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Precipitation formation commonly occurs in the ageing step of fermented citrus vinegar. Hitherto, the chemical characteristics and biological properties of precipitates remain unveiled. This study focused on investigating the chemical profile, formation mechanism and biological repurposing of precipitates. Nine principal components, two flavonoid glycosides and their aglycones along with five polymethoxyflavones (PMFs), were identified from a methanol extract of precipitates. Using hydrolysis models, we demonstrated that insoluble aglycones were generated through the breakage of glycosidic bonds in flavonoid glycosides under acidic condition. Moreover, soluble bound-PMFs were destroyed by yeast-acid hybrid catalysis to release insoluble free-PMFs to form precipitates. A methanol extract of precipitates exhibited a potent anti-proliferative effect on MCF-7 cells (IC

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are major ecological and environmental problems in China's coastal waters and seriously threaten the stability of the marine ecosystem and human health. Gymnodinium catenatum is a toxic red tide dinoflagellate. It can produce paralytic shellfish toxins (PSP), which cause serious hazards to marine organisms, public health and safety. In this paper, a test strip based on colloidal gold immunochromatography (GICG) was developed for the rapid detection of Gymnodinium catenatum. The experimental results showed that the test trip has good specificity and sensitivity. It not only detects the different components of Gymnodinium catenatum but also may detect algal toxins. The lowest density of Gymnodinium catenatum that can be detected by this test strip is approximately 120 cells/mL. Cross-reaction indicated that the test strip had a high specificity for Gymnodinium catenatum. This test strip provides a rapid method for on-site detection of Gymnodinium catenatum and a reference method for the monitoring of other harmful algae to serve as an early warning of upcoming red tides. It also provides a new way to prepare more detection methods for toxic algal toxins.

At present, the effective implementation of emission control areas regulation is faced with the problems of limited inspection capacity and unknown ship behavior. To bridge this gap, this paper quantitatively analyzes the inspection strategy (which arriving ships are selected for inspection) for on-board fuel sampling considering limited inspection capacity and ships’ violation behaviors. We first describe the behaviors of ships by considering economic benefit, social responsibility and other factors to analyze the actual situation. Based on this, a semi-random input model with limited inspection capacity is established and the optimal inspection strategy is obtained. Furthermore, the impacts of related factors on the optimal inspection strategy are analyzed. Finally, measures that based on automatic identification system data are proposed to improve the inspection strategy. The results show that compared to randomly select ships, the method proposed in our study can determine a more reasonable inspection strategy. Additionally, the AIS-based method may be a possible way to improve the inspection strategy.

Given the ample evidences from present studies on national-level innovation policies evolution and mechanisms, this paper contributes to a city-level understanding towards innovation-related state restructuring,the consequent innovation policy change and its relational performance with urban development in post-reform Shanghai, China from an inputoutput perspective. It unfolds that state restructuring relinquishing state power to the market has revived non-government innovation activities and a synchronous, though a bit backward, firms-oriented transition towards innovation development in Shanghai throughout 1990s has been observed.Though scholars are reluctant to label the party-state in post-reform China as a developmental state due to dysfunctionality of state intervention in corporate sectors, in the field of technological upgrading, such topdown, elite driven and state-sponsored mode giving priority to innovation competitiveness well captures the developmental state model at local level, thus exhibits elements of local developmental state. Impacts of this restructuring and policy change are substantial, which can be observed in the soaring increase of science and technology expenditures and patents applications in Shanghai. Additional analysis further unveils that in most circumstances, innovation growth kept paces with urban development, yet its synergy with economic development and permanent residents is more significant than with other aspects.

As a basis and guarantee for the effective enforcement of emission control area regulations, penalty policies play an important role in preventing violations. To more clearly understand the effectiveness of penalty policies, this paper proposes two assessment indicators and assesses Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) penalty policy based on the behaviors of governments and ships. By establishing an evolutionary game model that considers the competitive relationships between ships, we obtain evolutionary stable strategies. Furthermore, we quantitatively assess the effectiveness of EPA's penalty policy for different routes and ship types, and discuss the impacts of accurate penalty fine calculations. Finally, recommendations on penalty policy implications are proposed. The results of this paper show that EPA's penalty policy is less effective overall and that its effectiveness differs for different routes and ship types. Fortunately, the effectiveness of EPA's penalty policy can be improved by accurately calculating penalty fines, and using Automatic Identification System data to pre-identify violations and determine penalty fines is a potential way to improve EPA's penalty policy.

