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The main purpose here is the study of dispersive blow-up for solutions of the Zakharov-Kuznetsov equation. Dispersive blow-up refers to point singularities due to the focusing of short or long waves. We will construct initial data such that solutions of the linear problem present this kind of singularities. Then we show that the corresponding solutions of the nonlinear problem present dispersive blow-up inherited from the linear component part of the equation. Similar results are obtained for the generalized Zakharov-Kuznetsov equation.

Introdução: Para a reabilitação completa de mandíbulas totalmente edêntulas, a opção de carga imediata determina o uso de próteses provisórias que imobilizam os implantes instalados. Embora as próteses provisórias com reforço proporcionem reabilitações com benefícios biomecânicos, a não adoção desta recomendação coexiste em diferentes estudos sobre restaurações imediatas. Objetivo: Este estudo avalia um tipo de prótese para restaurar mandíbulas pelo conceito all-on-four. Material e método: O comportamento mecânico das próteses com a estrutura modificada foi avaliado in vitro , sob um ensaio de flexão mecânica unilateral em cantilever. Dois grupos representativos foram incluídos no conceito all-on-four, com um grupo teste G1 (n = 10) contendo estruturas modificadas e um grupo controle G2 (n = 10) que incluiu próteses acrílicas completas. As amostras foram submetidas à termociclagem com 500 ciclos (5 ° ± 2 ° C por 30 se 55 ° ± 2 ° por 30 s) e ao ensaio de flexão mecânica no cantilever. Resultado: O teste de Mann-Whitney revelou diferença significativa entre G1 e G2 (p

The results of genotype x environment interaction analysis revealed highly significant mean squares due to genotypes as well as environments for all the characters which indicated presence of substantial differences among the genotypes as well as environments for all the eleven characters. The environment linear (E-L) component was also significant for all the characters indicating that the six environments can be graded linearly for their differences in influencing the expression of characters of wheat genotypes. The mean squares due to genotype x environment interaction were also highly significant for all the characters except days to heading, plant height, effective tillers per plant and total number of tillers per plant to suggest important role of g x e interaction in expression of most of the characters in wheat. The linear component of g x e interaction was significant for all the characters which indicated good possibility of predicting linear responses of genotypes for all the characters under study. Thus, there would be ample possibility of discriminating the genotypes for above average, below average and average linear responses to predict their performances in changing environments under study. The significance of non-linear component (pooled deviation) of g x e interactions for all characters except ear length suggested that considerable number of genotypes may exhibit unpredictable and unstable mean performance for different characters across environments even defying their prediction on the basis of linear sensitivity coefficient.

A comparative analysis of the effectiveness of prediction using PRT and RIA approaches, using, respectively, exclusively the linear component of long-term memory and, along with the linear, non-linear component, is given. The noise immunity of prediction is considered in both approaches in the presence of ad-ditive noise with a normal or uniform distribution.

The cortical ribbon changes throughout a person’s lifespan, with the most significant changes occurring during crucial development and aging periods. Changes during adulthood are rarely investigated due to the scarcity of neuroimaging data during this period. After childhood, the brain loses gray matter, which is evidenced by an apparent reduction in cortical thickness (CT); one factor of this thinning process is intense ongoing intracortical myelination (MYEL). Here, we report age-related changes in CT, MYEL, and their ratio in 447 participants aged 18 to 57 years (BIL&GIN cohort). We propose the CT/MYEL ratio to be a multimodal cortical maturation index (MATUR) capable of reflecting 1) stages during which CT and MYEL patterns diverge and 2) the regional differences in cortical maturation that occur in adulthood. Age mainly decreased CT in all cortical regions, with larger reductions occurring in the bilateral insular lobes, temporal and frontal poles, and cingulate cortices. Age led to a linear increase in MYEL in the entire cortex and larger increases in the primary motor, auditory, and visual cortices. The effects of age on the MATUR index were characterized by both linear and quadratic components. The linear component mimicked the pattern found in CT, with 1) a robust amplification of the global and regional effects of age on CT and 2) evidence of new bilateral linear decreases in the frontal and cortical cortices. Most importantly, age exhibited additional large quadratic effects on the MATUR index in the bilateral frontal (more prominent in the right hemisphere), parietal, temporal, and cingulate regions that were not highlighted by the CT metric. Thus, the MATUR index was more sensitive to age-related cortical structural changes during adulthood than was either CT or MYEL alone. As evidenced by the large quadratic component of the effect of age, the newly proposed maturation index dramatically improved the characterization of the regional cortical territories, uncovering the latest brain maturation steps that occur before stabilization and deterioration occur in mid- and late adulthood.

