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Total fat and fatty acid levels of Ulva linza (Linnaeus 1753), Enteromorpha flexuosa (Agardh, 1883), and Taonia atomaria (Agardh, 1848) collected from Viransehir, Taskiran, and Karaduvar coasts were determined. The total oil level of the samples was found to be 1.31-1.91%, 1.23%, 7.78% for U. linza, E. flexuosa and T. atomaria, respectively. The dominant saturated fatty acids are palmitic acid and stearic acid. The highest level of palmitic acid (32.27%) was found in E. flexuosa in Viransehir beach. The highest level of stearic acid was found on the coast of Viransehir (7.20%), U. linza. The highest level of ΣSFA was found in the U. linza species on Taskiran coast (37.89%), and the lowest level was determined in the T. atomaria species on the Taskiran coast (18.13%). It is oleic acid that has a high level of monounsaturated fatty acids. The highest level of this fatty acid (10.35%) was found in E. flexuosa species in Viransehir beach. The highest level of ΣMUFA was found in the Viransehir coast (16.67%) and the lowest level (11.39%) in the U. linza on the Viransehir beach. The highest level of linolelaidic acid in polyunsaturated fatty acids was found in E. flexuosa in Viransehir beach (3.34%). The highest level of linoleic acid (4.85%) was found in U. linza on the coast of Viransehir. The highest level of ΣPUFA was found in T. atomaria on the Taskiran coast (16.56%), and the lowest level (7.03%) was found in U. linza.

trans-Fatty acids (TFAs), including elaidic acid and linoelaidic acid, are unsaturated fatty acids that contain one or more carbon-carbon double bonds in trans configuration. TFAs are not synthesized in the human body, but are taken into the body from various foods, which are mainly produced during industrial food manufacturing. Recent epidemiological studies have revealed that TFA consumption is a major risk factor for various disorders, such as atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, allergic diseases, and dementia. However, the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of TFA-related disorders and the specific molecular targets evoking TFA toxicity are largely unknown. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which TFAs cause the cytotoxicity, we focused on cell death and inflammation, which are the main and common pathogenesis of the TFA-related diseases, and analyzed the effects of TFAs on cellular responses to various stimulations inducing cell death and inflammation. This review provides recent progress in our studies on the molecular mechanisms causing toxic actions of TFAs, which lead to diverse TFA-related disorders.

Freshwater microalgae Chlorella sp. was isolated from the water body of Taman Gelora, Kuantan, Pahang. The isolated monoculture was cultured in different concentration of POME (10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%, v/v) as substrate. The maximal growth and biomass productivity were found in 30% (v/v) of POME. The maximal dry biomass 1.56 g/L was obtained and extracted 39.1% lipid, approximating similar productivity as in conventional BG-11 medium 1.65 g/L of biomass and 41.5% lipid. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis shows the composition of fatty acids such as linolelaidic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, elaidic acid, and α-linoleic acid dominant. The highest fatty acid is linolelsidic acid (41.69%). POME has the potential to be used as a substrate for microalgae Chlorella sp. cultivation.

The present study was carried out to investigate cyanobacteria as a potential source for biodiesel production isolated from fresh water bodies of Sri Lanka. Semi mass culturing and mass culturing were carried out to obtain biomass for extracting total lipids. Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) or biodiesel was produced from extracted lipid by trans-esterification reaction. FAME component was identified using gas chromatography (GC). Atotal of 74 uni-algal cultures were obtained from Biofuel and Bioenergy laboratory of the National Institute of Fundamental Studies (NIFS), Kandy, Sri Lanka. The total lipid content was recorded highest in Oscillatoria sp. (31.9 ± 2.01% of dry biomass) followed by Synechococcus sp. (30.6 ± 2.87%), Croococcidiopsis sp. (22.7 ± 1.36%), Leptolyngbya sp. (21.15 ± 1.99%), Limnothrixsp. (20.73 ± 3.26%), Calothrix sp. (18.15 ± 4.11%) and Nostoc sp. (15.43 ± 3.89%), Cephalothrixsp. (13.95 ± 4.27%), Cephalothrix Komarekiana (13.8 ± 3.56%) and Westiellopsisprolifica (12.80 ± 1.97%). FAME analysis showed cyanobacteria contain Methyl palmitoleate, Linolelaidic acid methyl ester, Cis-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid methyl ester, Cis-10-heptadecanoic acid methyl ester, Methyl myristate, Methyl pentadecanoate, Methyl octanoate, Methyl decanoate, Methyl laurate, Methyl tridecanoate, Methyl palmitoleate, Methyl pentadeconoate, Methyl heptadeconoate, Linolaidic acid methyl ester, Methyl erucate, Methyl myristate, Myristoloeic acid, Methyl palmitate, Cis-9-oleic acid methyl ester, Methyl arachidate and Cis-8,11,14-ecosatrieconoic acid methyl ester. The present study revealed that cyanobacteria isolated from Sri Lanka are potential source for biodiesel industry because of their high fatty acid content. Further studies are required to optimize the mass culture conditions to increase thelipid content from cyanobacterial biomass along with the research in the value addition to the remaining biomass.

To determine Industrially-Produced Trans fatty acids (IP-TFAs) distribution of Lebanese traditional foods, especially regarding Elaidic acid (EA, 9t18:1) and Linolelaidic acid (LEA, 9t12t18:2), a mapping exercise was enrolled between January 2019 and April 2021 in which 145 food samples of three categories (traditional dishes, Arabic sweets, and market food products) were analyzed using Gas chromatography methods. Results showed that about 93% of the products tested in Lebanon, between 2019 and 2021, met the World Health Organization recommendations, while about 7% exceeded the limit. The mean level of the IP-TFAs Elaidic and Linolelaidic acid in most Traditional dishes (0.9%), Arabic sweets (0.6%), butter and margarine (1.6%), and market foods (0.52%) were relatively low compared with other countries. Despite that, the relative impact of IP-TFAs on heart diseases mortality in Lebanon is limited but unambiguously still substantial. The persistence of food products with high IP-TFAs levels threatens the health of Lebanese people. Fortunately, this problem is fairly easy to solve in Lebanon via proper legislation.

