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Objective To provide an initial understanding of problems and potential solution strategies for part-time clinical pharmacist work in China, and provide references for the training of part-time clinical pharmacists.Methods The study was conducted in a tertiary teaching hospital in China, and the project lasted 6 months. Phenomenological methods were used to guide the research design. Research data were obtained by conducting one-to-one semistructured interviews with part-time clinical pharmacists, and interview data were coded and analysed through thematic analysis.Results A total of 21 pharmacists were interviewed in a semistructured manner, and the results showed that following problems exist in the work of part-time clinical pharmacists: the existing professional knowledge is not adequate to meet the demands of clinical service; the career orientation of part-time clinical pharmacists is not clear; lack of professional self-confidence in clinical pharmacy practice; there is no suitable entry point to carry out pharmacy service work; it is difficult to communicate effectively, and for in addition, 17 potential solution strategies are proposed for the current problems, which can provide reference for the development of part-time clinical pharmacists’ work.Conclusions The work performed by part-time clinical pharmacists is currently immature and the strategies derived from this study may serve as potential solutions to resolve the part-time clinical pharmacy practice challenges.

Objective Self-directed learning (SDL) has been embraced by the medical community as a core professional competency, with motivation considered a crucial component of SDL. However, little is known about how hospital pharmacists perceive motivation in SDL in the workplace. This study aimed to examine the intrinsic and external motivation of hospital pharmacists in SDL.Design This study employed a multicentre qualitative design, which lasted 13 months from May 2020 to June 2021. The interviews were audiorecorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed in NVivo V.12.0. Thematic analysis method was used to analyse the data.Setting The study took place in nine public hospitals located in urban areas of Henan Province.Participants Sixteen hospital pharmacists were enrolled from the pharmacy departments of the sample hospitals, using a purposive sampling method.Results Sixteen one-on-one semistructured interviews were conducted, identifying intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in SDL for hospital pharmacists in the workplace. Intrinsic motivation includes curiosity and interest, achievement, self-efficacy and personal growth. Extrinsic motivation includes a more comprehensive set of elements, such as interpersonal motivations, work-related motivations and career-related motivations.Conclusions Personal interests, the influence of surrounding individuals (directly or indirectly), work-related requirements and pressures, and professional development requirements and pressures are the main intrinsic or extrinsic motivations for SDL among hospital pharmacists in China. Future research may focus on these aspects to enhance the SDL competence of hospital pharmacists and other medical personnel.

Objective As lifelong learners, hospital pharmacists must continually improve their self-directed learning skills. Reasonable learning strategies have been proven to enhance self-directed learning (SDL) significantly. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the SDL strategies used by hospital pharmacists in depth to provide them with a reference for the development of their SDL skills.Setting The study was conducted in three tertiary hospitals in Henan, China.Design and participants This study employed a multicentre qualitative design and lasted 12 months. One-on-one interviews and focus group discussions were used to collect data. All interviews were transcribed verbatim, and the interview data were analysed using the thematic analysis method. Purposive sampling was used to select interviewees (n=17) from three tertiary hospitals in Henan province in central China.Results After conducting data analysis, we summarised 12 learning strategies related to SDL, which were grouped into four themes: use of information resources, application of cognitive strategies, development of learning plans and use of learning platforms.Conclusion The findings suggest that classic learning strategies, such as cognitive strategies and the development of learning plans, remain the cornerstones of hospital pharmacists’ SDL abilities, while contemporary advances in information technology and changes in learning concepts have enriched the learning resources and learning platforms that are available to hospital pharmacists and have confronted contemporary hospital pharmacists with certain challenges.

Acute pancreatitis (AP), as a common cause of clinical acute abdomen, often leads to multi-organ damage. In the process of severe AP, the lungs and intestines are the most easily affected organs aside the pancreas. These organ damages occur in succession. Notably, lung and intestinal injuries are closely linked. Damage to ML, which transports immune cells, intestinal fluid, chyle, and toxic components (including toxins, trypsin, and activated cytokines to the systemic circulation in AP) may be connected to AP. This process can lead to the pathological changes of hyperosmotic edema of the lung, an increase in alveolar fluid level, destruction of the intestinal mucosal structure, and impairment of intestinal mucosal permeability. The underlying mechanisms of the correlation between lung and intestinal injuries are inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and endocrine hormone secretion disorders. The main signaling pathways of lung and intestinal injuries are TNF-α, HMGB1-mediated inflammation amplification effect of NF-κB signal pathway, Nrf2/ARE oxidative stress response signaling pathway, and IL-6-mediated JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. These pathways exert anti-inflammatory response and anti-oxidative stress, inhibit cell proliferation, and promote apoptosis. The interaction is consistent with the traditional Chinese medicine theory of the lung being connected with the large intestine (fei yu da chang xiang biao li in Chinese). This review sought to explore intersecting mechanisms of lung and intestinal injuries in AP to develop new treatment strategies.

Aims: The study aimed to understand the role and the core values of pharmacists and the professional expectations of medical staff for pharmacists in treating COVID-19 patients from the perspectives of the frontline medical staff. The findings help to understand and provide a reference for the career growth path of future pharmacists.Methods: A phenomenological method was used to conduct in-depth interviews with frontline medical staff working in isolation wards during COVID-19. The interview data were analyzed, and the themes were extracted.Results: Pharmacists played a positive role in ensuring the supply of non-routinely stocked drugs, including traditional Chinese medicine preventative preparations, providing drug information and medication consultation for complex patients, and identifying adverse drug reactions. However, at present, the integration of pharmacists and nurses is poor with inadequate communication, and the pharmaceutical care activities provided to physicians were still not comprehensive.Conclusions: The level of pharmaceutical care provided by pharmacists needs to be further strengthened. Frontline medical teams generally have high professional expectations for pharmacists, including expecting pharmacists to become drug therapy experts. They expect pharmacists to fully participate in clinical decision-making, especially playing a central role in managing drug interactions, contraindications, and other clinical uses of drugs.

Abstract Background This study aimed to investigate whether age at complete repair of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) impacts postoperative morbidity and length of hospital stay in infants less than 365 days of age. Methods The United States Nationwide Inpatient Sample was searched for infants 0–365 days of age that underwent complete repair of TOF between 2005 and 2011. Patients were categorized based on age at time of repair: 0–30 days; 31–90 days; 91–180 days; > 180 days. Results A total of 1112 infants were included in the study. Multivariate analysis showed the risk of postoperative complications was 40% lower in infants ≥91 days old at the time of repair as compared to those ≤30 days old. In addition, children > 30 days old at the time of repair had a significantly shorter length of hospital stay than those aged ≤30 days. In the subgroup with elective repair, older age was associated with a shorter length of hospital stay as compared to those ≤30 days old at repair, while association between age at complete repair of TOF and postoperative complication was not significant among the groups after adjusting for confounders. Conclusions In children

This research explores what product attributes consumers value and how consumer face consciousness influences ecological product preference. Study I shows that environmental attribute enhances product preference to a greater extent when consumers value gentleness-related attributes more than strength-related attributes. However, when the strength-related attributes are valued, the benefit of environmental attribute is attenuated, and sometimes even leads to greater preference for non-ecological products. Study II reveals that Chinese consumers with high face consciousness show a significant difference between explicit and implicit preferences for ecological products. In other words, these consumers believe in only their own preference for ecological products. In contrast, Chinese consumers with low face consciousness show no difference between explicit and implicit preferences, i.e., they believe that other people prefer ecological products as much as they do. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]