Dam deformation prediction is an important part of the dam safety supervision system, which can effectively judge the operation status of the dam. The dam safety monitoring data is time-series data with both trend and seasonality. In order to obtain more accurate prediction results, this paper proposes a prediction model based on ARIMA-LSTM, which solves the problem that the single prediction algorithm cannot solve the linear component and the nonlinear component in the dam deformation data at the same time. The model uses Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model to predict linear components in deformation data, and uses Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model to predict nonlinear components in dam deformation data. Combined with the dam monitoring data of Manwan Hydropower Station, we use the ARIMA-LSTM model to predict the future sequence and compared with the predicted results of ARIMA model, LSTM model and traditional-combined model. We found that the model has the smallest RMSE value and the FA value of this model is closest to 1. The results proved that the model can improve the accuracy of prediction effectively.

Developmental epidemiological work shows that rates of depression as assessed by diagnostic interviews increase from childhood through early adulthood. It could be assumed that the trajectory of depression as assessed by self-report questionnaire measures would be characterized by a similar pattern. We aimed to evaluate this assumption and more clearly establish the longitudinal trajectory of depression in youth, when repeatedly assessed over time with a self-report questionnaire and with a diagnostic interview. Participants were 679 youth ages 7-16 years at baseline (Mage = 11.8, SD = 2.4, 56% girls). They completed the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) every 3 months for 3 years (13 time points) and were interviewed every 6 months using the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS) to ascertain onset of depression diagnosis. A series of growth curve models was fit to the CDI and K-SADS data. A piecewise model characterized growth in depression as assessed by the CDI, with an initial negative linear slope (b = -0.64) spanning the first 3 assessments, and a positive quadratic second slope (b = 0.015; linear component: b = -0.22) spanning the remaining 10 assessments. Depression, as assessed by the K-SADS, grew continuously over time (a positive linear slope, b = 0.23). Findings illustrate differences between longitudinal trajectories of depression when assessed repeatedly by self-report questionnaire and diagnostic interview. Implications for research designed to study longitudinal depression trajectories are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

In this work, a semi-empirical relationship of carbon dioxide emissions with atmospheric CO2 concentrations has been developed that is capable of closely replicating observations from 1751 to 2018. The analysis was completed using data from fossil-fuel-based and land-use change based CO2 emissions, both singly and together. Evaluation of emissions data from 1750 to 1890 yields a linear CO2 concentration component that may be attributed to the net flux from land-use changes combined with a rapidly varying component of the terrestrial sink. This linear component is then coupled across the full-time period with a CO2 concentration calculation using fossil-fuel combustion/cement production emissions with a single, fixed fossil-fuel combustion airborne fraction [AFFF] value that is determined by the ocean sink coupled with the remaining slowly varying component of the land sink. The analysis of the data shows that AFFF has remained constant at 51.3% over the past 268 years. However, considering the broad range of variables including emission and sink processes influencing the climate, it may not be expected that a single value for AFFF would accurately reproduce the measured changes in CO2 concentrations during the industrial era.

Skip connection is a widely-used technique to improve the performance and the convergence of deep neural networks, which is believed to relieve the difficulty in optimization due to non-linearity by propagating a linear component through the neural network layers. However, from another point of view, it can also be seen as a modulating mechanism between the input and the output, with the input scaled by a pre-defined value one. In this work, we investigate how the scale factors in the effectiveness of the skip connection and reveal that a trivial adjustment of the scale will lead to spurious gradient exploding or vanishing in line with the deepness of the models, which could by addressed by normalization, in particular, layer normalization, which induces consistent improvements over the plain skip connection. Inspired by the findings, we further propose to adaptively adjust the scale of the input by recursively applying skip connection with layer normalization, which promotes the performance substantially and generalizes well across diverse tasks including both machine translation and image classification datasets.