Background Previous studies on health effects of trans fatty acids (TFA) have focused mainly on cardiovascular health. Little is known about the association of TFA with brain or mental health. In this study, we examined the associations of objectively-measured plasma TFA concentrations with depression in a large population-based cross-sectional study among U.S. adults. Methods We included 2136 non-pregnant participants aged 20 years or older from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009–2010. Four major TFAs, including palmitelaidic acid (C16:1n-7t), elaidic acid (C18:1n-9t), vaccenic acid (C18:1n-7t), and linoelaidic acid (C18:2n-6t, 9t), were measured in fasting plasma using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the validated Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Results Participants with depressive symptoms had a higher plasma concentration of total TFA compared with those without depressive symptoms (6.6 vs 6.0 μmol/g lipids, P = 0.046). After adjustment for other major risk factors, the odds ratio (OR) of depressive symptoms comparing the highest with lowest tertile of TFAs was 1.44 (95% CI, 0.86–2.39) for total TFAs (P for trend 0.15). For each individual type of TFA, the corresponding OR was 1.78 (1.03–3.07) for elaidic acid (P for trend 0.049), 1.23 (0.76–2.00) for linoelaidic acid (P for trend 0.37), 1.19 (0.75–1.87) for palmitelaidic acid (P for trend 0.46), and 1.20 (0.75–1.94) for vaccenic acid (P for trend 0.43). Limitations The cross-sectional study design limited causal inferences of the findings. Conclusions In a nationally representative population, plasma elaidic acid, a major trans fatty acid, was positively associated with depressive symptoms in adults. A positive but non-significant association of depressive symptoms was observed for total TFAs, linolelaidic acid, palmitelaidic acid, and vaccenic acid.

Industrially-produced Trans fatty acids and partially hydrogenated fatty acids are a major dietary contributor to non-communicable diseases worldwide. To address the industrially produced Trans fatty acids food sources in Lebanon, a mapping exercise was enrolled between January 2019 and April 2021 to establish a national database. The 2019 survey was a pooled data from five separate sources and had relatively thirty types of traditional dishes. In contrast, the subsequent surveys in 2020 had a sample of thirty-five types of Arabic sweets and eighty types of Market food products. On the other hand, tThe 2021 survey covered of all types of butter , ghee and margarines available in the Lebanese markets. Our findings show that about 93% of the products tested in Lebanon, between 2019 and 2021, met the World Health Organization recommendations, while about 7% exceeded the limit. The mean level of the IP-TFAs Elaidic and Linolelaidic acid in most Traditional dishes (0.9%), Arabic sweets (0.6%), butter and margarines (1.6%), and market foods (0.52%) were relatively low compared with other countries. Despite the fact that trans fatty acids have a small impact on heart disease mortality in Lebanon, they are unquestionably significant. The persistence of food products with high quantities of trans fatty acids poses a health risk to Lebanese citizens. Fortunately, proper laws in Lebanon can easily remedy this situation.

Sperm cryopreservation represents a powerful tool for horse breeding. To improve the efficiency of artificial insemination in the horse using cryopreserved spermatozoa, an adequate understanding of the underlying biophysical properties that affect sperm cryosurvival needs to be reached yet. In this pilot study, we described isolation and analysis of the main fatty acids from sperms of stallions classified as good and poor freezers (7 GF and 5 PF, according to sperm motility and viability, before and after cryopreservation). Fatty acid profiles were only assessed in pre-thaw sperms. Eight main fatty acids were identified, using gas chromatography, and their contents were expressed as percentage of the total lipid content. We found that lauric, myristic and oleic acid (C12:0, C14:0 and C18:1n9c) turned out to be about 2-fold more abundant in the sperm cells of the GFs compared with PFs. Moreover, we described for the first time the presence of a very high amount of a trans geometrical isomer of linoleic acid, linolelaidic acid (C18:2n6t), in pre-thaw PF spermatozoa. Notably, we found in fresh sperms of PF stallions a ratio of unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids which was twice that of those of GF group, suggesting a positive effect of a high saturated-to-unsaturated fatty acid ratio for the “freezability” of equine spermatozoa. Finally, principal component analysis (PCA) confirmed the relationships between specific fatty acids and cryotolerance of equine spermatozoa, also providing a graphical classification and additional information about the dominant variables governing the classification process.

Objectives Trans-fatty acids (TFA) are geometric isomers of naturally occurring cis-fatty acids, formed industrially through partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils or naturally in ruminant animals. TFA intake has been associated with risk factors for cardiovascular disease; therefore, reduced TFA consumption is a major public health objective. Food intake studies have provided estimates for TFA levels in the U.S. and we previously assessed TFA blood concentrations in fasting U.S. adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), finding an average 54% decrease in TFA between 1999-2000 and 2009-2010. The aim of this study was to determine nationally representative estimates for plasma TFA concentrations in children in the U.S. population. Methods We used the CDC isotope dilution-gas chromatography-negative chemical ionization-mass spectrometry (ID-GC-NCI-MS) method to quantitate four major TFA, palmitelaidic acid, elaidic acid, trans-vaccenic acid, and linoelaidic acid, in a nationally representative group of children in the U.S. population using NHANES samples. TFA were derivatized with pentafluorobenzyl-bromide and analyzed by GC-MS in selected ion monitoring mode using NCI with methane reagent gas. Separation was carried out on a Select FAME 200 m column with hydrogen carrier gas. The TFA limits of detection ranged from 0.02 μM to 0.43 μM. The intraday and inter-day % coefficients of variation ranged from 1-11% CV and 6-15% CV respectively. The mean accuracy for all four TFA was 102% (95% CI: 98%-107%). Results The TFA were measured in 916 participants (age: 6-19 years) from NHANES 1999-2000 and 1718 participants (age: 3-19 years) from NHANES 2009-2010, and were detected in all samples. Geometric means for the sum of the 4 TFAs were 80.7 μmol/l (95% CI: 74.6-87.3 μmol/L) and 30.6 μmol/l (95% CI: 29.0-32.3 μmol/L) in the NHANES 1999-2000 and 2009-2010, respectively. Overall TFA concentrations were 62% lower in NHANES 2009-2010 compared to 1999-2000. Conclusions TFA levels in children in the U.S. population are notably lower in NHANES 2009-2010 compared to NHANES 1999-2000 suggesting an overall reduction of TFA levels in children. Funding sources N/A.

Background: Trans fatty acids are considered to impair health and some ω fatty acids are protective against atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus. Trans fatty acids are said to be formed by the partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils. Some amounts are produced in digestive organs of ruminants and present in dairy products or meat. It is important how much these intaken fatty acids influence their plasma levels. Methods: Plasma levels of fatty acids including transforms of healthy old men are measured by gas chromatography and correlations between various foods intakes and plasma levels of trans fatty acids, and ω fatty acids are examined. Results: Intake of fish resulted in increase in plasma levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) but intake of meat such as beef, cow and chicken meat did not increase plasma levels of arachidonic acid (AA). Intakes of oils increased plasma levels of dihomo-g-linolenic acid significantly and AA to some extent. Conclusion: Plasma levels of EPA and DHA increased upon intakes of fish in Japanese old men. Oil intake but not meat intake increased DGLA significantly. These results may explain low incidence of cardiovascular diseases in Japanese people compared with American people whose plasma levels of DHA and EPA are lower.

