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Linognathus vituli (Linnaeus, 1758) Pediculus vituli Linnaeus, 1758: 611. Pediculus tenuirostris Burmeister, 1838 *: Species 17. Haematopinus vituli (Linnaeus, 1758); Denny 1842: 31, pl. 25: fig. 3. Pediculus oxyrrhynchus Nitzsch, 1864: 21. Haematopinus tenuirostris (Burmeister, 1838); Giebel 1874: 43, pl. 2: fig. 9. Haematopinus vituli (Linnaeus, 1758); Osborn 1896: 176, fig. 101. Trichaulus vituli (Linnaeus, 1758); Enderlein 1904a: 142. Linognathus vituli (Linnaeus, 1758); Enderlein 1905: 194. Linognathus vituli (Linnaeus, 1758); Ferris 1916: 166. Linognathus vituli (Linnaeus, 1758); Ferris 1932a: 356, figs 214–215, 216C. Linognathus vituli (Linnaeus, 1758); Ferris 1951: 241, figs 107–108. Linognathus vituli; Mustaffa-Babjee 1969: 37. Linognathella vituli (Linnaeus, 1758); Ribbeck 1972: 72. Linognathus vituli (Linnaeus, 1758); Kim et al. 1986: 134, pl. 42. Linognathus vituli (Linnaeus, 1758); Durden & Musser 1994: 44. Type host: Bos taurus Linnaeus, 1758 —Domestic cattle. Malaysian host: Bos taurus. Malaysian locality: “West Malaysia ” (Mustaffa-Babjee 1969). Geographical distribution: Cosmopolitan, except Antarctica (Durden & Musser 1994; Price & Graham 1997). Remarks: The adult male and female of Linognathus vituli were redescribed and illustrated by Ferris (1932a, 1951) and Kim et al. (1986). Studies of L. vituli in Malaysia are lacking, with only one record (Mustaffa-Babjee 1969). Considering that Anaplasma marginale, A. ovis, Rickettsia helvetica and Theileria orientalis were detected in L. vituli (see Hornok et al. 2010; Emery et al. 2021), surveys and studies are needed to establish levels of parasitism and to apply control methods where necessary. * For clarification of Burmeister’s date of publication, see Durden et al. (2014) and Palma (2017)., Published as part of Kazim, Abdul-Rahman, Houssaini, Jamal, Tappe, Dennis & Heo, Chong-Chin, 2022, An annotated checklist of sucking lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) from domestic and wild mammals in Malaysia, with lists of hosts and pathogens, pp. 301-336 in Zootaxa 5214 (3) on pages 314-315, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5214.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7389119, {"references":["Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Vol. 1. 10 th Edition. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, iv + 824 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542","Burmeister, H. (1838) Pediculina. In: Burmeister, H. (Ed.), Genera quaedam Insectorum. Iconibus illustravit et descripsit. Vol. 1. Rhynchota. Burmeister et Stange, Berolini, pp. 8, 2 pls. [unnumbered] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8144","Denny, H. (1842) Monographia Anoplurorum Britanniae or, an essay on the British species of parasitic insects belonging to the order of Anoplura of Leach, with the modern divisions of the genera according to the views of Leach, Nitzsch, and Burmeister, with highly magnified figures of each species. Henry G. Bohn, London, xxiv + 262 pp., 26 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 137104","Nitzsch, C. L. (1864) Beobachtungen der Arten von Pediculus. Zeitschrift fur die gesammten Naturwissenschaften, Halle, 23, 21 - 32.","Giebel, C. G. A. (1874) Insecta epizoa. Die auf Saugetieren und Vogeln schmarotzenden Insecten nach Chr. L. Nitzsch's Nachlass bearbeitet. Otto Wigand, Leipzig, xvi + 308 pp., 20 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 66072","Osborn, H. (1896) Insects affecting domestic animals: an account of the species of importance in North America, with mention of related forms occurring on other animals. Bulletin U. S. Department of Agriculture Division Entomology, New Series, 5, 1 - 302, 2 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 64990","Enderlein, G. (1904 a) Lausestudien. I. Uber die Morphologie, Klassifikation und systematische Stellung der Anopluren nebst Bemerkungen zur Systematik der Insektenordnungen. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 28, 121 - 147.","Enderlein, G. (1905) Lausestudien IV. Uber einen auffaligen Sexualdimorphismus bei Polyplax spinulosa (Burm.). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 29, 192 - 194.","Ferris, G. F. (1916) A catalogue and host list of the Anoplura. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 6 (6), 129 - 213.","Ferris, G. F. (1932 a) Contributions towards a monograph of the sucking lice. Part V. Stanford University Publications, University Series: Biological Sciences, 2, 271 - 413.","Ferris, G. F. (1951) The sucking lice. Memoirs of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society, 1, 1 - 320. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 149669","Mustaffa-Babjee, A. (1969) Lice and fleas of animals in Malaysia. Kajian Veterinar, 2, 37.","Ribbeck, R. (1972) Vorkommen von Ektoparasiten in einer Milchvieh-grossanlage. Angewandte Parasitologie, 13 (2), 72 - 82.","Kim, K. C., Pratt, H. D. & Stojanovich, C. J. (1986) The sucking lice of North America - An illustrated manual for identification. The Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, Pennsylvania and London, xii + 241 pp.","Durden, L. A. & Musser, G. G. (1994) The sucking lice (Insecta, Anoplura) of the world: a taxonomic checklist with records of mammalian hosts and geographical distributions. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 218, 1 - 90.","Price, M. A. & Graham, O. H. (1997) Chewing and sucking lice as parasites of mammals and birds. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., 320 pp.","Hornok, S., Hofmann-Lehmann, R., Fernandez de Mera, I. G., Meli, M. L., Elek, V., Hajtos, I., Repasi, A., Gonczi, E., Tanczos, B., Farkas, R., Lutz, H. & de la Fuente, J. (2010) Survey on blood-sucking lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) of ruminants and pigs with molecular detection of Anaplasma and Rickettsia spp. Veterinary Parasitology, 174, 355 - 358. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. vetpar. 2010.09.003","Emery, D. L. (2021) Approaches to integrated parasite management (IPM) for Theileria orientalis with an emphasis on immunity. Pathogens, 10, 1153. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / pathogens 10091153","Durden, L. A., Willis, E. E., Garretson, A. M. &. Eremeeva, M. E. (2014) The sucking lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) of Georgia, USA: hosts, geographical distributions, and medical / veterinary importance. Journal of Entomological Science, 49 (3), 246 - 271. https: // doi. org / 10.18474 / 0749 - 8004 - 49.3.246","Palma, R. L. (2017) Phthiraptera (Insecta). A catalogue of parasitic lice from New Zealand. Fauna of New Zealand, 76, 1 - 400."]}