The sustainability of the chemical industry is crucial for achieving global sustainable production. The sustainability performance of global chemical industry is influenced by many issues synergistically and has not been fully quantified. Systematic analysis from multiple perspectives, such as resource savings, economic growth, and environmental improvement, is urgently needed to support effective macro-policy decisions. This study quantifies the variation trend of the sustainability of the global chemical industry during 2004-2014 and identifies the driving forces under the framework of green total factor productivity (GTFP). Results show that most developed countries performed efficiently (with GTFP values equal to 1) in sustainable production of the chemical industry, while the least developed countries usually performed inefficiently (with GTFP values lower than 1). Notably, a polarization of sustainability in the chemical industry has been confirmed among countries with different production capacities. From 2004 to 2014, the sustainability performance of the global chemical industry has generally improved. It was mainly driven by technological progress (resulting from independent technological innovation) rather than efficiency catching-up (derived from technological learning). Furthermore, technological progress was manifested mainly as the improvement in CO

Idea of eco-city booms in China’s planning practices under central state’s envisioned transition towards “ecological civilization” wherein Zhuhai stands out as an example well fitted the eco-livable paradigm. To disentangle how Zhuhai has achieved such fame, this article identifies two interlocked and nested forms of policy mobility: policy reformulation towards pro-environment and policy circulation of advanced eco-experiences, and reviews key process of eco-city planning in the city since 1980s. Rather than an explicit, long-term vision, the review suggests that Zhuhai’s reputation as an eco-city model results from cumulative effects of early policy formulation towards environmental protection upon its geographical location, its natural assets, and essentially early hysteresis in the growth race. Though subsequent development has been path-dependently locked in, it is benefitted from the planning regime wherein knowledge and experiences related to eco-city are instantly shared.

This research aims to advance our understanding towards forest transition, which is about the shift from net deforestation to net reforestation over a given area during certain period, through a case study of a western city in China from 1990 to 2015. Three main contributions are made to the theory and practice of forest land management. First, this research enriches forest transition theory with a meso-level exploration on forest land change in subtropic Chongqing, which echoes the “U” shape transition rules widely observed in the Euro-American context but was found a time lag of the turning point until 2000s. Second, it intentionally identifies the subtype of forests—the artificial plantation, which is considered influential on performance of forest’s carbon sequestration but not paid sufficient attention to. Third, it adds knowledge on forest transition pathway at an intra-urban scale through the identified significance degree of forest transition dynamics, which implies that economic development matters but is less important than topography in a mountainous city like Chongqing, and different dimensions of economy impact differently on forest transition.

This paper contributes to an in-depth understanding of how the mega-event contributes glurbanization of entrepreneurial city through a case study of Expo 2010 in Shanghai. It argues that spatial-related transformation is central to mega-event approach to glurbanization yet the soft power building is uncertain. It implies that the domestic impacts of mega-events are likely to be more profound than their global influences. This corresponds to the capitalist transformation from Fordist-Keynesianism to neoliberalism, in which mega-events such as Olympic Games and World Exposition have increasingly been incorporated into urban development plan to boost urban agenda. Although the profile of world fairs is reduced and does not have the international impacts that they used to have, Shanghai Expo 2010, the first Expo ever held in a developing country, is pinned hope on as the “Turn to Save the World Expo” and is unusually ambitious to bring opportunities in urban transformation. With a well-developed framework of glurbanization entailed by entrepreneurial city, this research enriches glurbanization theory by a thorough examination of Shanghai Expo. It finds that Expo-led landscape reconfiguration, spatial restructuring, and new sources provision effectively transformed Shanghai, propelling glurbanization in diminutive spatial scale. Yet, it remains powerless to impress the world as the voice of domestic propaganda is limited in the Western mainstream media. In all, the Expo case well exemplifies the power of mega-event approach to advancing local agenda, especially in spatial transformation per se, as well as its constraints in (re)shaping a global discourse.

Agricultural land resources have been the central issue for the Chinese government in its attempts to secure food and agricultural sustainability. Yet strict land use control does not protect the agricultural land from erosion by urban expansion. Identifying the specific patterns and mechanisms of the agricultural land conversion, thus, is critical for land management and related decision making. Based on the annual nominal 30 m land use/land cover datasets (called CLUD-A), this study goes below the national/regional level to examine agricultural land conversion in Chongqing from a multiscale perspective. At the metropolis and its subdivision’s scales, the volume of the conversion area has been generally increasing, from 122.40 km2 in 1980–1990, 162.26 km2 in 1990–2000, and 706.14 km2 in 2000–2010, to 684.83 km2 in 2010–2015. Such a conversion in the main city area and its surroundings far outweighed that in the rural outskirts, as 68.9% (1990–2000), 92.2% (2000–2010), and 82.7% (2010–2015) of the conversion happened in the former. Moreover, values of Gini coefficients and coefficient of variation (CV) based on the county/district scale (Gini [0.46, 0.64], CV [0.69, 0.99] throughout the four periods) are much lower than those based on the town/village scale (Gini [0.88, 0.94], CV [3.18, 4.47] throughout the four periods), suggesting the uneven extent of spatial distribution of the agricultural land conversion trickles down along with the downscale of administration: the lower the administrative level, the more severe the unbalance. The policy rationale behind this transition is also discussed. This research argues for tangible approaches to a sustainable rural-urban transformation.