Sterculia tragacantha Lindl. plants are endemic plants existing in Papua and have the potential of secondary metabolite compounds. This research aimed to determine the antioxidant activity and fatty acid composition of S. tragacantha Lindl. leaf extract. The extract was obtained by maceration using methanol and n-hexane solvents. The antioxidant activity testing was carried out using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl 2-picrylhydrazyl) free radicals while the identification of fatty acid compounds was done using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). The results showed that the methanol and n-hexane extracts of S. tragacantha Lindl. leaves had a strong antioxidant activity of 2.25 ±0,09 ppm and 27,24 ± 1,25 ppm respectively. Meanwhile, the fatty acid main contents of the methanol and n-hexane extracts of S. tragacantha Lindl. leaves were Methyl palmitate, Methyl linolenate, Linolelaidic acid methyl ester, trans-9-elaidic acid methyl ester, and Methyl palmitoleate. Keywords: Antioxidants, Fatty Acid, FTIR, Sterculia, GCMS

A catalyst-free and environmentally friendly process was employed for the production of biodiesel from sea mango seed oil. This oil is non-edible and contains several fatty acids such as palmitic acid (C16), trans-9-elaidic acid (C18:1t), oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2), and linolelaidic acid (C18:2n6t). The in situ extraction and transesterification of the oil were carried at the subcritical methanol–water condition. The effect of reaction temperature and time on the yield of biodiesel was studied. The maximum yield of biodiesel was 98.58% and achieved at 200 °C, 40 bar and reaction time of 6 h. The ratio among sea mango seed, methanol, and water was 2:10:1.

Background Trans-fatty acids (TFAs) occur in small amounts in nature but became widely produced by the food industry. The hazardous effects of different TFA subtypes to human health are controversial. We aimed to evaluate the association of plasma TFAs levels (elaidic acid, vaccenic acid, palmitelaidic acid, and linoelaidic acid) with mortality. Methods Utilizing 1999–2000 Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and linked mortality data, we performed a cohort study with 1456 participants and used Cox proportional hazards models and penalized smoothing spline plots to elucidate the relationships between TFAs and all-cause, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and cancer mortality. Results During 16,034 person-years of follow-up, a total of 221 deaths occurred. In the multivariate model, including mutual adjustment for the 4 TFA subtypes, elaidic acid associated with higher all-cause mortality (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.00, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.18 to 3.40, fourth quartiles versus second quartiles) and CVD mortality (HR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.07 to 2.50, per 10 units increase). Higher palmitelaidic acid levels were associated with increased cancer mortality (HR = 2.91, 95% CI = 1.09 to 7.81, fourth quartiles versus second quartiles). A J-shaped pattern was observed in the regression curve of elaidic acid and all-cause mortality, as well palmitelaidic acid and cancer mortality. Conclusions Plasma elaidic acid levels are associated with higher risk of all-cause and CVD mortality, and palmitelaidic acid levels are associated with higher cancer mortality in later life. Further studies are needed to investigate current inconsistent results in this field and the possible underlying mechanisms. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12944-017-0567-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Background: The consumption of trans fatty acids (TFAs) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, and reducing their consumption is a major public health objective. Food intake studies have provided estimates for TFA concentrations in the US population; however, there is a need for data on TFA blood concentrations in the population.Objective: The objective of this study was to determine plasma TFA concentrations in a nationally representative group of fasted adults in the US population in NHANES samples from 1999-2000 and 2009-2010.Design: Four major TFAs [palmitelaidic acid (C16:1n-7t), trans vaccenic acid (C18:1n-7t), elaidic acid (C18:1n-9t), and linoelaidic acid (C18:2n-6t,9t)] were measured in plasma in 1613 subjects from NHANES 1999-2000 and 2462 subjects from NHANES 2009-2010 by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Geometric means and distribution percentiles were calculated for each TFA and their sum by age, sex, and race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Mexican American), and covariate-adjusted geometric means were computed by using a model that included these demographic and other dietary factors, as well as survey year and any significant interaction terms.Results: These nationally representative data for the adult US population show that TFA concentrations were 54% lower in NHANES 2009-2010 than in NHANES 1999-2000. Covariate-adjusted geometric means for the sum of the 4 TFAs were 81.4 μmol/L (95% CI: 77.3, 85.6 μmol/L) and 37.8 μmol/L (95% CI: 36.4, 39.4 μmol/L) in NHANES 1999-2000 and 2009-2010, respectively. Even with the large decline in TFA concentrations, differences between demographic subgroups were comparable in the 2 surveys.Conclusion: The results indicate an overall reduction in TFA concentrations in the US population and provide a valuable baseline to evaluate the impact of the recent regulation categorizing TFAs as food additives.

Klebsiella oxytoca ADR 13 isolated from the gut of Poekilocerus pictus, which feeds on Calotropis gigantean, was studied for its oleic acid degradation capacity in microbial fuel cell (MFC). Both single-chamber MFC and double-chamber MFC were performed. Power density produced by MFC using oleic acid was 4.87 W/m2. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry results confirm that oleic acid has been degraded and the products were smaller-chain fatty acids such as lauric acid, myristoleic acid, linoelaidic acid, octadecenoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, vaccenic acid, dodecanoic acid, and palmitoleic acid after the course of 20 days. This study indicates the possibility for bioelectricity production along with the degradation of fatty acids by Klebsiella oxytoca ADR 13.

Background and Objectives. Diabetic kidney disease is a leading cause of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease across the world. Early identification of DKD is vitally important for the effective prevention and control of it. However, the available indicators are doubtful in the early diagnosis of DKD. This study is aimed at determining novel sensitive and specific biomarkers to distinguish DKD from their counterparts effectively based on the widely targeted metabolomics approach. Materials and Method. This case-control study involved 44 T2DM patients. Among them, 24 participants with DKD were defined as the cases and another 20 without DKD were defined as the controls. The ultraperformance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry system was applied for the assessment of the serum metabolic profiles. Comprehensive analysis of metabolomics characteristics was conducted to detect the candidate metabolic biomarkers and assess their capability and feasibility. Result. A total of 11 differential metabolites, including Hexadecanoic Acid (C16:0), Linolelaidic Acid (C18:2N6T), Linoleic Acid (C18:2N6C), Trans-4-Hydroxy-L-Proline, 6-Aminocaproic Acid, L-Dihydroorotic Acid, 6-Methylmercaptopurine, Piperidine, Azoxystrobin Acid, Lysopc 20:4, and Cuminaldehyde, were determined as the potential biomarkers for the DKD early identification, based on the multivariable generalized linear regression model and receiver operating characteristic analysis. Conclusion. Serum metabolites might act as sensitive and specific biomarkers for DKD early detection. Further longitudinal studies are needed to confirm our findings.