The present investigation was carried out to determine the prevalence of arthropoda and helminth parasites in sheep at Azimpur, Dhaka during February, 2012 to January, 2013. A Total of 60 hosts were examined and about 71.67% sheep were found to be infested with arthropod parasites. In sheep two species of arthropod parasites, Linognathus vituli (61.67%) and Damalinia caprae (68.33%) were identified as ecto-parasites. The prevalence of ectoparasites was higher during summer (85%), followed by winter (75%) and rainy (55%). The higher intensity was also recorded in summer (325.17±1.92). Lambs were found more susceptible (85.71%) than adult (80.95%) and young (56%) sheep and higher in female (77.27%) than in male (68.42%). Twelve species of helminth parasites were identified, of them, 3 trematodes, 3 cestodes and 6 nematodes, highest prevalence was shown by Strongyloides sp (71.67%) and lowest by Dictyocaulus sp. (3.33%); found comparatively higher in adults (85.71%) than in young (80%) and 28% in lambs. The male sheeps were more susceptible (81.58%) to helminth infection than female (72.73%). Prevalence of helminthes was found higher in winter (95%) season. The value of co-efficient of correlation between the prevalence and intensity of infestation of ectoparasites and helminth parasites in sheep were 0.95 and 0.978 respectively. In both cases these two variables differed significantly (P

A study was conducted under a common protocol in Wisconsin and Wyoming, USA, to evaluate therapeutic and persistent efficacy of two long-acting injectable formulations of moxidectin against lice populations infesting cattle. At each site, 30 beef calves were blocked into groups of three based on naturally acquired Linognathus vituli populations, then randomly assigned to treatments within blocks. Treatments, injected subcutaneously into the proximal third of the ear on Day 0, included saline, a long-acting oil-based formulation containing 10% moxidectin given at the rate of 1 mg moxidectin/kg body weight (M10/1.0), or a long-acting oil-based formulation containing 15% moxidectin given at the rate of 0.75 mg moxidectin/kg b.w. (M15/0.75). Species of sucking and chewing lice were quantified on nine predilection sites before treatment, then 28, 63, 98, 133 and 168 days after treatment. During intervals between lice counts after Day 28, study animals from the three treatment groups were commingled for 32 days with two lice-free sentinels plus four to six seeder calves with infestations of both sucking and chewing lice. Following each 32-day commingling interval, seeder and sentinel animals were removed, and principal animals were sorted into pens by treatment. Lice were quantified on sentinel animals on the day of removal, and lice were quantified on principal study animals 3 days after removal of sentinel and seeders. Moxidectin was generally not efficacious against Bovicola bovis in the injectable formulations tested, whereas Haematopinus eurysternus infestations were inadequate to judge product effectiveness. Based on geometric means, both M15/0.75 and M10/1.0 provided statistically significant therapeutic efficacy against existing infestations of L. vituli and Solenopotes capillatus (100% efficacy on Day 28), and provided persistent protection against reinfestation with L. vituli and S. capillatus (efficacy >97%) for at least 133 days following treatment.

Young calves which died on three dairy farms in England and Wales had generalised pallor and heavy infestations of the long-nosed sucking louse, Linognothus vituli. Surviving calves had packed-cell volumes, haemoglobin concentrations and red blood cell counts below the reference ranges, consistent with anaemia, and they were also heavily infested with lice. No other causes of anaemia were identified. It is proposed that heavy infestations with L. vituli should be considered when investigating the cause of anaemia in calves.

