replicating virus and is used as a marker of disease progression. For a thorough understanding of the dynamics of the evolution of the virus in the early life of HIV-1 vertically infected children, it is important to elucidate the pattern of HIV-RNA viral load over age. An aspect of assay systems used in the quantification of RNA viral load is that they measure values above particular cut-off values for detection, below which the assays used are not sufficiently sensitive. In this way, measurements are potentially left-censored. Recent adult studies suggest that to adequately model RNA pattern over age, it is necessary to account for within-subject correlation, due to repeated measures, and censoring. The aim of this study, therefore, was to establish whether it is necessary to use complex methods to allow for repeated measures within individuals and censoring of the HIV-RNA viral load in children enrolled in a cohort study. The approach involved the identification of an appropriate model for the basic pattern of RNA viral load by age and subsequent assessment of various estimation procedures accounting for repeated measures and censoring in different ways. Methods developed by Hughes involving the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm and the Gibbs sampler were taken as the benchmark for comparison of simpler alternatives. Other approaches considered involve linear mixed-effects and ordinary least squares in which censoring is dealt with informally by taking the cut-off value as absolute or taking the mid-point between cut-off and zero. Fractional polynomials provided a substantially superior approach for modelling the dynamics of viral load over age compared to conventional polynomials or change-point models. Allowing for repeated measures was necessary to improve the power of the likelihood ratio tests required to establish the final model, but methods beyond taking the mid-point for censored values did not further improve the fit. Although Hughes' methodology is the best approach, its implementation is not necessary for the identification of the optimal model.
- Published
- 2004
49. Short-term risk of disease progression in HIV-1-infected children receiving no antiretroviral therapy or zidovudine monotherapy: a meta-analysis
- Author
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Savita Pahwa, Paolo Palma, David Dunn, Alfredo Guarino, John Moye, William Shearer, Linsay Gray, Lynne Mofenson, Elena Chiappini, and Marie-Louise Newell
- Subjects
Risk ,Pediatrics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,HIV Infections ,law.invention ,Zidovudine ,Randomized controlled trial ,Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) ,law ,medicine ,Humans ,Risk factor ,Child ,Survival analysis ,Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ,business.industry ,Infant ,General Medicine ,Viral Load ,medicine.disease ,CD4 Lymphocyte Count ,Child, Preschool ,Immunology ,Disease Progression ,HIV-1 ,Viral disease ,business ,Viral load ,medicine.drug ,Cohort study - Abstract
Background Data on the short-term risk of disease progression in HIV-1-infected children are needed to address the question of when to begin combination antiretroviral therapy. We estimated 12-month risks of progression to AIDS and death, by age and most recent measurement of CD4 T-cell percentage (CD4%) or viral load, in children receiving no antiretroviral therapy or zidovudine monotherapy only. Methods We undertook a meta-analysis of individual longitudinal data for 3941 children from eight cohort studies and nine randomised trials in Europe and the USA. Estimates of risk were derived from parametric survival models. Findings 997 AIDS-defining events were recorded over 7297 person-years of follow-up in the analysis of CD4%, and 284 events over 2282 person-years in the viral load analysis, corresponding to 568 deaths (9087 person-years) and 129 deaths (2816 person-years), respectively. In children older than 2 years, risk of death increased sharply when CD4% was less than about 10%, or 15% for risk of AIDS, with a low and fairly stable risk at greater CD4%. Children younger than 2 years had worse outlook than older children with the same CD4%. Risk of progression increased when viral load exceeded about 10(5) copies per mL, although this association was more gradual compared with CD4%. Both markers had independent predictive value for disease progression; CD4% was the stronger predictor. Interpretation This information is important for paediatricians making decisions, and for researchers designing trials, about when to initiate or restart antiretroviral therapy.
- Published
- 2003
50. Are There Gender and Race Differences in Cellular Immunity Patterns Over Age in Infected and Uninfected Children Born to HIV-Infected Women?
- Author
-
CS Peckham, Linsay Gray, Marie-Louise Newell, Mario Cortina-Borja, and Claire Thorne
- Subjects
Male ,Cellular immunity ,Lymphocytosis ,T-Lymphocytes ,Lymphocyte ,Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) ,Black People ,HIV Infections ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,White People ,Race (biology) ,Sex Factors ,Immune system ,Pregnancy ,medicine ,Humans ,Pharmacology (medical) ,Pregnancy Complications, Infectious ,Child ,Immunity, Cellular ,Transmission (medicine) ,Age Factors ,Infant ,Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical ,CD4 Lymphocyte Count ,Europe ,Infectious Diseases ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Child, Preschool ,Immunology ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,CD8 - Abstract
This study investigated whether age-related patterns of immunologic markers in 1488 uninfected (9789 measurements) and 186 infected (3414 measurements) children differed by gender and race. CD4+, CD8+, and absolute lymphocytes by HIV infection status, gender, and race were assessed using linear mixed-effects natural cubic spline models, allowing for prematurity and maternal CD4+ cell count. In uninfected children, levels of all 3 markers peaked twice in the first few months of life, declining to adult levels by around 8 years of age; uninfected boys and uninfected black children had significantly reduced CD4+ and absolute lymphocyte counts; the gender difference was especially pronounced in black children. Infected children had substantially lower levels and distinctly different patterns; with, e.g., by age 6 months CD4+ cell counts nearly 1200 per mm3 lower than in uninfected infants. Levels also significantly differed by gender and race for infected children, although for gender in the opposite direction. The gender and race differences in CD4+ levels were not explained by a general lymphocytosis nor were they confounded by treatment. These substantial differences in immunologic markers may reflect underlying genetic influence on the cellular immune system and may have implications for clinical decisions about therapeutic management.
- Published
- 2003
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