Cilj ovog rada bio je sintetizirati zaštitnu polimernu prevlaku nano-debljine na bakrenu elektrodu primjenom gama-zračenja. Prevlaka je rađena umrežavanjem samoorganizirajućih monoslojeva linolelaitične kiseline. Samoorganizirani monoslojevi su nanošeni na površinu bakrene elektrode metodom uranjanja. Uspoređivala se učinkovitost različitih prevlaka na bakru: oksidni sloj, odnosno prirodna zaštita bakra, samoorganizirani monosloj i monoslojevi umreženi različitim apsorbiranim dozama zračenja. Ispitivane su doze zračenja od 100 kGy, 120 kGy, 130 kGy, 140 kGy, 160 kGy i 180 kGy. Uzorci su ispitivani metodama Tafelove ekstrapolacije i elektrokemijske impedancijske spektroskopije (EIS). Rezultati su pokazali da samoorganizirani sloj linolelaitične kiseline pruža relativno dobru zaštitu bakru s djelotvornosti od 66 %. Dobivene vrijednosti djelotvornosti zaštite kod umreženih prevlaka ukazuju na vrlo visoku efikasnost zaštine prevlake u odnosu na neozračene uzorke i uzorke od čistog bakra. Najefikasnija zaštita je postignuta kod doze od 130 kGy gdje je postignuta djelotvornost od skoro 99 %. The objective of this work was to synthesize a protective polymer coating of nano-thickness on a copper electrode using gamma radiation. The coating was made by crosslinking self-organizing monolayers of linoleic acid. Self-assembled monolayers were applied to the copper electrode surface by immersion. The efficiency of different coatings on copper was compared: oxide layer, ie natural protection of copper, self-organized monolayer and monolayers crosslinked with different absorbed radiation doses. Radiation doses of 100 kGy, 120 kGy, 130 kGy, 140 kGy, 160 kGy and 180 kGy were tested. The samples were examined by Tafel extrapolation and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods. The results showed that the self-organized layer of linoleic acid provides relatively good protection of copper with an efficiency of 66 %. The obtained values of protection efficiency in crosslinked coatings indicate a very high efficiency of coating protection in relation to non-irradiated samples and samples of pure copper. The most effective protection was achieved at a dose of 130 kGy where an efficiency of almost 99 % was achieved.

This study determined effects of milk production, milk components, or fatty acids (FA) profile on live weight of suckling lambs till their weaning. Live weight (LW, kg) of 42 purebred Wallachian lambs (from 33 ewes) was recorded during four control days with approximately 30-day intervals during rearing. At the same time, their mothers were examined for milk production (kg), milk fat (g), proteins (g), lactose (g), and fatty acids (%) contents. Results investigated using linear regression analysis showed 5.93 kg (p &lt, 0.05) increase of lambs LW corresponded with 1 kg of ewe&rsquo, s daily milk production increase during the observed period. Similarly, significant 0.13 kg or 0.11 kg increases of lambs live weight corresponded with 1 g increase of milk protein or milk lactose at this time. Milk with higher prevalence of trans-palmitoleic acid, trans-vaccenic acid, cis-vaccenic acid, linolelaidic acid, linoleic acid, or conjugated linolenic acid (CLA) significantly improved lambs LW. Moreover, significantly positive Pearson partial correlation between LW and trans-vaccenic acid (r = 0.305) or CLA (r = 0.347) indicated on genetic correlation between these traits. Therefore, milk (natural or artificially supplied) with higher distribution of these specified FAs could improve lambs&rsquo, LW.

Background Intake of trans fatty acids (TFAs) increases LDL cholesterol, decreases HDL cholesterol, and increases the risk of heart disease morbidity and mortality. Many food products potentially contain industrially produced or ruminant TFAs. However, little is known about the dietary sources of plasma TFA concentrations. Objective The objective of this study was to examine associations between foods consumed and plasma TFA concentrations using 24-h dietary recall data and plasma TFA measures among adults aged ≥20 y who participated in the NHANES 2009-2010 in the United States. Methods Over 4400 food products in the dietary interview data were categorized into 32 food and beverage groups/subgroups. Four major plasma TFAs (palmitelaidic acid, elaidic acid, vaccenic acid, linolelaidic acid) and the sum of the 4 TFAs (sumTFAs) were analyzed using GC-MS. Multivariable linear regression analyses were conducted to identify associations of plasma TFAs with all 32 food and beverage groups/subgroups, controlling for the potential confounding effects of 11 demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral, lifestyle, and health-related variables. Results Consumption of the following food groups/subgroups was significantly associated with elevated plasma TFA concentrations: cream substitutes (P

Roots of Rhodiola imbricata Edgew from Indian trans-Himalayan cold desert known for their nutritional and medicinal attributes were evaluated for the dietary amino acids, fatty acids and mineral composition. Nine essential and twelve non-essential amino acids were quantified. The contents ranged between 91.33 and 1640.67 µg/g. Histidine (1434.33 µg/g), lysine (1329.33 µg/g) and threonine (1015.67 μg/g) were dominant essential amino acids, while glycine (1640.67 µg/g), proline (1263.67 µg/g), alanine (1142.33 µg/g), cystine HCL (1136.33 μg/g) and nor leucine (1038.67 μg/g) were major non essential amino acids. The total lipid was found to be rich source of saturated fatty acids such as capric acid (19.91%), caproic acid (10.87%), palmitic acid (9.42%), lignoceric acid (6.16%) and behenic acid (5.71%), which together constituted 52% of the lipid content. Linoleic acid (15.06%), oleic acid (12.38%), arachidonic acid (8.38%), linolelaidic acid (6.11%) and docosadienoic acid (5.99%) were prominent unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Mono unsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were 35.64% and 12.33% of the lipid content respectively. Calcium (11034.17 mg/kg), potassium (2143.25 mg/kg), iron (1441.17 mg/kg), magnesium (581.99 mg/kg), phosphorous (376.72 mg/kg) and sodium (109.75 mg/kg) were detected as the major dietary minerals.