To evaluate the persistent activity of pour-on and injectable moxidectin against natural challenge by sucking (predominantly Linognathus vituli) and chewing (Bovicola bovis) cattle lice, 96 mixed-breed calves that had been treated to remove all lice were blocked by body weight and randomly allocated to three treatments: untreated control, moxidectin at 500 microg/kg by topical application and moxidectin at 200 microg/kg by subcutaneous injection. Twelve pens were blocked into groups of four and randomly allocated to four challenge times: 14, 21, 28 and 35 days post-treatment. Treatment groups were assigned to challenge pens randomly. Two donor calves, with demonstrated infestations of both sucking and chewing lice, were introduced into each pen containing eight principal calves at the start of each challenge time. Donors remained in the challenge pen for 7 days. Principal calves were examined for lice, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after donor removal using a standardized hair-parting technique. Moxidectin injectable prevented re-infestation with L. vituli for up to 42 days, but did not provide persistent activity against B. bovis longer than 35 days post-treatment. Moxidectin pour-on demonstrated persistent activity against both B. bovis and L. vituli for 42 days.

Cattle sucking lice, Linognathus vituli (L.) (Phthiraptera: Linognathidae), were obtained from naturally infected cattle and maintained within 'arenas' affixed to the backs of cattle confined in controlled environment chambers maintained at a constant temperature of 15 °C. Temperatures measured within the arenas at an ambient temperature of 15 °C were constant at about 34 °C and only slightly above the temperature on nearby skin. The effect of temperature on egg development was determined using a gradient of temperatures between 25 °C and 41 °C. Eggs did not develop at temperatures of 26 °C or 39 °C. Survival of eggs was highest at temperatures of 30 °C and 35 °C. The earliest hatch was observed at 5 days post-oviposition (at 33-35 °C). Development was extended to as long as 13 days at the lower temperatures. Kaplan-Meier survival probabilities were compared for lice kept at two densities in the arenas and showed there to be no effect of density on louse survival. Similarly, the mean number of eggs/louse/day over an 8-day period was not influenced by louse density.

The four chlorfenapyr formulations examined provided 100% control of both the nymphal and adult stages of naturally acquired Bovicola bovis (L.) on cattle up to 35 days after application. Treatment with 6 mg chlorfenapyr per kg BW in a 0.12 ml per kg BW formulation was as effective as treatment with CyLence TM (cyfluthrin) in controlling naturally acquired Solenopotes capillatus (Enderlein) on cattle for 35 days. Percent reduction was never greater than 90% with any chlorfenapyr application against Linognathus vituli (L.). However, percent reduction was greater than 90% with CyLence TM from day 21 through 35. No adverse effects were noted on cattle from any of the chlorfenapyr dosages used. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

The protective efficacy of doramectin against sucking lice was evaluated under natural challenge conditions in Canada. Two studies with a similar experimental design were conducted in sequence. In each study, two groups of louse-free cattle received either doramectin at a dose of 200 micrograms/kg by subcutaneous injection or no treatment and were then mixed with louse-infested animals for the winter housing period. All animals were examined for lice on treatment day and thereafter at weekly intervals for 13 weeks. In the preliminary study, acquisition of infestation in the face of a very mild challenge of Linognathus vituli was delayed by a mean period of 49 days in doramectin-treated animals compared with untreated controls. The difference in the delay between the groups was significant (P < or = 0.04). In the second study, test animals experienced a moderate challenge of a mixed infestation of L. vituli and Solenopotes capillatus. Acquisition of infestation was delayed by a mean period of 25.6 days in doramectin-treated animals compared with controls, the difference between the two groups being highly significant (P < or = 0.0001). These studies confirmed the protective efficacy of doramectin against sucking lice under natural challenge conditions showing that infestation is prevented for a period of about 4 weeks following administration of the drug at its recommended dose.

The density and distribution of four species of cattle louse, Bovicola bovis (L.), Haematopinus eurysternus (Nitzsch), Linognathus vituli (L.), and Solenopotes capillatus (Enderlein), were elucidated from the hides of six slaughtered steers. Adult and nymphal lice were first removed from one hide by hand and the location of each specimen mapped. The remaining lice were removed by a detergent wash, and KOH dissolution of hide and hair. Lice from the remaining five hides were removed using KOH dissolution of cattle hair and subsequent filtration of the effluent. Bovicola bovis was most abundant, followed by H. eurysternus, L. vituli and S. capillatus . Significant variation was observed in B. bovis, H. eurysternus and L. vituli population densities. Solenopotes capillatus population densities did not differ significantly. All species were contagiously distributed, i.e. ‘clumped’, suggesting species dependant predilection sites. Predilection sites were ranked according to louse density to facilitate the development of field sampling strategies. Additional biological data were gathered on sex and life stage ratios for each species.

Twenty weaner calves were ranked on the basis of naturally acquired Linognathus vituli and Bovicola (Damalinia) bovis infestations and allocated to one of two equal groups. Calves in one group received doramectin (200 mcg/kg) by subcutaneous injection near the base of the ear while those in the second group were given 0.9% sterile saline by the same route. Louse counts at 7 sites replicated on each side of the animals were carried out at the beginning of the trial and then at 7, 14, 21, 28, and 42 days post‐treatment. By 7 days post‐treatment the Linognathus vituli infestations were absent from all treated calves and all but 1 control animal. Up to Day 21, all treated animals remained louse‐free. The dora‐mectin‐treated animals showed significant (P < 0.05) reductions in Bovicola (Damalinia) bovis infestations from 7 to 42 days post‐treatment. Efficacies of 81.9, 98.6, 94.2, 99.3, and 95.4% were obtained for Days 7, 14, 21, 28, and 42 respectively, when comparisons were made with non‐treated anim...

Seven individual trials were conducted in Wyoming to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of doramectin administered subcutaneously at a dosage of 200 μg kg−1 against multiple, natural infestations of cattle grubs or cattle lice. Insect species present and the number of trials that included each species were: Hypoderma lineatum, 2; Hypoderma bovis, 1; Bovicola bovis, 5; Haematopinus eurysternus, 1; Linognathus vituli, 5; and Solenopotes capillatus, 3. Examinations for lice were performed prior to treatment and either weekly or bi-weekly thereafter for 28 days. Examinations for cattle warbles were performed either weekly or every 4 to 5 weeks from time of first appearance through last appearance in the backs of the cattle. No H. lineatum, H. bovis, H. eurysternus, L. vituli, or S. capillatus were found on doramectin-treated animals at any time following treatment. By 29 days following treatment, the number of B. bovis was reduced between 58 and 98%. Treatments applied later in the season, i.e. in March, were more efficacious against B. bovis than those applied in January or February.

Une etude a ete conduite pour determiner la composition, la prevalence et le type saisonnier des poux de bovins dans le district d’Endegagn au sud-ouest de l’Ethiopie. Au total, 500 bovins ont systematiquement ete examines selon les pratiques d’usage pendant la periode allant de septembre 2005 a juin 2006. L’etude a revele que sur un total de 500 bovins examines, 157 (31,4%) etaient infestes par une espece de pou ou plus. On a pu observer quatre especes de pou sur les bovins dans le district couvert par l’etude avec un taux de prevalence globale de 23,6% (pour Linognathus vituli) ; 5,4% (Damalina bovis) ; 2,6% (Solonopotes capillatus) et 1,8% (Haematopinus eurysternus). La prevalence mensuelle et la prevalence globale de l’infestation par les poux etaient beaucoup plus eleves (P de bovins a subi une infestation faible a moderee, tandis qu’une faible proportion a souffert d’une forte infestation. De meme, une plus grande proportion de bovins infestee par les poux avait un mauvais etat corporel, alors qu’une faible proportion de bovins infestes avait un etat corporel assez bon a bon. Les jeunes bovins âges de moins d’un an constituaient la plus grande proportion (P et avaient un mauvais etat corporel par rapport aux autres groupes d’âge. Dans la presente etude, on n’a jamais apercu de Haematopinus quadripertusus sur les bovins examines dans le district. Il est recommande de mener une etude plus approfondie et de mettre en oeuvre les mesures de prevention et de lutte appropriees. A study was conducted to determine the species composition, prevalence and seasonal pattern of lice of cattle in Endegagn district in southern Ethiopia. For this purpose a total of 500 cattle were examined systematically according to standard procedures during the period from September 2005 to June 2006. The study revealed that out of a total of 500 cattle examined for lice 31.4 %( 157) were found infested with one or more species of lice. Four species of lice were encountered on cattle of the study district with an overall prevalence rate of 23.6% Linognathus vituli, 5.4%Damalina bovis, 2.6% Solonopotes capillatus and 1.8% Haematopinus eurysternus. Both monthly and overall prevalence of lice infestation was significantly (P one year of age than cattle of 1-3 years and cattle of more than 3 years of age. The study indicated that the overall prevalence of lice infestation on cattle of the district was highest during the months of (6.4%)February, (5%)March and (4.8%)January whereas was lowest in months of (1.2%)September, (1.4%June) and (2%)October. The study revealed that greater proportions of cattle infested with lice were with light to moderate degree of lice infestations whereas only small proportions were with heavy degree of lice infestations. Likewise greater proportions of cattle infested with lice were having poor body condition whereas only minor proportions of infested cattle were with fair to good body condition score. Young cattle of less than one year of age constituted significantly (P

Five areas in Lagos State, Nigeria (Ojo, Mushin, Ikorodu, Badagry and Ajeromi) were randomly sampled for ectoparasites of livestock. On 600 livestock (200 Cattle, 200 sheep and 200 goats), Ticks (Amblyloma variegatum) had 59.1% prevalence, Cattle lice (Haematopinus eurystermus) and (Linognathus vituli) both had a prevalence of 78.5% while Mites infestations with (Sarcoptei scabei) had 10.5% prevalence. Ticks had the highest geometric mean intensity of infection (660 ticks/ Lagos areas) while Mites had the lowest geometric mean intensity of infection (111 Scabs /Lagos areas). Prevalence and intensity of livestock ectoparasites was highest in Mushin and Badagry areas. Health education was carried out as a strategy to control the prevalence of ectoparasites in Lagos areas. There was compliance to the health interventions. Keywords : kEctoparasites, Lagos, Ticks, Lice, prevalence, intensity. The Zoologist Vol. 6 2008: pp. 34-38