The critical role of urban innovation in sustaining urban economic resilience has been widely acknowledged by scholars. Yet there is far from a full spectrum of understanding about how innovation performs, despite China&rsquo, s innovation outputs having far outweighed most countries&rsquo, The perennial concern regarding the spatial patterns of innovation has been biased towards the macroscale, and long-standing efforts to explore the determinants of innovative vitality are focused on internal factors (e.g., research and development activities, and firm size). Considering these inadequacies, this research investigates how innovative activities are spatially distributed and how the pattern evolves in cities at the microscale, and examines influencing factors of the external environment. The patent data from 2000 to 2015 in Shanghai are geocoded and mapped into 1 km2 hexagon grids to identify local clustering. Gini coefficient is computed to show the high concentration of innovation activities across space. The hot spot analysis based on the Getis&ndash, Ord (Gi*) statistic shows that innovation exhibits a strong concentration propensity at the microscale and gradually moves toward a polycentric pattern. However, the extent of concentration decreases over the study period. Firms dictate innovation activities, and individuals and universities also play a role in downtown innovation growth. The regression using random effect model shows heterogeneous effects on different innovation actors. The overall urban innovation output, dominated by firms, is significantly influenced by public budget expenditures and green space areas. The science and technology grant has a positive impact on authorities but not university and research institutes. This research not only contributes to a methodological innovation for measuring and visualizing an innovation pattern but also enriches our understanding of spatial evolution and critical factors of innovation activities in urban China.

This study goes beyond the crisis-based understanding of spatial fix to consider a holistic exploration of capital accumulation and urban land development in association with a mega-event in China. Decoding the event-triggered land banking (tudi chubei) process in the (re)making of Expo Park, it shifts the focus of this land-based accumulation to pre-event relocation and post-event investment attraction. The contributions of this study are twofold. First, this study contributes to the mainstream literature by incorporating the place-based mega-event into the study of spatial fix. Spatial fix through mega-events is enacted through pre-Expo primary land development, which reshapes the built environment to articulate a “higher and better use,” followed by a post-Expo land disposition, which fixes investment to accomplish capital restructuring. Second, this study indicates that state entrepreneurialism offers a more accurate interpretation of the governance of land processes led by mega-events than urban entrepreneurialism, and enriches the literature on state entrepreneurialism by illuminating the ways in which capital accumulation is achieved through land development under this governance paradigm. In the pre-Expo phase, a state-owned urban development corporation (UDC) was established to take charge of land finance. An ad hoc quasi-government in proximity to the central state and on behalf of the municipal official mobilized administrative resources to aid land resumption—tailoring space to squeeze out inefficient accumulation modes. In the post-Expo phase, a restructured municipal state-owned enterprise (SOE) took over responsibilities for land disposition from the state-owned UDC and prioritized central state SOEs over other investors.