The rheological characteristics of oils isolated from the seeds of Afzelia africana and Detarium microcarpum were studied and compared with rapeseed oil. The effects of shear rate and temperature on the flow characteristics were evaluated. The shear stress- shear rate rheological models: Herschel-Bulkley, Power law, Binghan, Newtonian and Casson were used to determine the flow characteristics. All the oils exhibited non-Newtonian behaviour at shear rates rapeseed oil > Detarium oil. The activation energy of viscous flow followed the same order as viscosity of the oils. The most abundant fatty acids in A. africana oil were cis-11-eicosenoic acid (39 .06%), linolelaidic acid (18.38%) and nervonic acid (10.20%) and in D. microcarpum oil cis-13,16-dicosadienoic acid (20.51%) and linoleic acid (20.37%) and undecanoic acid (14.24%). A. africana contained higher amount of unsaturated fatty acids (92.26%) and long chain fatty acids (C ≥15; 96.00%) than D. microcarpum (unsaturated fatty acids, 66.27%; C ≥ 15; 79.41%). A. africana oil with the greater amount of long chain fatty acids had higher viscosity and activation energy of viscous flow. Key words: Afzelia africana, oil, rheological properties, fatty acid composition, Detarium microcarpum

Obesity has become a major health problem which is related with high-trans fatty acids diet. Adipogenic differentiation of adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (ADSCs) plays an important role in the development of adipose tissue. In order to determine the effect of trans fatty acids on adipogenic differentiation in ADSCs, cells were treated with linoelaidic acid, as well as linoleic acid and linolenic acid. We found that linoelaidic acid significantly increased the lipid droplet formation and triglyceride content compared with linoleic acid and linolenic acid. Linoelaidic acid also down-regulated the levels of β-catenin in cells and inhibited the accumulation of β-catenin in cell nuclei. Lithium chloride, an activator of Wnt/β-catenin pathway, antagonized the enhancement of linoelaidic acid on adipogenesis and up-regulated the levels of β-catenin in ADSCs. These results indicated that linoelaidic acid could enhance the adipogenic differentiation in ADSCs in vitro, which is partly due to the suppression of Wnt/β-catenin pathway.

Excessive intake of trans fats is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Previously, we showed that green tea extract lowers intestinal absorption of cholesterol and elaidic acid in rats. This study was conducted to investigate a possible role for sorghum extract on lymphatic absorption of trans fat and cholesterol in rats. Adult male rats with lymph cannulae were infused at a rate of 3.0 mL/h for 8 h via a duodenal catheter with a lipid emulsion containing 146.4 μmol of trielaidin, 36.8 μmol of trilinoelaidin, 452.0 μmol of triolein, 1.0 μCi cholesterol labeled with 14 C ( 14 C-cholesterol), 20.7 μmol of cholesterol, and 396.0 μmol of Na-taurocholate without or with 100.0 mg of sorghum extract in phosphate-buffered saline buffer (pH 6.4). Lymph was collected hourly for 8 h. No significant difference was noted in lymph flow. However, the lymphatic absorption of elaidic acid and linoelaidic acid for 8h was significantly lower in rats infused with sorghum extract than in those infused with no sorghum extract. Further, lymphatic absorption of 14 C-cholesterol was reduced by sorghum extract, which was observed previously. These data indicate that sorghum extract has an inhibitory effect on the intestinal absorption of trans fat and cholesterol. The mechanism(s) by which sorghum extract lowers intestinal absorption of trans fat warrants further study.

Objective: To investigate some selected metabolic constituents of Hypnea valentiae (Turner) Montagne collected from the Red Sea coast of Sudan to evaluate the economic potential of the alga. Methods: Healthy thalli of the alga under investigation were collected, thoroughly cleaned, air dried and milled. Authentic analytical methods were used to determine moisture, ash, protein lipid and carrageenan contents. Fatty acids profile was revealed with gas chromatography instrumentation. Testing of phytochemical groups of compounds was based on the development of colouration and precipitation upon addition of certain chemical reagents to the extracts. Results: The ash content of the alga [(40.3 ± 0.2)% of dry weight] was comparatively the highest among the parameters tested. The protein, lipid, and carrageenan constituted (9.30 ± 0.70)%, (6.50 ± 0.34)%, and (33.70 ± 0.01)%, respectively of the alga dry matter. Hypnea valentiae (Turner) Montagne from Sudan Red Sea coast composed of 12 fatty acids, 8 of which were unsaturated fatty acids and 4 were saturated fatty acids. The major unsaturated fatty acids in the alga was the trans-isomer of linoleic acid and linolelaidic acid (36.32%) followed by palmitoleic acid (13.64%). The major saturated fatty acids was the heptadecanoic acid amounting to 19.10% of the total fatty acids. Phytochemically the alga contained alkaloids, flavonoids and tannins. Conclusions: This alga may represent a promising source of functional food and therapeutic metabolites. Further investigation and critical evaluation of the bioactivity of the phytochemical compounds is required to assure the therapeutic potential of this alga.

The effects of plant oils on health are being intensively studied. Many fatty acids have attracted significant scientific attention since the studies pointed them as potential nutrients. An attempt was made to analyze the variation in three major Indian Garcinia fruits for their oils, lipid sub-classes, fatty acids and total amino acids. Solvent extraction and chromatographic techniques were used for the isolation, purification, separation and detection of these compounds. Three major Garcinia fruits G. gummi-gutta, G. indica and G. xanthochymus varied in their chemical composition. Oil content was significantly higher (p

It remains unclear how trans fatty acid (TFA) at low-level intake affect lipid levels and the development of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The study aimed to investigate how plasma TFA composition differs between male patients with ACS and healthy men.Plasma fatty acid (FA) composition (as determined by gas chromatography) was analyzed in ACS patients on hospital admission and compared to that of age-adjusted healthy men.Total FA and TFA levels were similar between ACS and control subjects. Palmitelaidic acid, ruminant-derived TFA (R-TFA), levels were lower in ACS patients (0.17 ± 0.06 vs. 0.20 ± 0.06 of total FA, in ACS and control, respectively, p0.01), and were significantly directly associated with HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) (rho = 0.269) and n-3 polyunsaturated FA (n-3 PUFA) (rho = 0.442). Linoleic trans isomers (total C18:2 TFA), primary industrially-produced TFA (IP-TFAs), were significantly higher in ACS patients (0.68 ± 0.17 vs. 0.60 ± 0.20 of total FA, in ACS and control, respectively). Total trans-C18:1 isomers were comparable between ACS and control. Differences between ACS and controls in C18:1 trans varied by specific C18:1 trans species. Absolute concentrations of trans-C18:2 isomers were significantly directly associated with LDL-C and non-HDL-C in ACS men. The ACS patients showed significantly lower levels of both n-6 and n-3 PUFA (i.e., eicosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acids).There were several case-control differences in specific TFA that could potential affect risk for ACS. Japanese ACS patients, especially middle-aged patients, may consume less R-TFA.

