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Thamnaconus septentrionali has excellent breeding characteristics, is omnivorous, easy to domesticate, is especially suitable for netting, cleans the netting, and effectively reduces labor-costs. T. septentrionali is available in various sizes and is raised in the market at 100 g. Under water temperature of 18–25 ℃, after 5–6 months of breeding, it reaches commercial size. As the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea are cold in winter, a suitable breeding cycle for green fins is from May to November annually. Under natural conditions, the spawning period of T. septentrionali in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea is from early May to early June, making good use of the suitable breeding cycle of net box culture. Therefore, reproductive regulation is required to advance the reproductive period of T. septentrionali. Previous studies have primarily focused on the expression and functional analysis of individual genes. In contrast, no studies exist on the overall expression analysis of gonad-related genes based on histology. Herein, we conducted the first transcriptome sequencing analysis of the spermatophores and ovaries of T. septentrionali using an Illumina high-throughput sequencing platform. Overall, 165, 981, 523 raw reads were sequenced from the cDNA, and 161, 234, 846 clean reads were obtained after quality control. The Q20 of each sample was > 98.43%, Q30 was > 95.25%, and GC content of the sample bases was greater than 52.31%. Our findings indicate that the sequencing data are accurate, of good quality, and were used for subsequent analyses. The obtained unigenes were annotated in the NR (NCBI non-redundant protein sequences), NT (NCBI nucleotide sequences), PFAM (protein family), KOG (euKaryotic Ortholog Groups), SwissProt (a manually annotated and reviewed protein sequence database), GO (Gene Ontology), and KO (KEGG Orthology) databases, and 24, 009, 35, 057, 18, 453, 26, 971, 30, 294, 11, 420, and 21, 613 unigenes were annotated, respectively. The KEGG annotation results were divided into five major categories: organic systems, with 2, 115 genes in nine pathways; metabolism, with 1, 444 genes in 12 pathways; environmental information processing, with 1, 200 genes in three pathways; and genetic information processing, with 1, 128 genes in four pathways. Environmental information processing (1, 200 genes in three pathways), genetic information processing (1, 128 genes in four pathways), and cellular processes (1, 128 genes in four pathways). The number of genes enriched in cellular process-related pathways was 927 distributed in four related pathways. The signal transduction pathway was the most annotated KEGG pathway with 804 genes. The experiment used 24, 546 unigenes annotated in the KOG database, which were then classified into 26 categories based on their function. The largest number of unigenes were annotated in the signal transduction mechanism category (5, 411), followed by the general function prediction-only category (4, 252 unigenes), and posttranslational modification, protein folding and chaperone category (1, 713 unigenes). Unigene posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones; transcription, 1, 613; and other related functions. There were 18, 954 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the spermatophore and ovary transcriptomes of the T. septentrionali, with 11, 265 genes up-regulated and 7, 689 down-regulated in the ovary relative to the spermatophore. The GO functional enrichment analysis revealed that DEGs were most enriched in the cellular component of biological processes, intracellular component of the cellular component subclass, and nucleic acid binding of the molecular functional subclass. GO analysis of the DEGs in males and females provided a partial list of genes associated with the reproductive process (GO: 0022414), sexual reproduction (GO: 0019953), gamete formation (GO: 0007276,), sex differentiation (GO: 0007548), and gonad development (GO: 00084060). To further characterize the specific functions of the DEGs in the spermatophores and ovaries of T. septentrionali, the enriched signaling pathways were further analyzed using the KEGG database. In total, 154 KEGG pathways were included, of which the top 30 were selected. The functional pathways with the highest number of expressed genes were closely associated with gonadal sex differentiation and development, including the insulin signaling pathway, steroid hormone biosynthesis, FoxO signaling pathway, M-TOR signaling pathway, and progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation. Among these, the FoxO signaling pathway regulatory genes are expressed in multiple processes, such as cell cycle control, apoptosis, and gluconeogenesis. The insulin signaling pathway plays an important role in regulating developmental, metabolic, and lifespan physiological processes, and the insulin signaling pathway is involved in gonadal development and maturation. Nine DEGs, bmp2, sox3, figla, hsd17b1, cyp19a, cyp17, foxl2, star, and amh, were selected for real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) validation. The qPCR results were consistent with those of RNA-seq analysis. GO and KEGG enrichment results were analyzed and revealed that amh, cyp17, and star are imperative in male spermatogenesis of T. septentrionali; bmp2, foxl2, cyp19a, figla, and hsd17b1 are essential in female oogenesis and ovarian steroidogenesis. By comparing the transcriptome expression differences between the spermatophore and ovary of T. septentrionali, we elucidated the gene expression characteristics of the spermatophore and ovary, laying the foundation for future research on the mechanism of reproductive development of T. septentrionali and providing theoretical support for optimizing reproductive regulation techniques.