The linear component of starch, especially amylose, is capable of forming inclusion complex (IC) with various small molecules. It could significantly modify the structure and properties of starch, and it could bring beneficial effects when bioactive compounds can be encapsulated. This review discusses the formation and characterization of the starch-guest IC and focuses on the recent developments in the use of starch ICs for the encapsulation and controlled release of bioactive guest compounds. A great number of guest compounds, such as lipids, aroma compounds, pharmaceuticals, and phytochemicals, were studied for their ability to be complexed with starch and/or amylose and some of the formed ICs were evaluated for the chemical stability improvement and the guest release regulation. Starch-guest ICs has a great potential to be a delivery system, as most existing studies demonstrated the enhancement on guest retention and the possibility of controlled release.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the influence of level and source of supplemental Zn on growth performance and dietary energetics in calf-fed Holstein steers. A total of 168 steers (BW = 133 ± 7 kg) were used in a 336-d study. Treatments consisted of diets based on steam-flaked corn supplemented with (DM basis) (1) 20 mg of Zn/kg of DM as ZnSO4; (2) 10 mg of Zn/kg of DM as ZnSO4 plus 10 mg of Zn/kg of DM as Zn betaine; (3) 20 mg of Zn/kg of DM as Zn betaine; or (4) 40 mg of Zn/kg of DM as ZnSO4. Overall (d 1 to 336) there were no treatment effects (P > 0.10) on carcass-adjusted ADG, gain efficiency, and estimated dietary NE. At the 20 mg/kg level of Zn supplementation, the proportion of supplemental Zn provided as chelate did not influence overall ADG, gain efficiency, or dietary NE (P > 0.10). The proportion of Zn supplemented as chelate did not affect (P > 0.10) carcass weight, KPH, LM area, or marbling score. However, DP was greater (quadratic effect, P = 0.01) for steers receiving the 50:50 blend of ZnSO4 and Zn betaine. Carcass yield grade improved (linear component, P = 0.03) with proportion of supplemental Zn as chelate. We conclude that at a 20 mg/kg (DM basis) level of supplementation, Zn source does not affect growth performance of calf-fed Holstein steers. Increasing level of Zn supplementation (as ZnSO4) from 20 to 40 mg/kg will not further enhance overall performance responses.

Let X n be a hypersurface in P n + 1 with n ≥ 2 defined over a finite field. The main result of this note is the classification, up to projective equivalence, of hypersurfaces X n without a linear component when the number of their rational points achieves the Homma–Kim bound.

An improved measurement method of circularly-polarized (CP) antennas based on linear-component amplitudes is proposed in this paper. By utilizing two sets of orthogonal linear polarization (LP) amplitudes, measurement on axial ratio (AR) of CP antennas can be realized without phase information. However, the rotation sense of the co-polarization cannot be determined due to the absence of the phase information. Above problem is discussed here for the first time, and a solution is presented to determine the rotation sense of the co-polarization by using common auxiliary CP antennas. In addition, there will be some particular cases with large errors in actual measurement. Here a corresponding solution method is given. Finally, co-polarization and cross-polarization patterns can be further obtained from AR results. To verify this improved method, a self-developed CP microstrip array was measured. The measured results are in agreement with the simulated results, which prove this method is correct, effective and practical.