With increasing presence of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) into the environment, the chronic and low-dose effects of AgNPs are of vital concern. This study evaluated chronic physiological effects of AgNPs on Daphnia similis, which were exposed to two ambient encountered concentrations (0.02 and 1 ppb) of AgNPs for 21 days. It was observed that the low-dose AgNPs stimulated a significant increase in average length/dry mass, but inhibited reproduction compared to control specimens. Non-targeted metabolomics based on liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry (LC-QTOFMS-MS) and gas chromatograph-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (GC-QTOF-MS) were utilized to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms of these responses. Forty one metabolites were identified, including 18 significantly-changed metabolites, suggesting up regulation in protein digestion and absorption (amino acids, such as isoleucine, tryptophan, lysine, leucine, valine, aspartic acid, threonine, tyrosine) and down regulation of lipid related metabolism (fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid, stearidonic acid, linoelaidic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid) were key events in these responses. The increase in these amino acid contents explains the accelerated growth of D. similis from the metabolic pathway of aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis. Down regulation of fatty acid contents corresponds to the observed drop in the reproduction rate considering the fatty acid biological enzymatic reaction pathways. Significant changes in metabolites provided a renewed mechanistic understanding of low concentration chronic toxicity of AgNP toxicity on D. similis.

The effect of different individual TFA isomers on cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been a limited study, especially for stroke. We aimed to investigate the relationships between four major plasma TFA isomer (elaidic, vaccenic, palmitelaidic and linolelaidic acid) concentrations and the risk of CVD, stroke and non-stroke CVD. A cross-sectional study was conducted, utilising a nationally representative sample of US adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Among the 3504 participants, 304 participants self-reported CVD history. The highest quintile of elaidic acid intake was associated with a 233% higher CVD risk (p = .010). Adjusted for age, gender and race, palmitelaidic acid was associated with a decreased CVD risk, but the effect size was diminished in a subsequent analysis model. For stroke risk, we failed to identify any associations. In addition to elaidic acid, the health effect of palmitelaidic acid should be paid more attention in the future studies.

Trans-fatty acids (TFA) are geometric isomers of naturally occurring cis-fatty acids. High dietary TFA intake has been associated with risk factors for cardiovascular disease. However, little is known about TFA levels in humans. To address this data need, we developed and validated a new isotope dilution-gas chromatography-negative chemical ionization-mass spectrometry (ID-GC-NCI-MS) method for quantitation of 27 fatty acids (FA) including 4 major TFA in human plasma, serum, and red blood cells (RBC) from 66 donors. Quantitation was performed with 18 isotope labeled internal standards and results are presented in µM and % of total FA. This method has high sensitivity and specificity due to use of pentafluorobenzyl-bromide derivatization combined with NCI-MS and a 200 m column to optimize positional and geometric FA isomer separation. The four major TFA, palmitelaidic acid, elaidic acid, trans-vaccenic acid, and linoelaidic acid, were detected in all samples, with median total TFA concentrations of 17.7 µM in plasma, 19.6 µM in serum, and 21.5 µM in RBC. The % of total FA for the TFA was 0.20% in plasma, 0.20% in serum, and 0.30% in RBC. Patterns for % FA are similar to those reported in other studies. We developed a highly specific, ID-GC-NCI-MS method to quantitate TFA and other FA in humans.

In order to provide more information about phytochemical composition of Tunisian Ephedra alata known for their medicinal uses, fatty acids, volatile compounds and alkaloids have been analyzed in fresh or dry plant materials whether powdered or not. Extraction was performed with hexane and ethanol in soxhlet extractor and all extracts were analyzed by GC-MS. Phosphomolybdenum, DPPH and FRAP methods were used to evaluate their antioxidant activities. The dry matter present a more diversified fatty acids composition dominated by palmitic acid, oleic acid and linolelaidic acid. Hydrocarbons represent the largest group of volatile compounds, followed by alcohols. The most known detected ephedrine-type alkaloid characteristic of the Ephedra genus are dominated by pseudoephedrine, norephedrine, ethylephedrine. Some other compounds are mentioned for the first time in E. alata alkaloids such as azetidine, 1,2- dimethyl-3-phenylaziridine, N-ethyl benzamide and N-methyl-mandelamide. Lower total antioxidant and anti-radicular effects were shown with hexane extracts and alkaloid fractions instead the ferric reducing antioxidant power test showed the highest results with obtained alkaloid from powdered fresh and dry plant materials. Lipids, volatile compounds and alkaloids in E. alata that have been assessed could provide possible roles in case of human breast cancer and health benefits and therefore a research on this plant might be of value in drug industry.

To assess the relationship between plasma trans-fatty acids (TFAs) levels and leucocyte telomere length (TL) in a US adult population sample. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database was used for this study. Gas chromatography was used to separate derivatised fatty acids (Four major TFAs [palmitelaidic acid (C16:1n–7t), trans vaccenic acid (C18:1n–7t), elaidic acid (C18:1n–9t), and linoelaidic acid (C18:2n–6t,9t)]) which were then quatified using negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Data analyses used multivariable linear regressions, while accounting for the survey design. A total of 5446 eligible participants, with 46.8% (n = 2550) being men, were included. Their average age was 47.1 years for the total sample, and 47.8 and 46.5 years in men and women respectively (p = 0.085 for men vs. women difference). Concentrations of palmitelaidic acid and linolelaidic acid decreased with increasing length of the telomere (p

Studies report that the frying process causes chemical changes in altering its composition, causing unpleasant flavor, very hard and dark fried food surface, and an excess of oil absorbed, among others. Deep-frying oil samples were collected from four randomly chosen food services every other day for 10 days. Acidity, peroxide, and iodine values were measured; lipid profiles were determined by gas chromatography. Esterified samples were stored at -18°C. The statistical software used was SAS, version 2.0, 5 % significance level. Analysis of variance (PROC GLM) was used to look for differences among oils of different food services (p ≤ 0.05). Since differences were found, regression analysis was done (PROC REG). The Tukey’s test was used for comparing the oil characteristics that did not vary homogeneously with use. Acidity was the most appropriate indicator for assessing oil stability. Linoleic and linolenic acids were the most affected by heat. Linolelaidic acid content increased only 0.03%.

The present study was aimed to study the effect of the bee pollen extract on the broiler Ross 308 breast and thigh meat fatty acids. The experiment enrolled 90 chicks in one day old, which were divided into 3 groups (control, E1 and E2). The broiler has been bred in a cage condition for 42 days. To the experimental groups were added bee pollen extract in the amount (400, 800 mg.kg-1). The chickens have been bred in a cage conditions, each cage was equipped with feed dispenser and water intake was ensured ad libitum through a self feed-pump. The temperature was controlled during the fattening period and it was 33 °C at the first day and every week was reduced about 2 °C the end temperature was 23 °C. At the end of the experiment the fatty acids have beenevaluatedby using Agilent 7890A Gas Chromatograph apparatus (USA). The findings have been shown that the myristoleic acid, linoleic acid, linoelaidic acid, arachidonic acid, and archaic acid were decreased after using the bee pollen into broiler feed mixture otherwise, the bee pollen has been increased the polemic acids and oleic acid and there were found no significant differences (P ≥0.05) among all the experimental groups.From the recent experiment, we conclude that bee pollen extract has decreasedthe fattyacids except palmitoleic acid acid and oleic acid, whichwere higher compared to control groupand there were no significant differences (P ≥0.05) between experimental groups.