Linognathus vituli (Linnaeus) Calhoun Co., St. Matthews, 1 January 1955, ex Bos taurus, coll. F.R. Gressette; Hampton Co., Estill, 24 May 1957, ex B. taurus; Pickens Co., Clemson, 1 January 1931, ex B. taurus, coll. D.J. and D.W; Clemson, 13 February 1956, ex B. taurus, coll. unlisted The longnosed cattle louse, L. vituli, has a worldwide distribution and is a parasite of B. taurus. All our collections were from the middle of the previous century and this louse might now be rare in South Carolina. Kim et al. (1986) reported collections of this louse from cattle in Clemson, South Carolina., Published as part of Reeves, Will K., Durden, Lance A. & Wrenn, William J., 2004, Ectoparasitic chiggers (Acari: Trombiculidae, Leeuwenhoekiidae), lice (Phthiraptera), and Hemiptera (Cimicidae and Reduviidae) from South Carolina, U. S. A., pp. 1-20 in Zootaxa 647 on page 10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.158298

The behaviour of cattle with and without louse infestation was studied for eight weeks. Thirty-two crossbred calves were housed in groups of four at 20 weeks old. Sixteen of the calves were artificially infested with the long-nosed cattle louse Linognathus vituli and 16 were left uninfested as controls. In infested animals the number of lice on the shoulders averaged 2.3 per 10 cm length of parted hair. The recorded frequency of irritation, manifested by rubbing and self-licking, was significantly greater in the louse-infested calves than in the uninfested controls. The infested calves spent 28 s/h rubbing and 95 s/h self-licking, compared with 8 s and 62 s/h spent by the uninfested controls. The infested calves also spent more than twice as long scratching as the controls. There were no significant effects of the infestation on social grooming.

Eight trials were conducted in the United States to determine the efficacy of eprinomectin applied topically against four common species of lice in cattle. In two dose titration trials, eprinomectin dosages of 125 to 750 mcg/kg body weight applied topically were compared to untreated controls. In dose confirmation studies, animals treated topically with eprinomectin applied at the rate of 500 mcg/kg were compared to vehicle-treated controls. Four species of lice were present in these trials: Linognathus vituli, Haematopinus eurysternus, Solenopotes capillatus , all sucking lice, and Damalinia (Bovicola) bovis , the cattle biting louse. Louse counts were made on six to nine predilection sites (the same number of sites in all animals in the same trial) prior to treatment. The same sites were counted again seven days after treatment and weakly thereafter until trial termination eight weeks after treatment. When no lice were found in the predilection sites, a modified whole body search was conducted. Each species of lice was present on at least six animals in each treatment group on at least one counting date in two or more trials. No lice were found on any animal treated topically with eprinomectin at a dosage of ≥ 500 mcg/kg after 14 days postreatment until termination of the trials eight weeks after treatment

Field efficacy of a pour-on formulation of moxidectin, a macrocyclic lactone endectocide, was evaluated in cattle naturally infested with Chorioptes bovis, Damalinia bovis, Linognathus vituli and Psoroptes ovis. In trial 1, two experimental groups of cattle naturally infested with P. ovis were formed. Group 1 animals remained as untreated controls whereas Group 2 animals were treated on day 0 with 0.5% moxidectin cattle pour-on at a dose of 0.5 mg kg-1 bw. Efficacy was assessed by (a) taking skin samples from each animal on days -4, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42 and 56 post treatment (PT) and observing the numbers of viable P. ovis mites and (b) clinical examination of animals on days 7, 14, 21, 28, 42 and 56 with the percentage of affected body surface calculated and live body weights recorded for each animal on days 4, 28 and 42. The pour-on formulation of moxidectin yielded excellent efficacy as no live mites were found in treated animals at 14, 21, 28, 42 and 56 days PT, except in one animal from which one adult mite was collected on day 42. Clinical indices showed a regular decrease in the affected body surface area. All untreated animals but one remained positive until day 28 and their clinical condition worsened rapidly. In trial 2, two experimental groups of cattle naturally infested with D. bovis and L. vituli were selected. Group 1 remained as untreated controls whereas Group 2 individuals were treated on day 0 with 0.5% moxidectin cattle pour-on at a dose of 0.5 mg kg-1 bw. Efficacy was assessed by identifying and counting lice on eight 15 cm hair partings at predefined anatomical sites on days 0, 14, 28 and 42. On the basis of animals cured and lice count reduction, efficacies were 100% on day 14 and from then onwards for both species. In trial 3, 24 animals naturally infested with C. bovis were divided into three experimental groups comprising eight (Group I), seven (Group 2) and nine animals (Group 3). Group 1 was the untreated control group whereas Groups 2 and 3 animals were treated on day 0 with 0.5% moxidectin cattle pour-on at a dose of 0.25 mg and 0.5 mg kg-1 bw, respectively. Efficacy was assessed as in trial 1. Skin scrapings were collected on days -3, 7, 14, 28, 42 and 56 PT. A clinical index was calculated for each animal on days 0, 28 and 56 whereas body weights were recorded on days 0 and 56. At 0.25 mg kg-1 bw, the efficacy of moxidectin cattle pour-on against C. bovis was incomplete. In contrast, at a dose of 0.5 mg kg-1 bw, moxidectin cattle pour-on was fully effective and by day 14 PT all animals were negative for C. bovis and remained so until the end of the trial. No side effects were observed during these three trials. These results indicate that at a dose of 0.5 mg kg-1 bw, the pour-on formulation of moxidectin is highly effective against C. bovis, D. bovis, L. vituli and P. ovis.

