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Twenty-one-centimetre signals from the Epoch of Reionization (EoR) are expected to be detected in the low-frequency radio window by the next-generation interferometers, particularly the Square Kilometre Array (SKA). However, precision data analysis pipelines are required to minimize the systematics within an infinitesimal error budget. Consequently, there is a growing need to characterize the sources of errors in EoR analysis. In this study, we identify one such error origin, namely source blending, which is introduced by the overlap of objects in the densely populated observing sky under SKA1-Low's unprecedented sensitivity and resolution, and evaluate its two-fold impact in both the spatial and frequency domains using a novel hybrid evaluation (HEVAL) pipeline combining end-to-end simulation with an analytic method to mimic EoR analysis pipelines. Sky models corrupted by source blending induce small but severe frequency-dependent calibration errors when coupled with astronomical foregrounds, impeding EoR parameter inference with strong additive residuals in the two-dimensional power spectrum space. We report that additive residuals from poor calibration against sky models with blending ratios of 5 and 0.5 per cent significantly contaminate the EoR window. In contrast, the sky model with a 0.05 per cent blending ratio leaves little residual imprint within the EoR window, therefore identifying a blending tolerance at approximately 0.05 per cent. Given that the SKA observing sky is estimated to suffer from an extended level of blending, strategies involving de-blending, frequency-dependent error mitigation, or a combination of both, are required to effectively attenuate the calibration impact of source-blending defects., Comment: 25 pages, 15 figures, 5 tables, accepted for publication in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (MNRAS), Fg21Sim+ github repository: https://github.com/Fg21Sim/Fg21SimPlus

The Multi-frequency Angular Power Spectrum (MAPS) is an alternative to spherically-averaged power spectra, and computes local fluctuations in the angular power spectrum without need for line-of-sight spectral transform. To test different approaches to MAPS and treatment of the foreground contamination, and compare with the spherically-averaged power spectrum, and the single-frequency angular power spectrum. We apply the MAPS to 110~hours of data in $z=6.2-7.5$ obtained for the Murchison Widefield Array Epoch of Reionisation experiment to compute the statistical power of 21~cm brightness temperature fluctuations. In the presence of bright foregrounds, a filter is applied to remove large-scale modes prior to MAPS application, significantly reducing MAPS power due to systematics. The MAPS shows a contrast of 10$^2$--10$^3$ to a simulated 21~cm cosmological signal for spectral separations of 0--4~MHz after application of the filter, reflecting results for the spherically-averaged power spectrum. The single-frequency angular power spectrum is also computed. At $z=7.5$ and $l=200$, we find an angular power of 53~mK$^2$, exceeding a simulated cosmological signal power by a factor of one thousand. Residual spectral structure, inherent to the calibrated data, and not spectral leakage from large-scale modes, is the dominant source of systematic power bias. The single-frequency angular power spectrum yields slightly poorer results compared with the spherically-averaged power spectrum, having applied a spectral filter to reduce foregrounds. Exploration of other filters may improve this result, along with consideration of wider bandwidths., Comment: 9 pages, 9 figures; accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics

We present a broadband map of polarized diffuse emission at 167-198 MHz developed from data from the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA). The map is designed to improve visibility simulation and precision calibration for 21 cm Epoch of Reionization (EoR) experiments. It covers a large swath - 11,000 sq. deg. - of the Southern Hemisphere sky in all four Stokes parameters and captures emission on angular scales of 1 to 9 degrees. The band-averaged diffuse structure is predominantly unpolarized but has significant linearly polarized structure near RA = 0 h. We evaluate the accuracy of the map by combining it with the GLEAM catalog and simulating an observation from the MWA, demonstrating that the accuracy of the short baselines (6.1-50 wavelengths) now approaches the accuracy of the longer baselines typically used for EoR calibration. We discuss how to use the map for visibility simulation for a variety of interferometric arrays. The map has potential to improve calibration accuracy for experiments such as the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA) and the forthcoming Square Kilometre Array (SKA) as well as the MWA., Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS

Precise instrumental calibration is of crucial importance to 21-cm cosmology experiments. The Murchison Widefield Array's (MWA) Phase II compact configuration offers us opportunities for both redundant calibration and sky-based calibration algorithms; using the two in tandem is a potential approach to mitigate calibration errors caused by inaccurate sky models. The MWA Epoch of Reionization (EoR) experiment targets three patches of the sky (dubbed EoR0, EoR1, and EoR2) with deep observations. Previous work in \cite{Li_2018} and \cite{Wenyang_2019} studied the effect of tandem calibration on the EoR0 field and found that it yielded no significant improvement in the power spectrum over sky-based calibration alone. In this work, we apply similar techniques to the EoR1 field and find a distinct result: the improvements in the power spectrum from tandem calibration are significant. To understand this result, we analyze both the calibration solutions themselves and the effects on the power spectrum over three nights of EoR1 observations. We conclude that the presence of the bright radio galaxy Fornax A in EoR1 degrades the performance of sky-based calibration, which in turn enables redundant calibration to have a larger impact. These results suggest that redundant calibration can indeed mitigate some level of model-incompleteness error., Comment: 20 pages, 11 figures, accepted for publication in PASA

Diffuse, non-thermal emission in galaxy clusters is increasingly being detected in low-frequency radio surveys and images. We present a new diffuse, steep-spectrum, non-thermal radio source within the cluster Abell 1127 found in survey data from the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA). We perform follow-up observations with the 'extended' configuration MWA Phase II with improved resolution to better resolve the source and measure its low-frequency spectral properties. We use archival Very Large Array S-band data to remove the discrete source contribution from the MWA data, and from a power law model fit we find a spectral index of $-1.83\pm0.29$ broadly consistent with relic-type sources. The source is revealed by the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) at 150 MHz to have an elongated morphology, with a projected linear size of 850 kpc as measured in the MWA data. Using Chandra observations we derive morphological estimators and confirm quantitatively that the cluster is in a disturbed dynamical state, consistent with the majority of phoenices and relics being hosted by merging clusters. We discuss the implications of relying on morphology and low-resolution imaging alone for the classification of such sources and highlight the usefulness of the MHz to GHz radio spectrum in classifying these types of emission. Finally, we discuss the benefits and limitations of using the MWA Phase II in conjunction with other instruments for detailed studies of diffuse, steep-spectrum, non-thermal radio emission within galaxy clusters., Comment: 17 pages, 16 figures, accepted for publication in Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia (PASA)