Cylindrical data are multivariate data which consist of a directional, in this paper circular, and a linear component. Examples of cylindrical data in psychology include human navigation (direction and distance of movement), eye-tracking research (direction and length of saccades) and data from an interpersonal circumplex (location and intensity on the IPC). In this paper we adapt four models for cylindrical data to include a regression of the circular and linear component onto a set of covariates. Subsequently, we illustrate how to fit these models and interpret their results on a dataset on the interpersonal behavior of teachers. © 2019, © 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Stability analysis indicated that the linear component was high for leaf area per plant and dry stover yield per plant indicating that linear component contributed more towards the genotype x environment interactions, while high value of non-linear components was observed in days to maturity and plant height. In case of days to 50 per cent flowering and leaves per plant both linear and non-linear components was almost equal indicating importance of both linear and non-linear components in determining genotype x environment interactions for these attributes. For days to 50% flowering, eight male parents, 31 hybrids and check CSH 15R showed average stability over environments, whereas the female parent 104A showed above average stability and suitability to poor environments. Five male parents, 17 hybrids and check CSH 15R recorded low mean, non-significant regression coefficient and non-significant S 2 di values that showed average stability over environments for days to maturity. As regards to plant height 6 males and 25 hybrids were found stable and four hybrids were found above average stable and suitable for poor environments whereas, one hybrid 9168A x RSV 1006 was found below average stable for this trait. For number of leaves per plant 8 male parents and 33 hybrids showed average stability over environments and two hybrids 9168A x RSV 1006 and 9168A x SPV 1546 exhibited below average stability and suitability to favourable environments. Male SPV 1546, check BP 53 and 10 hybrids showed average stability over environments whereas the hybrid 1543A x SPV 1359 showed below average stability and suitability to favourable environments and the hybrid 1343A x RSSGV 43 exhibited above average stability and suitability for unfavourable environments for leaf area per plant. For dry stover yield per plant, ten male parents and 22 hybrids were considered stable for this trait. The hybrid 9168A x RSV 1006 showed below average stability which was suitable for rich environments. From the stability analysis, it can be concluded that none of genotype was found to be ideal with wider adaptability for all the characters, hence the parents and hybrids showing average stability for different characters could be considered for future breeding programme for genetic improvement of rabi sorghum.

In hot dip galvanizing lines, strip bending around the sink roll generates a flatness defect called crossbow. This defect affects the cross coating weight distribution by changing the knife-to-strip distance along the strip width and requires a significant increase in coating target to prevent any risk of undercoating. The already-existing coating weight control system succeeds in eliminating both average and skew coating errors but cannot do anything against crossbow coating errors. It has therefore been upgraded with a flatness correction function which takes advantage of the possibility of controlling the electromagnetic stabilizer. The basic principle is to split, for every gage scan, the coating weight cross profile of the top and bottom sides into two, respectively, linear and non-linear components. The linear component is used to correct the skew error by realigning the knives with the strip, while the non-linear component is used to distort the strip in the stabilizer in such a way that the strip is kept flat between the knives. Industrial evaluation is currently in progress but the first results have already shown that the strip can be significantly flattened between the knives and the production tolerances subsequently tightened without compromising quality.

Approximation representation of parameterizing manifold and non-Markovian reduced systems for a stochastic Swift–Hohenberg equation with additive noise has been investigated. The corresponding backward–forward systems have been proposed, which can give such stochastic parameterizing manifold as pullback limits depending through the nonlinear terms on the time–history of the dynamics of the low modes when the latter is simply approximated by its stochastic linear component in a mean square sense. Then approximation representation of parameterizing manifold is given. Furthermore, according to it, the non-Markovian reduced systems can be derived to reach good modeling performances in practice.

A hydrogen bonded foldamer unit and an azobenzene unit have been incorporated into the linear component of a tristable [2]rotaxane to give rise to a doubly gated switching system tuned by the folding-defolding of the foldamer unit and the photo-initiated trans-cis isomerization of the azobenzene unit.

A novel ammonium template containing three ammonium sites was synthesized. Two ammoniums located on the linear component served as template for cucurbit[6]uril to form the CB-based pseudo [2]rotacane while another one located on the macrocyclic component played a role of template for clipping reaction. As a result of a “threading-followed-by-clipping” approach, a novel hetero pseudo [2]rota[2]catenane was successfully constructed.