Continental delta deposits are characterized by strong heterogeneity in the lateral direction; meanwhile, reservoir development is challenged by rapid changes in rock properties. Thus, it is critical to use proper methods for fine characterization to confirm the distributions of thin interbedded reservoirs. The aim of this study was to propose a novel workflow for integrated research on the 3D geomodeling of thin interbedded reservoirs, using the Triassic T2a1 formation in the Tahe Oilfield B9 area of the Tarim Basin as a case study. The complicated representation of thin interbeds in a 3D geomodel was simulated using a multiscale joint controlling strategy, based on wells (Points), 2D geological cross-sections (Lines), and horizontal wells (Surfaces). The resistivity inversion results from the horizontal wells validated the proof of the plane distribution of the thin interbeds within the drilled area, and this quantitative statistic provided effective parameters and guidance for 3D interbed geomodeling. In this study, comprehensive 3D facies modeling was divided into 3D interbed geomodeling and 3D sedimentary facies modeling. An optimized interbed geomodel was picked out from multiple stochastic simulation realizations, and the drilled horizontal well data were used to constrain the simulation process, so the simulation results were more consistent with the real distribution of the thin interbed morphology. Classical two-point geostatistical methods, the multipoint simulation (MPS) geostatistical method, and the hierarchical mindset were integrated for the microfacies simulation. This procedure demonstrated a good ability to characterize thin interbed reservoirs in continental delta deposits. An MPS training image obtained from a high-resolution satellite photo was used to fix the issue of the relationships between the distributions and configurations of all microfacies within the spatial distribution. A 3D lithofacies interbed model was embedded into the 3D facies model. This comprehensive facies model served as a constraint condition in the property modeling process. A porosity model was simulated using separate stratigraphy and individual microfacies controls, as facies-controlled property modeling has been used as a prior foundation for field development planning in the Tahe Oilfield B9 case. The porosity model was then used as a basis for permeability modeling, and a water saturation model was created using the J function and all of the constraints from the other two property models. Finally, all the results were validated using dynamic production data from the Tahe Oilfield B9 wells, with good matching observed between the geological models. There was only a 0.92% difference in reservoir volume between the reservoir simulation results and the static geological model results using our solution.

Due to the high concealment, short-lived time and low predictability of the rock avalanche, it is difficult to visually observe the process of it. In order to study the dynamic characteristics and the catastrophicto houses of rock avalanche, this paper analyzes the rock avalanche congeries and its particle size distribution.Taking the rock avalanche in Pusa Village as an example, this paper uses the PCAS system to identify congeries particles by image.And through the dimensional analysis method, the quantitative relationship between the congeries of particles and the damage of the building is analyzed.The author found that: compared with on-site screening statistics, the data obtained by the method of image recognition of congeries particles is more comprehensive and detailed, and can save a lot of manpower and material resources.In addition, the interaction between the house and the rock avalanche is explored, and it is found that the house has the effect of "blocking coarse and fine discharge" on the rock avalanche particles. At the same time, using the particle size data obtained by image recognition to derive the discrimination formula for building damage, the discriminating effect is good, laying the foundation for follow-up research.

Abstract Background Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a nonenveloped RNA virus causing hepatitis E worldwide. The increase in transfusion-transmitted cases of HEV infections from asymptomatic blood donors causing serious illnesses among immunosuppressed recipients has been reported in the past few years. China is one of the most prevalent regions of HEV; as a result, it is important to evaluate the risk of transfusion-transmitted HEV. Methods A total of 1864 serum samples (including demographic characteristics) from blood donors were randomly collected from February to March 2018 in Dali city. Anti-HEV IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies and HEV antigen were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). HEV RNA was detected by real-time PCR. Multivariable logistic regression modelling was used to examine the risk factors associated with HEV prevalence. Results Overall, the positive rates of anti-HEV IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies were 13.36% (249/1864), 1.13% (21/1864), and 1.82% (34/1864), respectively. However, none of the 1864 serum samples were HEV antigen positive or HEV RNA positive. Females (16.69%) had a significantly higher HEV seroprevalence than males (13.04%) (odds ratio [OR] 1.34 [95% CI, 1.02–1.75]). Bai (18.85%) donors had a significantly higher HEV seroprevalence than Han (12.21%) blood donors (odds ratio [OR], 1.65 [95% CI, 1.24–2.19] for Bai). Conclusions HEV showed a seroprevalence among blood donors in Yunnan Province, some of which were even recent infections, indicating a threat to the safety of blood transfusions. Whether to formulate a strategy for HEV screening in blood centres needs further research.