The efficacy of one administration of moxidectin against natural infestations of the 3 common species of cattle lice in Australia: Linognathus vituli, Damalinia bovis and Haematopinus eurysternus, was determined. A high degree of control of L vituli (the long-nosed sucking louse) was achieved with both the cattle injection (96.7% and 100%) at 0.2 mg/kg and the cattle pour-on formulation (94.6% and 100%) at 0.5 mg/kg on the 2 farms where this louse occurred. An injection of moxidectin at 0.2 mg/kg did not eliminate D bovis. In these trials efficacy ranged from nil to 85.2%. In contrast the pour-on formulation at 0.5 mg/kg provided consistently high efficacy (83.6 to 100%) against D bovis on 3 farms. Infestations of H eurysternus (the short-nosed sucking louse) were low and no significant difference was recorded between treatment groups in a single trial, however, lice persisted on 3 to 7 cattle in the untreated group at each inspection, whereas none were found on any animals in the 2 groups treated with moxidectin on inspection after treatment.

(1993). Theileria sergenti: experimental transmission by the long-nosed cattle louse, Linognathus vituli. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology: Vol. 87, No. 2, pp. 217-218.

This first report on the lice of farm animals in Libya lists a total of fifteen species, as follows: Haematopinus quadripertusus and Linognathus vituli from cattle, Bovicola ovis, Linognathus pedalis, L. africanus and L. ovillus from sheep, L. stenopsis, L. africanus and Bovicola caprae from goats. Poultry harboured Lipeurus caponis, L. heterographus, Menacanthus stramineus, Menopon gallinae, Goniocotes gallinae, Goniodes gigas and G. dissimilis.

The purpose of this field study was to develop and evaluate eradication as a strategy to control lice in cattle. Thirty-three herds of cattle were selected and observed during a period of two and a half years. Before eradication, biting lice (Damalinia bovis) were present in 94% of the herds and 27% of the animals. Sucking lice (Linognathus vituli) were present in 42% of the herds and 5% of the animals. These levels were very similar to those reported from other countries in Northern Europe. The eradication strategy was successful in 28 of 33 herds, but lice were still present in 5 herds 3 to 6 months after treatment. Biting lice were present in all these 5 herds, sucking lice were present in 3 herds. During the next 12 months, nine of the 28 herds were reinfected with lice. Six herds were reinfected with just biting lice, 2 herds with just sucking lice and one herd was reinfected with both. There was no significant difference between the 2 louse species regarding the risk of unsuccessful eradication or reinfection. The only significant risk factor for reinfection was either purchase of livestock or use of common pasture, combined with failure in pre-treatment of newly introduced animals.

A pour-on formulation of ronnel and 1% coumaphos dust were tested for control of cattle lice under southern Ontario feedlot conditions. Moderate to heavy populations of the cattle biting louse Bovicola bovis and light populations of the sucking lice Linognathus vituli and Haematopinus eurysternus were present on the treated cattle. The ronnel and coumaphos dust gave excellent reduction of lice populations for 43 and 35 days, respectively.

The added benefit of the national campaign in the Republic of Ireland to eradicate bovine warble flies using pour-on organophosphorus compounds annually, has been a significant reduction in the degree of pediculosis there compared to that in Northern Ireland. In Northern Ireland, only warbled cattle are dressed and the level of pediculosis was 72.8% compared to 56.2% in the Republic, 30.4% of 250 cattle examined in the former country had moderate to heavy infestation compared to 8.6% of 185 cattle examined in the latter. Four species of cattle lice were found and reported for the first time in both countries; these were Haematopinus eurysternus, Solenoptes capillatus, Linognathus vituli, and Bovicola bovis. The first named was far more common in Northern Ireland. Following the withdrawal of the national eradication scheme in the Republic in 1975, there are indications that pediculosis has increased in cattle. Of 100 adult cattle examined in the Republic in February, 1976, 19 had heavy infestations, whilst 78 were infested.