Forty-eight crossbred steers (296 ± 5 kg) were used in a 155-day trial to compare the feeding value of steam-flaked triticale (SFT) with steam-flaked corn (SFC). Dietary treatments were: (1) basal finishing diet (BD), (2) 40% BD plus 60% SFT, and (3) 40% BD plus 60% SFC. Substitution of BD with SFT or SFC increased gain efficiency (P

Molecular shuttles are the basis of some of the most advanced synthetic molecular machines. In these devices a macrocycle threaded onto a linear component shuttles between different portions of the thread in response to external stimuli. Here, we use optical tweezers to measure the mechanics and dynamics of individual molecular shuttles in aqueous conditions. Using DNA as a handle and as a single molecule reporter, we measure thousands of individual shuttling events and determine the force-dependent kinetic rates of the macrocycle motion and the main parameters governing the energy landscape of the system. Our findings could open avenues for the real-time characterization of synthetic devices at the single molecule level, and provide crucial information for designing molecular machinery able to operate under physiological conditions., Molecular shuttles are bi-stable and stimuli-responsive systems that are considered potential elements for molecular machinery. Here, the authors use optical tweezers to measure the force dependent real-time kinetics of individual molecular shuttles under aqueous conditions.

In the present paper, the performance of active absorption systems based on nearfield surface elevation measurements is studied. Based on linear wavemaker theory the performance of such systems can easily be calculated for linear waves. A recent study demonstrated that bound superharmonics in regular waves is also well absorbed by such system and has a re-reflection similar to a linear component. However, the performance of active absorption systems on nonlinear irregular waves has never been studied. In the present paper the absorption of bound sub and superharmonics in bichromatic and irregular waves is examined based on new model tests. The conclusion is that also in irregular waves the bound harmonics are well absorbed by the studied active absorption system.

This paper suggests a simple method for decomposing several chaotic systems into a harmonic oscillator provided with a nonlinear feedback. The chaotic oscillators analyzed include low order, non-delayed and continuous time models. The proposed decomposition method consists in three steps. First, the chaotic system is modelled as a combination of a linear component with a nonlinear feedback. Second, the linear part is modified so that it is transformed into a conventional harmonic oscillator with pole placement means. The position of the poles is set arbitrarily to guarantee its stability while maintaining the desired properties of sustained oscillation frequency. Finally, the feedback system is designed to keep the original nonlinearities while cancelling the changes introduced in the linear part. This, in turn, retrieves the initial chaotic dynamics. Essentially this procedure allows switching from chaotic to harmonic dynamics -or vice-versa-as required by application demands. The idea is presented in a generic form so that it can be applied to a variety of fields. The initial motivation was set in the context of secure chaotic communications. The decomposition procedure has been demonstrated and validated through numerical simulation of various well-known chaotic oscillators such as Duffing, Lorenz and Chua.

A novel method is presented for estimating attraction domains of the zero solution of systems of differential equations with stable linear component and nonlinear components of degrees two and three. A new class of Lyapunov functions is proposed. The efficiency of the approach is illustrated via examples.

We obtain the global well-posedness for Schrodinger equations of higher orders in weighted L2 spaces. This is based on weighted L2 Strichartz estimates for the corresponding propagator with higher-order dispersion. Our method is also applied to the Airy equation which is the linear component of Korteweg-de Vries type equations.

This study describes a novel method of constructing a geometric articulatory model based on magnetic resonance imaging data by taking the physiological boundaries of speech apparatus into account. Two improvements have been made to the modeling process: i) Images taken from different viewpoints are combined to improve the accuracy of outline annotation. ii) Speech organs' meshes are modeled with reference to the anatomical structures. Both qualitative and quantitative evaluations indicated that the proposed method surpasses the conventional method. Based on the meshes of the speech organs associated with different articulations, the linear component analysis was used to extract the control parameters. Each speech organ can be described using three control parameters or fewer. After the reconstruction, the average error between model and real data was less than 1.0 mm. This is also the first effort made to construct a 3D vocal tract model based on Chinese MRI data. It will facilitate the theoretical study and practical use in Chinese-speech-production related issues.