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) plays an important role in an inflammatory cytokine storm. Over-secretion of TNF by the host in response to infection aggravates the disease. TNF expression level is positively correlated with the mortality caused by some bacterial infections. Therefore, using TNF antibody may alleviate the inflammation to resist bacterial infections. The function of fish TNF-b antibody in bacterial infection is still unclear. In this study, infection models of Vibrio vulnificus FJ03-X2 strain with high pathogenicity and strong virulence were established in zebrafish (Danio rerio) fibroblast cell line (ZF4 cells) and zebrafish. Zebrafish tnfb (Zetnf-b) gene was cloned and expressed by Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), and Zetnf-b polyclonal antibody was prepared. Pre-injection of Zetnf-b polyclonal antibody and AG-126 before infecting with V. vulnificus could increase the survival rate of zebrafish by 36.6 and 46.7%, respectively. Pre-injection of Zetnf-b polyclonal antibody could effectively decrease the mortality of zebrafish infected by V. vulnificus. Thus, TNF polyclonal antibody therapy could be considered as an effective strategy to control V. vulnificus in fish.

In this paper, we propose a significance test-based change detection method that can automatically discriminate between changed and unchanged pixels in the difference image. The method adaptively considers the local contextual information, which is contained in the neighborhoods of each pixel, to derive the decision threshold. In our method, a significance test algorithm based on maximuming a posteriori estimate is constructed; then, a weight to each pixel in the block is imposed to increase the change detection accuracy. In our proposed method, the distribution of the difference image satisfying Laplace model also leads to good precision. For the experimental component, two types of images were tested. And experimental results proved the effectiveness of the significance test method when compared with four state-of-the-art change detection methods.

Autophagy generally functions as a cellular surveillance mechanism to combat invading viruses, but viruses have evolved various strategies to block autophagic degradation and even subvert it to promote viral propagation. White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is the most highly pathogenic crustacean virus, but little is currently known about whether crustacean viruses such as WSSV can subvert autophagic degradation for escape. Here, we show that even though WSSV proliferation triggers the accumulation of autophagosomes, autophagic degradation is blocked in the crustacean species red claw crayfish. Interestingly, the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex including CqSNAP29, CqVAMP7, and the novel autophagosome SNARE protein CqSyx12 is required for autophagic flux to restrict WSSV replication, as revealed by gene silencing experiments. Simultaneously, the expressed WSSV tegument protein VP26, which likely localizes on autophagic membrane mediated by its transmembrane region, binds the Qb-SNARE domain of CqSNAP29 to competitively inhibit the binding of CqSyx12-Qa-SNARE with CqSNAP29-Qb-SNARE; this in turn disrupts the assembly of the CqSyx12-SNAP29-VAMP7 SNARE complex, which is indispensable for the proposed fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes. Consequently, the autophagic degradation of WSSV is likely suppressed by the expressed VP26 protein in vivo in crayfish, thus probably protecting WSSV components from degradation via the autophagosome-lysosome pathway, resulting in evasion by WSSV. Collectively, these findings highlight how a DNA virus can subvert autophagic degradation by impairing the assembly of the SNARE complex to achieve evasion, paving the way for understanding host-DNA virus interactions from an evolutionary point of view, from crustaceans to mammals. IMPORTANCE White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is one of the largest animal DNA viruses in terms of its genome size and has caused huge economic losses in the farming of crustaceans such as shrimp and crayfish. Detailed knowledge of WSSV-host interactions is still lacking, particularly regarding viral escape from host immune clearance. Intriguingly, we found that the presence of WSSV-VP26 might inhibit the autophagic degradation of WSSV in vivo in the crustacean species red claw crayfish. Importantly, this study is the first to show that viral protein VP26 functions as a core factor to benefit WSSV escape by disrupting the assembly of the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex, which is necessary for the proposed fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes for subsequent degradation. These findings highlight a novel mechanism of DNA virus evasion by blocking SNARE complex assembly and identify viral VP26 as a key candidate for anti-WSSV targeting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular mechanisms of biofilm formation in Candida tropicalis and current methods for biofilm analyses in this fungal pathogen are limited. (2) Methods: Biofilm biomass and crystal violet staining of the wild-type and each gene mutant strain of C. tropicalis were evaluated on silicone under synthetic urine culture conditions. (3) Results: Seven media were tested to compare the effects on biofilm growth with or without silicone. Results showed that biofilm cells of C. tropicalis were unable to form firm biofilms on the bottom of 12-well polystyrene plates. However, on a silicone-based platform, Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1640 (RPMI 1640), yeast nitrogen base (YNB) + 1% glucose, and synthetic urine media were able to induce strong biofilm growth. In particular, replacement of Spider medium with synthetic urine in the adherence step and the developmental stage is necessary to gain remarkably increased biofilms. Interestingly, unlike Candida albicans, the C. tropicalis ROB1 deletion strain but not the other five biofilm-associated mutants did not cause a significant reduction in biofilm formation, suggesting that the biofilm regulatory circuits of the two species are divergent. (4) Conclusions: This system for C. tropicalis biofilm analyses will become a useful tool to unveil the biofilm regulatory network in C. tropicalis.