In a study on gains in weight versus louse infestations, 30 of the lousiest feeder heifers in a feed lot containing approximately 3,000 were selected. Two lots of 10 each were sprayed with insecticides for louse control, and the third was sprayed with water. After 42 days gains in weight of the treated lots were not significantly different from those of the control lot. Before treatment, louse infestations averaged light to moderate on all lots; 37 days after treatment, infestations in the control lot averaged very light to light, and only four lice were found in the two treated lots. A Hereford steer, very heavily infested with Haematopinus eurysternus (Nitzsch), under close observation for 4½ months, developed severe anemia, and would have died in the absence of louse control. When the lice were destroyed he improved markedly in gains in weight and feed efficiency. Rancher surveys, cattle buyer records, and population studies on slaughter cattle, indicated that infestations of this magnitude, although they occur regularly throughout Montana, do not ordinarily affect more than 1% or 2% of the cattle. Infestations on the rest of the population are probably of minor economic significance. Louse population studies on the freshly removed hides of 3,188 slaughter cattle indicated that in Montana, Herefords are most frequently and most heavily infested, and that Angus are least so; that H. eurysternus is economically the most important species, followed in order by Linognathus vituli (L.), Solenoptes capillatus End., and Damalinia bovis (L.); and that different breeds of age classes of cattle tend to he infested differently by the four different species of lice. From a n economic standpoint, louse control measures are probably justified on 5%, or fewer, of the cattle in Montana.

In this study early winter treatments with Ruelene, Co-Ral, Famphur, and Korlan prevented the development of high infestations of the long-nosed sucking louse, Linognathus vituli (L.), on range-reared, 8- to 11-month-old, Hereford calves. Each test group consisted of a segregated subgroup of steers and a similar subgroup of heifers. Infestations were assessed by a point-score method based on examination of three areas of the body. One hundred days after all treatments the infestations were significantly lower than at the time of treatment. Infestations on steers and heifers were not significantly different. Low infestations were uniformly distributed over the three examination areas, but as infestations increased on the untreated check groups, the highest infestations developed on the heads.

Studies were made of the louse populations on 364 cattle of various ages and breeds in 19 herds. Eleven herds were infested with Damalinia bovis and 15 with Linognathus vituli. Neither Haematopinus eurysternus nor Solenopotes capillatus were encountered though both have been recorded in New Zealand. D. bovis and L. vituli occur throughout New Zealand with D. bovis more prevalent on beef breeds and L. vituli on dairy breeds. In herds where observations covered the entire winter it appeared that L. vituli populations tended to peak earlier June/ July than those of D. bovis August/September. Both species were most abundant on animals of up to approximately one year of age; only older cattle that were diseased or inadequately fed carried substantial burdens. Within herds, lighter cattle tended to carry more lice than heavier ones. Animals kept on a low plane of nutrition were more heavily infested than those on a higher plane.

Dibrom®(1,2-dibromo-2,2-dichloroethyl dimethyl phosphate) sprays at a concentration of 0.5% produced useful levels of control in the cattle lice, Linognathus vituli (L.) and Solenoptes capillaus Enderlein. Control of populations of the cattle biting louse, Bovicola bovis (L.), was obtained with concentrations as low as 0.1%. The insecticide was applied to yearling beef cattle at a pressure of 400 p.s.i. at the rate of 1.5 gallons per animal. Marked mortality of larvae of Hypoderma lineatum (de Villers) and Hypoderma bovis (L.) in warbles in the backs of yearling cattle treated with Dibrom was noted. Animal systemic activity was not indicated. There was evidence of grub kill of both species for an extended period following treatment. This resulted in control for the balance of the warble season, which normally extends from December through May. Conccntrations of 0.25% to 0.5% Dibrom were considered effective. Application rates varied from 0,75 to 1.5 gallons per head at pressures of 400 p.s.i.

SUMMARY Groups of White Shorthorn calves, stanchioned to prevent self-grooming and given high or low levels of nutrition, were exposed to artificial infestations of the cattle louse, Linognathus vituli. Undernutrition caused a significant (P = 0.03) increase in lice numbers. Lice did not significantly affect percentages of packed cells, lymphocytes, polymorphs and eosinophils or the number of red and white cells. Calves were always able to control lice infestations without self-grooming.

Two experiments were carried out to examine the effects of cattle lice on the productivity of young calves. In both experiments the main species present was Linognathus vituli. In the first experiment, treatment of grazing heifers and their suckled calves did not improve the overall bodyweight gain of either the heifers or the calves. The calves experienced a rapid build-up in lice populations during autumn and early winter which was associated with mild transient pathogenic effects, but this was followed by an apparent 'self-cure' reaction and compensatory gain during late winter. In the second experiment young calves were placed in feedlots and fed high and low planes of nutrition. Treatment to remove lice did not result in any improvements in growth rate on either plane of nutrition; however it was clear that untreated, undernourished calves had heavier lice infestation.

The effects of Damalinia bovis and Linognathus vituli infestations on the liveweight gains and haematocrit levels of cattle were evaluated in eight controlled trials involving a variety of cattle breeds and age-groups ranging from 2 to 20 months. There were no statistically significant differences in weight gain or haematocrit levels between louse-infected and louse-free groups in any trial. The difference between these results and those obtained by North American workers could be due to the fact that Haematopinus eurysternus, one of the predominant louse species in North America, was not present in any of the trials. It is concluded that under most conditions New Zealand farmers are unlikely to benefit financially from increased weight gains following treatment of cattle for lice.