This research details the mundane practices of policy mobility and entrepreneurial endeavour in Jiyuan in relation to the city's changing administrative position, and is one of the first attempts at understanding how entrepreneurial policies are mobilized, mutated and diffused in a small inland Chinese city. We interpret Jiyuan's evolving development strategies and trajectory through two interrelated conceptual lenses—policy mobility and urban entrepreneurialism—bridged by an analysis of the politics of scale. Over the past three decades, governance strategies in Jiyuan have evolved from policy imitation, during the germination of urban entrepreneurialism, to policy mutation and diffusion, under the amplification of entrepreneurialism, as the city has moved up the administrative levels and urban hierarchy. Policy mobility and urban entrepreneurialism in Jiyuan, involving a multi‐scalar process, are being shaped by the interactions between the city, the region, the central state and global capital under the confluence of globalization and marketization. The ‘successful’ story of a small entrepreneurial city tells a new tale that can inform wider contexts by painting a fuller portrait of the evolution of an entrepreneurial city across different scales and time and bringing cities hitherto ‘off the map’ back into the picture of urban entrepreneurialism against the backdrop of globalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ongoing coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has had a far-reaching impact on urban living, prompting emergency preparedness and response from public health governance at multiple levels. The Chinese government has adopted a series of policy measures to control infectious disease, for which cities are the key spatial units. This research traces and reports analyses of those policy measures and their evolution in four Chinese cities: Zhengzhou, Hangzhou, Shanghai and Chengdu. The theoretical framework stems from conceptualisations of urban governance and its role in public health emergencies, wherein crisis management and emergency response are highlighted. In all four cities, the trend curves of cumulative diagnosed cases, critical policies launched in key time nodes and local governance approaches in the first wave were identified and compared. The findings suggest that capable local leadership is indispensable for controlling the coronavirus epidemic, yet local governments’ approaches are varied, contributing to dissimilar local epidemic control policy pathways and positive outcomes in the fight against COVID-19. The effectiveness of disease control is determined by how local governments’ measures have adapted to geospatial and socioeconomic heterogeneity. The coordinated actions from central to local governments also reveal an efficient, top-down command transmission and execution system for coping with the pandemic. This article argues that effective control of pandemics requires both a holistic package of governance strategies and locally adaptive governance measures/processes, and concludes with proposals for both a more effective response at the local level and identification of barriers to achieving these responses within diverse subnational institutional contexts.

This paper conducted a semi-industrial experimental study on the influence of moisture on air heavy medium fluidized bed separation. The research results show that with the increase of coal moisture, the separation accuracy of the separator decreases. When the coal external water is 6.83%, it is difficult to effectively sort the coal; with the increase of the sorting time, the medium moisture will increase slightly; the medium consumption of clean coal and gangue products increases with the increase of the coal external water; when the water exceeds 3%, the media consumption has an almost linear relationship with the external water content; the media with agglomeration or excessive water content is not suitable for direct use as a sorting media and needs to be dried.

In this paper, the drop strength of pulverized coal in a hot air dense medium fluidized bed was studied, and the influence of factors such as coal surface moisture, drying temperature, drying time, air volume and other factors on the drop strength were investigated, and the mathematical correlation of the drop strength was established; it shows that with the increase of drying time, the fall intensity of coal decreases; as the drying temperature rises, the fall intensity decreases; as the surface moisture of coal increases, the coal fall intensity decreases; as the air volume increases, the coal fall intensity decreases.

This paper studies the percentage of pulverized coal in the hot air dense medium fluidized bed, and investigates the influence of coal surface moisture, drying temperature, drying time, air volume and other factors on the percentage of crushing, and establishes a mathematical correlation formula for the percentage of crushing; it shows that with the increase of drying temperature, the percentage of crushing increases; with the increase of air volume, the percentage of crushing increases; the percentage of crushing increases with the increase of drying time and increases with the increase of surface moisture of coal.

Farmland use transition (FUT) is indispensable to understand land use transition in urban-rural planning and development. Employing a complementary evaluation framework, this research contributes to a comprehensive understanding of urban-rural agriculture and forestry sustainability at the intra-urban scale through an in-depth examination of Chongqing, an urban-rural coexistence area in China’s inland, from 1980 to 2015. During the study period, a total of 2142.41 km2 farmland area were lost, of which 71.0 % were transited to built-up land, 18.7 % were transited to forests, 6.3 % were transited to grassland, and 4.0 % were transited to waters. The transition to built-up land, however, is uneven, with overwhelmingly 81.3 % happened in the one circle area (44.6 % were in the traditional urban core area), the northeast and southeast wings areas only account 12.8 % and 5.9 % of the transition. Since 2000, the recessive functions have been enhanced most in farmland productivity and multiple cropping, with 9.7 % annual increase of the former and 6.5 % annual increase of the latter. The two wings benefitted more in the functional enhancement. Both multiple linear regression and random forest show well goodness-of-fit and indicate prominent significance of rural employed population, the inadequately noted factor in previous studies, and GDP per sq.km in influencing area of farmland and construction intensity. Proximity of central city is also a significant variable though inferior to the former two. The rest variables are less important.

Since 1980s, impacted by globalization and economic decentralization, Chinese local governments are well-known for its urban entrepreneurialism. However, after the 2008 economic crisis, state direct intervention was re-iterated and became one of the main strategies applied worldwide to tackle development challenges. The high-speed rail (HSR) development has been known as one of many state-led mega-projects that China committed to delivering, aims at stimulating the domestic economy and urbanization under this backdrop. By comparing two cases of HSR lines and new zones development in Anhui province, the study revealed that not only the central power directly intervened local land markets and achieved further consolidation of state power while the entrepreneurial central state power has incurred an increasingly intricate relation that produces a far-reaching impact on Chinese urban land policies and urban governance. This study, therefore, argues that the top-down intervention critically affected the local development through large-scaled infrastructures driven land development while the opportunities and risks have coexisted. Also, the land market, if not the market in general, has considerable influence over institutional structures and, in this case, resulted in governance transformation – central power entrepreneurialism. The empirical insights enriched the ‘entrepreneurialism’ and the urban governance transition resulted from it to an unexplored context and dimension.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to contribute to an in-depth understanding of China’s ongoing urban development by engaging with the theoretical dialogue of neoliberalism. It takes decentralization and marketization as the governance background to examine the evolving policy of land, housing and public service in China, with a particular focus on Chongqing. The mismatches experienced under the evolving policy are also discussed. Design/methodology/approach By reviewing and consulting related literature, archives, statistical yearbooks, government reports, local newspapers and urban planning documents, this paper offers an overview of urban policy in China. The authors have also taken two field trips and conducted interviews in Chongqing in Summer 2012 and Winter 2013. Findings This paper finds that urban China’s land, housing and public service markets have been re-regulated, with a rescaling of statehood, recalibration of central-local relations and reinvented urban governance in the post-reform era. These policies have evolved from the market-oriented principles of early reforms to a more hybrid approach for which the policies have matured and state intervention has been reintroduced. Mismatches have been generated by this evolution. Originality/value This paper provides an up-to-date examination of new initiatives for policy adjustment in urban China, with a closer look at Chongqing, one of the most dynamic contemporary metropolises in the country. It has important implications for the debate over China’s engagement with neoliberal urbanism. Also, it empirically reveals the mismatches created by the latest policy initiatives.

The pyrolysis kinetic analysis of the three pseudocomponents of biomass, namely cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, were investigated using a thermogravimetric (TG) analyzer. The multi-peaks method was used to fit the Gaussian distribution model of DTG curves. The activation energies of three pseudocomponents pyrolysis were evaluated using sinusoidally modulated temperature method. The results showed that the multi-peaks methods can fit the DTG curves of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin successfully. There was only one reaction stage for the pyrolysis of cellulose and hemicelluloses. There were two reaction stages for the pyrolysis of lignin. The average E was 112.6, 162.8 and 156.8 kJ mol(-1) for cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, respectively.

With increasing energy demand and environmental problems in China, energy gases, such as natural gas(NG), coalbed methane(CBM) and coke-oven gas(COG) are alternatives of coal with great potential due to abundant reserves and remarkable environmental superiority for carbon reduction. Based on a large number of sampling data derived from comprehensive field investigations, energy gases used in China are researched on their compositions, net calorific values(NCVs), resources distributions and annual productions firstly in this paper, and then the Chinese-specific carbon contents by gas type and consuming sector are calculated to establish basic data for accurate estimation of carbon emissions. Results show that Chinese-specific carbon contents for NG, CBM and COG are 15.19 kg/GJ [15.15–15.37 kg/GJ], 15.13 kg/GJ [14.72–15.39 kg/GJ] and 11.41 kg/GJ [9.95–12.34 kg/GJ], respectively. Compared to IPCC, both carbon contents of NG and CBM are in close proximity to the default value, while COG has an obviously lower carbon content. Little difference exists among carbon contents of NG utilized in four main sectors including industry, power generation, households and vehicles, while a relatively obvious difference exists among those of COG. Carbon emissions would be greatly reduced by increasing the share of gas consumption in each sector. The market circumstances, application technologies, development bottlenecks as well as emission reduction potentials are studied respectively for the four utilization sectors with bright prospects. Finally, effective policy recommendations are given on the development of energy gases for the purpose of achieving a win-win of economy and environment.

This study examines the restructuring of urban space brought about by Shanghai Expo. The focus is on how the municipal government strategically makes use of this mega-event program to proactively implement two entrepreneurial spatial policies, namely economic restructuring and population decentralization. Specifically, it critically investigates the omnipotent government’s policies in terms of industrial relocation and residential resettlement leading up to the Shanghai Expo. Shanghai’s entrepreneurial city building, at the metropolitan level, has long been associated with the optimization of spatial structure. The empirical findings reveal that the negotiations involved in relocating enterprises were tougher when they took place within the state system, as compared to those between the government and foreign or private sectors. At the same time, social groups remained excluded from decision-making processes for resettlement, and there was a downscaling of governance, which contributed to improved...