347,295 results on '"Lindsay, A."'
Search Results
2. De novo variants in the RNU4-2 snRNA cause a frequent neurodevelopmental syndrome.
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Chen, Yuyang, Dawes, Ruebena, Kim, Hyung, Ljungdahl, Alicia, Stenton, Sarah, