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2. A Nonhuman Primate Model of Excessive Alcohol Intake : Personality and Neurobiological Parallels of Type I- and Type II-Like Alcoholism

Author

Higley, J. Dee, Linnoila, Markku, Galanter, Marc, editor, Begleiter, Henri, editor, Deitrich, Richard, editor, Fuller, Richard, editor, Gallant, Donald, editor, Goodwin, Donald, editor, Gottheil, Edward, editor, Paredes, Alfonso, editor, Rothschild, Marcus, editor, Van Thiel, David, editor, and Winczewski, Deirde, editor

Published
1997
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3. Serotonin in Early-Onset Alcoholism

Author

Virkkunen, Matti, Linnoila, Markku, Galanter, Marc, editor, Begleiter, Henri, editor, Deitrich, Richard, editor, Fuller, Richard, editor, Gallant, Donald, editor, Goodwin, Donald, editor, Gottheil, Edward, editor, Paredes, Alfonso, editor, Rothschild, Marcus, editor, Van Thiel, David, editor, and Winczewski, Deirde, editor

Published
1997
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4. Report of the Secretary's Task Force on Youth Suicide. Volume 2: Risk Factors for Youth Suicide.

Author

Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration (DHHS/PHS), Rockville, MD., Davidson, Lucy, Linnoila, Markku, Davidson, Lucy, Linnoila, Markku, and Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration (DHHS/PHS), Rockville, MD.

Abstract

Commissioned papers by a work group on risk factors for youth suicide, which examined environmental, behavioral, socio-cultural, biological, and psychological factors associated with an increased likelihood of suicide among young people are presented in this document. The following papers are presented: (1) "Sociodemographic, Epidemiologic, and Individual Attributes" (Paul C. Holinger and Daniel Offer); (2) "Preparatory and Prior Suicidal Behavioral Factors" (Norman L. Farberow); (3) "Social and Cultural Risk Factors for Youth Suicide" (Carol Huffine); (4) "Family Characteristics and Support Systems as Risk Factors for Youth Suicide" (Cynthia R. Pfeffer); (5) "Contagion as a Risk Factor for Youth Suicide" (Lucy Davidson and Madelyn Gould); (6) "Stress and Life Events" (Eugene S. Paykel); (7) "Sexual Identity Issues" (Joseph Harry); (8) "'Major Psychiatric Disorders' as Risk Factors in Youth Suicide" (Maria Kovacs and Joachim Puig-Antich); (9) "Personality as a Predictor of Youthful Suicide" (Allen Frances and Susan J. Blumenthal); (10) "Substance Use and Abuse: A Risk Factor in Youth Suicide" (Marc A. Schuckit and Judith J. Schuckit); (11) "Methods as a Risk Factor in Youth Suicide" (J. William Worden); (12) "Neurotransmitter Monoamine Metabolites in the Cerebrospinal Fluid as Risk Factors for Suicidal Behavior" (Marie Asberg); (13) "Post Mortem Studies of Suicide" (Michael Stanley); (14) "The Neuroendocrine System and Suicide" (Herbert Y. Meltzer and Martin T. Lowy); (15) "Genetics and Suicidal Behavior" (Alec Roy); and (16) "Summary and Overview of Risk Factors in Suicide" (Frederick K. Goodwin and Gerald L. Brown).

Published
1989

5. Serotonin, violent behavior and alcohol

Author

Linnoila, Markku, Virkkunen, Matti, George, Theodore, Eckardt, Michael, Higley, James D., Nielsen, David, Goldman, David, Jansson, B., editor, Jörnvall, H., editor, Rydberg, U., editor, Terenius, L., editor, and Vallee, B. L., editor

Published
1994
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6. Ethological Contributions

Author

Higley, J. Dee, Linnoila, Markku, Suomi, Stephen J., Hersen, Michel, editor, Ammerman, Robert T., editor, and Sisson, Lori A., editor

Published
1994
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16. Dual origins of Finns revealed by Y chromosome haplotype variation

Author

Kittles, Rick A., Perola, Markus, Peltonen, Leena, Bergen, Andrew W., Aragon, Richard A., Virkkunen, Matti, Linnoila, Markku, Goldman, David, and Long, Jeffrey C.

Subjects
Finns -- Genetic aspects, Y chromosome -- Demographic aspects, Human population genetics -- Finland, Biological sciences
Abstract

The pattern of Y chromosome variation among Finns supports the dual origin hypothesis. Phylogenetic study of 77 haplotype configurations from 280 unrelated males from nine provinces suggests a population expansion from two common Y haplotypes. Significant differences between eastern and western areas of Finland with respect to Y haplotype variation are found. The archaeological evidence supports the results.

Published
1998

19. [α-11C]Methyl-l-tryptophan in Anesthetized Rhesus Monkeys

Author

Shoaf, Susan E., primary, Carson, Richard E., additional, Hommer, Daniel, additional, Williams, Wendol A., additional, Higley, J. Dee, additional, Schmall, Bernard, additional, Herscovitch, Peter, additional, Eckelman, William C., additional, and Linnoila, Markku, additional

Published
2001
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23. On the research front: the NIAAA Intramural Research Program

Author

Linnoila, Markku, Colburn, Theodore R., Petersen, Robert C., and Ingle, Kathryn G.

Subjects
United States. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism -- Research, Alcoholism -- Research, Health, Psychology and mental health, Sociology and social work, Research
Abstract

Acting under a research mandate from Congress, the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) has established broad research goals for itself (see box, p. 61). These entail understanding [...]

Published
1995

25. No structural mutation in the dopamine D2 receptor gene in alcoholism or schizophrenia: analysis using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis

Author

Gejman, Pablo V., Ram, Anca, Gelernter, Joel, Friedman, Eitan, Cao, Qiuhe, Pickar, David, Blum, Kenneth, Noble, Ernest P., Kranzler, Henry R., O'Malley, Stephanie, Hamer, Dean, Whitsitt, Flanagan, Rao, Peter, DeLisi, Lynn E., Virkkunen, Matti, Linnoila, Markku, Goldman, David, and Gershon, Elliot S.

Subjects
Alcoholism -- Genetic aspects, Dopamine receptors -- Health aspects, Schizophrenia -- Genetic aspects
Abstract

Genetic abnormalities in the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene may not play a role in the development of alcoholism or schizophrenia. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that affects hormone secretion and the use of alcohol, opiates and cocaine. Among 253 individuals whose DRD2 genes were analyzed, 113 were alcoholics, 106 were schizophrenics and 34 were healthy individuals used as the control group. Genetic analysis revealed three new genetic variants in the DRD2 gene. No significant association was found between genetic mutations in the DRD2 gene and alcoholism or schizophrenia. Researchers examined the incidence of the new variants in 48 additional alcoholics and 91 healthy individuals. No association was found between any of the new variants and alcoholism., Objective. - To examine the dopamine [D.sub.2] receptor (DRD2) gene, coding sequences for abnormalities associated with schizophrenia or alcoholism and thereby help to resolve the controversy surrounding the reported association of alcoholism with a restriction fragment length polymorphism located close to the DRD2 gene. Design. - Mutational analysis of complete DRD2 gene coding sequences by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis followed by direct nucleotide sequencing of detected variants. Setting. - Patients and controls from clinical and epidemiologic collections in the United States and Europe. Patients. - A total of 253 unrelated individuals, including 106 patients with schizophrenia, 113 with alcoholism, and 34 controls. For alcoholism we included patients from previously published series in which an association of illness, with allele Al was reported (Taq I site. 3' to the DRD2 gene) and from other published series in which nonconfirmations of this association were reported. Nearly all persons examined were white. Main Outcome Measures. - Frequency of nonsilent variations in DRD2 gene DNA sequences in the different diagnostic groups. Results. - We found three infrequent DNA variants that predict altered amino acid sequence of the receptor. None of these is associated with either alcoholism or schizophrenia. Conclusion. - No structural coding abnormalities in the DRD2 gene are present in alcoholism or schizophrenia.

Published
1994

27. Brain serotonin, type II alcoholism and impulsive violence

Author

Virkkunen, Matti and Linnoila, Markku

Subjects
Serotonin -- Influence, Alcoholism -- Analysis, Aggressiveness (Psychology) -- Analysis, ACTH -- Influence, Testosterone -- Influence, Health, Psychology and mental health
Abstract

An experiment on the relation between brain serotonin metabolism and type II alcoholism reveals that low cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentration increases the impulsive violent behavior in human beings who are intoxicated. The type II alcoholics are those who generally have an antisocial personality disorder, have an alcohol related problem early in life and indulge in violence after drinking alcohol. High free CSF testosterone increases the aggressive behavior and concentrations of corticotropin influence socialization.

Published
1993

28. Substance abuse among subjects screened out from an alcoholism research program

Author

Schmitz, John, DeJong, Judith, Roy, Alec, Garnett, Debra, Moore, Veronica, Lamparski, Danuta, Waxman, Robyn, and Linnoila, Markku

Subjects
Alcoholism -- Prognosis, Drug abuse -- Health aspects, Alcoholics -- Psychological aspects, Health, Psychology and mental health
Abstract

Three hundred and eight subjects were screened over the phone for admission to an inpatient alcohol treatment research unit. Using a structured interview, the prospective patients were asked questions regarding demographics, drinking history, previous treatments, physical health, family history, and a detailed history of past and present substance use. Drug use was studied as regular use versus no use or brief experimental use of five drug categories: cannabinoids, stimulants, sedatives, opiates, and hallucinogens. Fifty-one percent of the men and 48% of the women reported regular use of one or more of the drugs in addition to alcohol. For women, the amount of alcohol intake was positively correlated with use of stimulants (r = .32, p = .001), cannabinoids (r = .24, p = .019), sedatives (r = .30, p = .003), and hallucinogens (r = .30, p = .003). For men, correlations between the amount of alcohol intake and drug use were weaker but significant for stimulants (r = .21, p = .002), opiates (r = .15, p = .028), and hallucinogens (r = .15, p = .029). Women with alcoholic mothers displayed higher alcohol intake than women with nonalcoholic mothers (p = .02) and also showed more frequent use of most drugs. Although men with alcoholic fathers also showed greater alcohol intake compared to men with nonalcoholic fathers, the two groups did not differ in drug use. Younger subjects of both sexes were more likely to use cannabinoids, stimulants, opiates, and hallucinogens. Alcohol and sedative use was relatively constant across all age groups., INTRODUCTION Consumption of alcoholic beverages increased throughout the fifties, sixties, and seventies, but since 1981 an apparent downward trend has occurred[1]. Over the same period, usage patterns of other substances [...]

Published
1993

31. Reduced Central Serotonin Transporters in Alcoholism

Author

Heinz, Andreas, Ragan, Paul, Jones, Douglas W., Hommer, Dan, Williams, Wendol, Knable, Michael B., Gorey, Julia G., Doty, Linda, Geyer, Christopher, Lee, Kan S., Coppola, Richard, Weinberger, Daniel R., and Linnoila, Markku

Published
1998

37. Increased glutamatergic neurotransmission and oxidative stress after alcohol withdrawal

Author

Tsai, Guochuan E., Ragan, Paul, Chang, Robert, Chen, Shaw, Linnoila, Markku I., and Coyle, Joseph T.

Subjects
Neural transmission -- Research, Oxidation, Physiological -- Research, Alcohol in the body -- Research, Health, Psychology and mental health
Abstract

Objective: Neurophysiological and pathological effects of ethanol may be mediated, to an important extent, via the glutamatergic system. Animal studies indicate the acute effects of ethanol disrupt glutamatergic neurotransmission by inhibiting the response of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. Persistent attenuation of glutamatergic neurotransmission by chronic ethanol exposure results in the compensatory up-regulation of NMDA receptors. Whether glutamatergic neurotransmission and oxidative stress are enhanced during ethanol withdrawal in humans is unknown. Method: CSF was obtained from 18 matched comparison subjects and from 18 patients with alcohol dependence 1 week and 1 month after cessation of ethanol ingestion. CSF samples were analyzed for excitatory neurotransmitters, [Gamma]-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and markers for oxidative stress. Results: The alcohol-dependent patients' CSF levels of aspartate, glycine, and N-acetylaspartylglutamate were all higher than those of the comparison subjects, and their concentration of GABA was lower. In addition, there were significant correlations between excitatory neurotransmitters and oxidative stress markers, which suggest that the two mechanisms may play an interactive role in neurotoxicity mediated by ethanol withdrawal. Conclusions: The data suggest that augmentation of excitatory neurotransmission may lead to enhanced oxidative stress, which, in concert with reduced inhibitory neurotransmission, may contribute to the symptoms of ethanol withdrawal and associated neurotoxicity in humans. Whether these abnormalities represent a trait- or state-dependent marker of ethanol dependence remains to be resolved.

Published
1998

38. TPH Replication Study: Not!

Author

Nielsen, David A., Goldman, David, Virkkunen, Matti, Tokola, Riitta, Rawlings, Robert, and Linnoila, Markku

Published
1996

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