Strongylocentrotus intermedius is an important commercial species of sea urchin distributed in the coastal waters of China. However, the metabolomic changes that accompany its gonadal growth and development stages remain unclear. In this study, we have histologically observed gonad growth stages, analyzed the fatty acid composition, and employed an untargeted metabolomic approach to investigate the metabolites associated with the gonadal growth and development of S. intermedius, as well as the biosynthesis and metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) at different stages and in different sexes. The gonad mass of sea urchin increased from 0.70 ± 0.18 g in January (at the recovering stage) to 8.78 ± 2.89 g in July (the reproductive stage), with the GSI increasing from 4.02 ± 0.88% to 16.86 ± 2.79%. We have analyzed 34 types of fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, etc., of which PUFAs were the dominant fatty acid class in this species, accounting for >48.55% of the total. In the metabolomic analysis, linolelaidic acid, sciadonic acid, cis-8,11,14,17-eicosatetraenoic acid, adrenic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, and tetracosapentaenoic acid were detected in the differentially expressed metabolites of the unsaturated fatty acids biosynthesis pathway. We found that the most significant functional pathways during gonadal growth and development were “arachidonic acid metabolism”, “alpha-linolenic acid metabolism” and “linoleic acid metabolism”, which are all related to fatty acid metabolism. These results will provide valuable information on the possible presence of both exogenous and endogenous fatty acids in sea urchin gonads and the metabolomic changes in S. intermedius during gonadal growth periods, and will further our understanding of the intermediary metabolism and the molecular bases of growth traits in this species.

The effect of free fatty acids (FFA) on lipid oxidation in water-in-stripped walnut oil emulsions was investigated. The formation of the primary oxidation products (hydroperoxides) and the secondary oxidation product (headspace hexanal) increased with increasing addition of oleic acid to the emulsions. However, oleic acid at high concentrations was primarily involved in accelerating hydroperoxide formation at early stage and then hydroperoxide decomposition rapidly after hydroperoxides reached the maximum point. The prooxidant effect of saturated FFA was dependent on their chain length with lipid oxidation rates being in the order of lauric acid>palmitic acid>stearic acid. The highest prooxidant activity of lauric acid among these FFA was probably due to its largest polarity and making the water droplet interface more negatively charged than the others when the aqueous phase pH was 7.0, which was above its pKa, thereby attracting prooxidant metals to the water droplet surface. The highest ability to promote lipid oxidation in water-in-oil emulsions was shown by linolenic acid, followed by linoleic and oleic acids, indicating that the oxidative capacity increased with increasing degree of unsaturation. The prooxidant effect of FFA with the cis double bonds was lower than those with the trans ones when oleic acid (18:1, cis) was compared to elaidic acid (18:1, trans) and linoleic acid (18:2, cis–cis) was compared to linoelaidic acid (18:2, trans–trans), which suggested that geometric isomeration of FFA influenced lipid oxidation rates of water-in-oil emulsions. Practical applications: FFA promote lipid oxidation in bulk oil and oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions. From the present study, it became clear that FFA were also strong prooxidants in water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions. This research pointed out the importance of using oils and fats containing minimal FFA in W/O emulsion formulation to obtain the highest quality.

Trans fatty acids (TFA) have been considered as an independent risk factor of coronary heart disease, sudden death and insulin-resistance, and different TFA isomers may have different effects on the progression of cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of two major TFA, elaidic acid and linolelaidic acid which have the same number of carbons but a different number and configuration of trans bonds, on the proliferation of human umbilical vein smooth muscle cells (HUVSMC). Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium and flow cytometry assays showed that the cell proliferation rose to 115.37 ± 0.39 and 117.5 ± 0.57 % and the cell number in the S phase of the cell cycle reached 27.7 ± 0.7 and 25.8 ± 2.8 % when treated with 50 μM elaidic acid and 20 μM linolelaidic acid, respectively. Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting analyses showed that the two TFA increased the mRNA and protein expression levels of PCNA, CDK2 and Cyclin E in HUVSMC. Moreover, gas chromatography analysis showed that the total PUFA level of HUVSMC was lower after treatment with the two TFA, especially n-3 PUFA. These results suggested that linolelaidic acid exhibited a stronger proliferative effect on HUVSMC than elaidic acid, and regulation of CDK2 and Cyclin E may be important for the effect of the TFA on atherosclerosis.

The p resent study investigated the influence of seasonality (summer and winter) on the pro ximate co mposition and on the amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk fat. The amounts of lipid and protein were greater in the winter. The quantity of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA, ru menic acid, 18:2c9t11) in type B pasteurized milk (10.38 ± 0.69 in summer and 7.44 ± 0.82 in winter) was higher than in type C milk (9.90 ± 0.64 in summer and 7.25 ± 0.85 in winter) in both seasons. The amount of trans linolelaidic acid (18:2n-6t), linoleic acid (18:2n-6) and linolen ic acid (18:3n-3) had no variation between seasons and types of milk. Furthermore, the n-6/n-3 ratio of the milks analy zed after pasteurization has reduced significantly fro m (p

Epidemiological data have shown an association of the intake of industrial produced trans fatty acids (TFA) and sudden cardiac death. The present study examines the impact of elaidic acid (t18:1n-9) and linoelaidic acid (t18:2n-6) on the human aortic endothelial cell functional response. Trans fatty acids predominately incorporated into the phospholipid component while only a minute fraction of the total fatty acids (FA) incorporated into triacylglycerol. Trans fatty acids incorporated into the plasma membranes at the expense of the saturated-FA, stearic, palmitic, and to a lesser extent, myristic acid. Both t18:1n-9 and t18:2n-6 induced a pro-inflammatory response by elevating surface expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Neither oleic nor linoleic evoked a pro-inflammatory phenotype under the maximal 50 µM treatments. Both TFA and stearic acid increased phosphorylation of the ICAM-1 transcriptional regulator, nuclear factor-κβ (NF-κβ), while oleic and linoleic acids did not appear to alter the phosphorylation status. Elaidic acid minimally affected endothelial cell growth, whereas linoelaidic acid completely inhibited growth at 100 µM and imparted limited cytotoxicity up to 300 µM. Stearic acid induced cytotoxicity at concentrations above 75 µM, while oleic and linoleic acids evoked gradual dose-dependent growth inhibition with cytotoxicity occurring only at linoleic acid concentrations greater than 200 µM. In conclusion, t18:1n-9 and t18:2n-6 fatty acids effectively incorporated into the phospholipid component of endothelial cells and subsequently induce a pro-inflammatory phenotype.

