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Objective: Little is known about the co-occurrence of nonsuicidal self-injurious (NSSI) behaviors and eating disorder (ED) pathology in community samples of adolescents., Methods: A total of 1558 Norwegian upper secondary school students (Grades 11, 12, and 13) completed the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory and a measure of ED pathology., Results: Adolescents (53.1% F, 46.9% M) were a mean age of 17.1 years. A higher level of ED pathology was reported (12.1 vs. 5.3, p < .001) among adolescents who had a history of NSSI. Significantly higher levels of ED pathology were found among females who reported hitting themselves until bruised, head banging, severe scratching, and burning with a lighter, but not cutting, or the other forms of self-injury. Of adolescents with a history of NSSI, 60% of females and 15% of males scored above a cutoff for ED pathology. Of adolescents scoring above a cutoff for ED pathology, 42.5% of females and 37.1% of males had engaged in lifetime NSSI., Discussion: Adolescents-in particular, females- with a history of NSSI reported significantly greater ED pathology. Notably, a higher proportion of males with ED pathology reported lifetime self-injury than vice versa, underscoring the importance of carefully screening for the presence of self-harm among males with ED pathology., Public Significance Statement: Over 1500 upper secondary school students with an average age of 17 years completed an online survey assessing current ED pathology and lifetime NSSI. Adolescents, particularly females, with a history of self-harm reported significantly more ED pathology. Findings also indicated the need to carefully screen for self-harm among males with ED pathology. Parents, schools, and health professionals should be aware that self-harm and ED pathology commonly co-occur and warrant assessment., (© 2022 The Authors. International Journal of Eating Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Background: Studies into the disordered eating behaviour of chew and spit have alluded to several cohorts more likely to engage in the behaviour, one such group being bariatric surgery candidates and patients. Weight-loss surgery candidates have received little to no attention regarding engaging in chew and spit behaviour. Changes in pre- and post- surgery eating pathology related to chew and spit behaviour has yet to be explored and described in academic literature., Case Presentation: The current study reports on three cases of individual women, aged 30, 35, and 62 respectively, who indicated engagement in chew and spit. All three cases underwent bariatric surgery (two underwent gastric bypass, one underwent vertical sleeve gastrectomy). Eating pathology-including chew and spit behaviour, anxiety and depression, and adherence to the Norwegian nutritional guidelines were examined pre-operatively and post-operatively (one and two-year follow-up). At baseline (pre-surgery), two participants reported that they engaged in chew and spit, compared to one patient post-surgery. All three cases reported that they, to at least some extent, adhered to dietary guidelines post-surgery. Subjective bingeing frequency appeared to be relatively low for all three cases, further declining in frequency at one-year follow-up. At baseline, one participant reported clinically significant depression and anxiety, with no clinically significant depression or anxiety reported at follow-ups in participants that chew and spit., Conclusions: The current study provides a starting point for the exploration of chew and spit as a pathological symptom of disordered eating in bariatric patients. It highlights the need to further explore chew and spit before and after weight-loss surgery., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Objective: Executive function (EF) and, in particular, inhibitory control have been associated with weight loss (WL) in behavioural WL treatment for obesity. Few studies have focused on the relationship between preoperative inhibitory control and post-operative WL following bariatric surgery, and the potential mediating role of maladaptive eating behaviours is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate preoperative executive function as a predictor of WL at 1 year following bariatric surgery. Additionally, we aimed to explore the mediating role of postoperative compulsive grazing in the relationship between inhibitory control and WL., Method: A prospective observational study in which participants completed neuropsychological testing 30 days before and 1 year following surgery (n = 61/80; 76% follow-up). Participants were 80% female, with an average age of 41 years. Approximately 54% underwent gastric bypass, 26% gastric sleeve and 20% had one anastomosis gastric bypass. Regression analyses were employed to examine the relationship between preoperative EF and percentage total weight loss (%TWL), and structural equation modelling was used to examine compulsive grazing as a mediator., Results: After adjusting for control variables, preoperative inhibitory control explained 8% of the variance in %TWL (p ≤ 0.05). Preoperative working memory was not significantly associated with %TWL. Postoperative compulsive grazing was significantly associated with %TWL (p ≤ 0.05), but did not mediate the association between preoperative inhibitory control and %TWL., Conclusion: The results suggest that preoperative inhibitory control performance is a relevant predictor of postoperative WL and that compulsive grazing is a maladaptive eating behaviour that warrants clinical attention after surgery., (© 2020 Eating Disorders Association and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objective: The Repetitive Eating Questionnaire, Rep(eat)-Q, is a 12-item self-report measure of compulsive and noncompulsive forms of grazing behaviour (i.e., eating modest amounts of food in a repetitive and unplanned manner). The aim was to validate the proposed two-factor model of the Rep(eat)-Q in a community sample., Method: A total of 190 university students (78% female) were administered the Rep(eat)-Q along with other measures of eating behaviour. Mean age was 22.6 (SD = 4.2, 19-43) and mean body mass index (BMI; kg/m 2 ) was 22.4 (SD = 2.9, 17-37)., Results: Findings revealed good fit indexes for the two-factor model by confirmatory factor analysis, supporting the original solution. Internal consistency was excellent for the total score and two subscales (range 0.86 to 0.91). Age and BMI did not correlate significantly with the Rep(eat)-Q. Moderate to strong correlations (r sp  ≥ 0.48 to 0.61) were found between the compulsive grazing subscale and eating-related measures, whereas weaker correlations (r sp  ≥ 0.37 to 0.45) were found between the repetitive eating subscale and eating-related measures., Conclusions: This study confirmed the proposed factor structure of the Rep(eat)-Q in a community sample, offering additional support to the conceptual distinction between compulsive (marked by loss of control) and repetitive (noncompulsive) subtypes of grazing behaviour., (© 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.)