Heifers with a heavy infestation of cattle lice (10 or more per 6.452 cm2 [1 in2] of Bovicola bovis (L.), Linognathus vituli (L.), and Solenopotes capillatus Enderlein) gained significantly less weight (0.09 kg [0.21 lb]/day) than heifers treated with stirofos or trichlorfon. No significant weight gain differences were found between heifers with a light to moderate or moderate to heavy infestation and treated heifers. Feed efficiency was not significantly affected by the three lice infestation levels evaluated in these trials.

SUMMARY Moderate levels of infestation with Linognathus vituli and Bovicula bovis had no significant effect on haemoglobin levels, packed cell volumes, erythrocyte or leucocyte counts of five calves observed for a period of nine months. Infested calves showed an absolute increase in the number of eosinophils, but their percentage of the total leucocyte count remained within the normal range. There was no significant difference between the weight gains of the infested group compared to an uninfested control group. Nevertheless it is concluded that in the Republic of Ireland pediculosis is of economic importance because of resulting damage to the hides.

SUMMARY: Groups of Hereford weaners carrying naturally acquired infestations of L. vituli were allocated to a factorial experiment to examine the effect of lice treatment, sex and nutrition on growth rate during winter and early spring. Plane of ntrition was the only factor influencing growth rate over this period. In untreated groups of cattle, the plane of nutrition influenced the lice score but lice score did not influence growth rate.

Further field observations and laboratory studies on the biology and ecology of Damalinia bovis and Linognathus vituli, the two most common cattle louse species in New Zealand, are described. The life cycle of D. bovis was completed in 27–32 days while L. vituli took 26–31 days. The winter distribution of both species on individual animals was similar with the heaviest concentrations on the cranial half of the body. The effect of the haircoat composition on distribution was examined; correlations between louse counts and hair diameters, colour composition of hair populations, hair and debris density, and sample sites were estimated for both species. The only significant correlation of D. bovis counts was with sample site. Findings were similar for L. vituli except that there was also a significant correlation between louse numbers and weight of hair and skin debris. The importance of self-grooming is discussed in relation to louse distribution. Reasons for seasonal population fluctuations are con...

Extract Systemic insecticides were first used in the treatment of cattle lice in 1947 when 2-pivalyl-1-1, 3-indandione was administered orally to cattle infested with the short-nosed cattle louse (Haematopinus eurysternus). Unfortunately the extrapolation of toxicological data from laboratory animals to field conditions proved faulty and the cattle died (Bushland et al., 1963).

Extract It has been contended in the farm ad-visory literature that cattle lice retard weight gain in beef cattle (USDA Leaf-let No. 319 (1951), USDA Farmers' Bulletin No. 909 (1940), NZDA Advisory Leaflet No. 21 (1969)). These claims are supported, to some extent, by the studies of Kemper et al. (1948) and Mattysse(1946). However, other authors (Scharff,1962; Utech et al., 1969; Ely and Harvey,1969) could find no evidence of an association between average daily weight gains and numbers of lice present on cattle.

Sir. — During the past 10 years pour-on insecticides for cattle louse control have largely superseded spray-on insecticides in New Zealand. Most pour-on formulations tested have proved highly effective. although within-trial eradication has not been reported(1)(2)(3).

Four pour-on formulations, Poron 20(R) (20% phosmet), Somonil(R) (8% methidathion), Ridlice(R) (50% chlorpyrifos) and Lypor20(R) (20% temephos), were tested for efficacy against long-nosed sucking lice (Linognathus vituli) of cattle. Chlorpyrifos and temephos were the most effective but no insecticide eradicated the lice within the 6-week trial period.

Ruelen® (O -4-tert-butyl-2-chlorophenyl O -methyl phosphoramidate) formulated as a 2 lb./gal. emulsifiable concentrate, was applied to cattle in large scale tests in Montana for the control of cattle grubs, Hypoderma lineatum (De Villers) and H. boris (L.). Dilution with 2 parts of water and administration by the pour-on method at dosages of 40, 55, and 70 mg./kg. to feed-lot calves resulted in grub reductions in excess of 99%. In rage cattle, dipped in concentrations of Ruelene of 0.125% and 0.25%, grub reductions were 75.7% and 99.3%, respectively. The 0.25% dip gave satisfactory control of cattle lice, Haematopinus eurysternus (Nitzseh) and Linognathus vituli (L.). Mild, transitory intoxication following treatment was noted in the feedlot calves, but not in the range cattle.

Ten experiments were carried out to examine some of the effects of lice infestation on heifers grazing on six commercial properties in the high rainfall areas of Victoria. In all experiments, famphur, a pour-on lousicide, effectively controlled lice populations (main species Linognathus vituli). Lice infestation was associated with lower growth rates in only two experiments. Significant correlations between lice infestation and liveweight gain of untreated heifers were found in three of ten experiments, but infestation accounted for only 23-30% of the variation in liveweight gain. The results support other studies conducted in Western Victoria, and the need for routine whole herd treatment against lice is questioned.