The objectives of this study are to explore whether separate sources of trans fatty acids (TFA) have different effects on ECV304 cell line and to further elucidate the oxidation mechanism induced by TFA. ECV304 cells are used in the study because they display many endothelial features. Cell apoptosis rates increased in a dose-dependent manner following 24-h treatment with TFA from separate sources. Additionally, TFA stimulated human alpha-defensin 1 (HNP-1) expression and resulted in a significant increase in both malondialdehyde (MDA) and ROS levels. MDA levels reach their peak at 18 h. HNP-1 expression levels increase at 2 h and then reach their peak at 10 h. At the same time, the protein carbonyl (PCO) value declines slightly. After 10 h of TFA co-culture, the cells were washed and fresh low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was added. MDA generation significantly increased after 6 h and it could be inhibited by 4-aminobenzoic acid hydrazide (ABAH) or sodium ferulate. However, after the TFA co-culture for 2 h, adding LDL for 6 h just caused slight MDA generation change and the MDA generation could be inhibited by verapamil or sodium ferulate. TFA from different sources did not have different effects on ECV304. HNP-1 mediates the oxidation induced by TFA by activating ROS. Furthermore, TFA can stimulate the oxidation of LDL in ECV304 cells through both passive and active pathway. In the oxidation induced by linoelaidic acid, ABAH can decrease the MDA generation in active oxidation pathway and verapamil can decrease the MDA generation in passive oxidation pathway.

In this study, seeds of Prunus mahaleb L., which are cultivated in the Anatolia region of Turkey, are obtained from the local market in Tokat, Turkey. Chemical composition of the seed oil from Turkish mahaleb was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that the seed oils contained mainly oleic acid of 35.8 %, methyllinoleate 24.9 %, linolelaidic acid of 22.6 %, palmitic acid 5.6 %, α-linoleic acid of 3.0 %, stearic acid of 2.2 % and linoleic acid of 1.3 %, respectively. The chemical composition of seed oil from Turkish mahaleb was compared with other studies

In order to automatically identify fatty acids in plant seed oils, a method was developed to search all saturated fatty acid methyl esters in the sample, subsequently calculate the ECL value of each fatty acid, and finally identify the molecular structure for each component by comparing the ECL of the interest and that in the customised database. Our method was applied to analyse the fatty acid composition of Eucommia ulmoides seed oil. The results show that major polyunsaturated fatty acids are α-linolenic acid (56.5093% of total fatty acids, TFAs) and linolelaidic acid (12.6563% of TFAs). Meanwhile, the main monounsaturated fatty acid is oleic acid whose percentage in the TFAs is 15.8008. Palmitic acid and steartic acid are the dominant saturated fatty acids representing 9.8165% and 2.5942% of TFAs, respectively. The UFA/SFA ratio (6.57) is higher than the recommended value (3) by nutritionists.

Background Converging evidence suggests that people at ultra-high risk (UHR) for psychosis have depleted levels of several fatty acids (FAs), and that changes in omega-3 (n-3) FA levels may indicate a higher risk for transition to psychosis. However, limited information is available on how FA deficiencies relate to psychopathology in individuals with UHR phenotypes. Here, we report the relationship between membrane FA levels and symptom severity in a study of individuals at UHR for psychosis. Methods Data from 280 of 304 (92%) of participants of the NEURAPRO study, a multi-centre randomized-controlled trial of omega-3 fatty acids versus placebo, were used for the present analysis. All participants were aged between 13 and 40 years and met criteria for UHR for psychosis. Blood samples were collected at study baseline and month 6 (end-of-intervention). Membrane fatty acids were analysed using mass spectrometry as percentage of total fatty acids in erythrocytes. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated between baseline erythrocyte fatty acid levels and scores on the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). Results Negative symptoms were positively correlated with one saturated FA (Tetracosanoic acid [24:0], R=0.272, p

The objective of the study was to determine how the partial supplementation of Moringa oleifera whole seed meal (MOWSM) would affect layer performance, egg quality and egg fatty acid profile. One hundred and forty-four Hy-Line hens in early-lay (20-weeks-old), with an average body weight of 1.45 kg were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments which were formulated to meet or exceed the National Research Council standards for brown-egg laying hens. Dietary treatments consisted of 0 (control), 1, 3, and 5% MOWSM. Layer performance was monitored over a period of 8 weeks. The inclusion of MOWSM in layer diets reduced feed intake, bodyweight, the rate of lay, egg weight, and egg mass. Yolk colour was significantly improved by 1, 3 and 5% inclusion levels, while the albumen height decreased. The albumen weight, yolk weight, eggshell weight, eggshell thickness, and egg shape index showed no statistical differences across all treatment groups. Similarly, the saturated fatty acid profile was also not affected. Palmitoleic acid decreased with the increase in MOWSM inclusion, whilst linolelaidic acid increased. The atherogenicity index was not affected by MOWSM inclusion, while the thrombogenicity index increased when compared to the control diet. It was concluded that, although MOWSM inclusion improved yolk colour, maintained external egg quality, and improved the fatty acid profile, the deleterious effect that it had on layer performance indicated that it may not be fed to early-lay hens at these respective levels. Keywords: Alternative protein, egg production, laying hens, oil seeds

The products formed by thermally induced isomerization of trilinolein and trilinoelaidin at 250 degrees C were studied by infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography. The triglycerides of the 9c12c and 9t12t fatty acids, linoleic and linoelaidic acid respectively, were subjected to thermal treatment under nitrogen in glass. The products were removed at regular intervals and analysed by infrared spectroscopy using a single reflectance attenuated total internal reflectance crystal accessory. Trans-esterification of the products provided the corresponding fatty acid methyl esters which were studied by gas chromatography. The results show that the samples undergo decomposition and isomerization. Thermally induced 9c12c fatty acid (linoleic acid) molecules in the trilinolein molecules isomerize into 9c12t, 9t12c and 9t12t isomers. Thermally induced 9t12t fatty acid (linoelaidic acid) molecules in the trilinoelaidin molecules isomerize into 9c12t, 9t12c and 9c12c isomers. However, the concentration profiles are different for these two triglyceride samples. The rates of formation of isomers from linoleic acid are higher than the rates of formation of isomers from linoelaidic acid. In addition, these two fatty acids also isomerize into conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs). The profiles of the CLAs are identical in both cases.