Objective: The objective of this study was to systematically review the literature on the prevalence of eating disorders (EDs) during the DSM-5 era, and to report rates of point- and lifetime prevalence., Method: A PubMed search was conducted targeting articles on the epidemiology of EDs, in particular, reported rates of prevalence. The review was performed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines, and was limited to DSM-5 based eating disorder diagnoses published between 2012 and 2017., Results: A total of 19 studies fulfilled inclusion criteria and were included in the study., Discussion: Following the transition to DSM-5, it is evident that the prevalence of eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS)/other specified feeding and eating disorders (OSFED) has decreased as intended, and there is preliminary evidence suggesting that rates of anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) and binge eating disorder (BED) have increased. Further, we observed higher rates of BED prevalence among females compared to males, with rates increasing with age. A limitation to the study was the search date, and that none of the included studies investigated the "new" DSM-5 feeding disorders avoidant restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), pica or rumination disorder warranting attention in future studies investigating the epidemiology of feeding and eating disorders., Competing Interests: Not applicable.Not applicable.The authors declare that they have no competing interests.Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Objective: The objective of this study was to systematically review the literature on assessment of eating disorder prevalence during the DSM-IV era (1994-2015)., Method: A PubMed search was conducted targeting articles on prevalence, incidence and epidemiology of eating disorders. The review was performed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines, and was limited to DSM-IV based eating disorder diagnoses published between 1994 and 2015., Results: A total of 74 studies fulfilled inclusion criteria and were included in the study. Results yielded evidence of over 40 different assessment instruments used to assess eating disorder prevalence, with the EAT-40 being the most commonly used screening instrument, and the SCID being the most frequently used interview. The vast majority of studies employed two-stage designs, closely followed by clinical interviews. Observations of higher prevalence rates were found in studies employing self-reports compared to two-stage designs and interviews., Discussion: Eating disorder prevalence rates have varied significantly during the DSM-IV era, and are dependent on assessment methods used and samples investigated. Following the transition to the DSM-5, eating disorder prevalence will change, warranting novel approaches to assessment and treatment planning. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., (© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Objective: The Clinical Impairment Assessment (CIA) is a self-report measure of impairment secondary to eating disorder (ED) features. The purpose of this study was to identify the global CIA cut-off score that maximized sensitivity and specificity to discriminate impairment due to eating disorder pathology in a community versus clinical ED sample using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses., Method: Participants were 1,468 female community participants and 552 eating disorder patients., Results: Mean global CIA scores were 5.17 (SD 7.61) and 32.50 (SD 10.20). The ROC analysis demonstrated excellent accuracy of the global CIA score (AUC = 0.97; 95% CI: 0.96-0.98). A cut-off score of 16.0 yielded a sensitivity of 0.91 (95% CI: 0.88-0.93) and a specificity of 0.91 (95% CI: 0.89-0.93)., Discussion: This study is the first to replicate findings from the original development study of the CIA and lends support to initial recommendations. Data provide strong evidence of the discriminant validity of the CIA and suggest the utility of assessing eating-disorder related impairment for classification purposes. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2016; 49:635-638)., (© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Objective: To systematically review studies of cognitive remediation therapy (CRT) for anorexia nervosa (AN), and to discuss findings with references to clinical practice and future research., Method: The literature was reviewed using the PubMed, Web of Science and PsycINFO search terms "cognitive remediation therapy" AND "anorexia nervosa". Papers published online between 2005 and 2013 were selected on the basis of three inclusion criteria: 1) studies of any design focusing on CRT for AN, 2) papers that were written in English or had an available published English translation, and 3) papers published in peer reviewed journals., Results: A total of 45 papers were identified of which 21 were recognized as being relevant for the review. Relevant papers were divided into three different categories 1) single case reports, 2) case series and 3) randomised controlled trials (RCTs). Single case studies and case series yielded strong evidence of feasibility and acceptability of CRT for AN despite great variety in sample compositions. Four RCTs demonstrate that CRT has the potential of enhancing the effectiveness of current treatments, reduce attrition, increase cognitive set-shifting abilities and quality of life, as well as reduce eating disorder psychopathology., Discussion: The number of CRT studies published is growing rapidly, in particular RCTs. Further research is needed to define the primary aim of delivering CRT to patients with eating disorders, and to establish how to best measure the effect of the intervention. Moreover, researchers and clinicians should focus on identifying and assessing specific versus non-specific CRT contributions, and explore long-term effects of the intervention. It is imperative that adolescent RCTs are conducted to evaluate how CRT may be effective as a treatment for this young patient group.