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The major limitation of the use of superheated steam spray drying (SHS-SD) for food products is the missing proof of its applicability for heat sensitive materials. A selection of food, in particular dairy products, were spray dried under superheated steam conditions in a lab scale spray dyer with an inlet steam temperature of 250 °C and outlet steam and product temperatures between 130 and 160 °C by pressure nozzle atomization. Powder attributes show that superheated steam spray drying of heat sensitive food products is technically feasible and does not necessarily result in major quality loss such as severe browning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Speed of commercial displacer vessels on inland waterways is a major disadvantage in comparison to truck and railway. A solution to shift cargo from congested roads and railways to inland waterways may be with high speed vessels as those issued in coastal waters. Inland waterways are restricted in depth and often in width, which leads to hydraulic impact on bottom and banks. Screening of existing high speed ship concepts in unrestricted waters showed twin hulls (catamarans) with and without air-cushion and monohulls as technically feasible on inland waterways. Three types of high speed ships were modeled and tested in a restricted laboratory canal regarding hydraulic impacts from generation of waves, water-level variations, and flow velocities. Ship interaction with existing structures and interference with other ships, as well as channel bed and banks, were also modeled and tested. For the air-cushioned twin hull (SES-Catamaran), high speed model tests showed that water-level variation and flow velocities increased by a factor of about 3 compared to low speeds. For displacement types of twin hulls (catamarans) and monohulls, increased speeds seem to have some potential, but further and systematic research on limitations is required.

The impact of spray drying conditions on encapsulated rapeseed oil was investigated regarding the encapsulation efficiency (EE). The drying rate was modified by the solid content (25–55% w/w) of atomized feed droplets, the inlet temperature (140–220 °C) and relative humidity (0.12–1.57%) of the drying air. The moisture, aw, bulk and tapped density, particle size, and EE were analyzed. An accelerated drying rate due to a higher solid content and inlet temperature as well as a slower drying induced by an increased air humidity resulted in larger particle and more efficient encapsulation. A higher EE was obtained with increasing particle size which is in accordance with a theoretical EE calculated based on the particle- and oil droplet diameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]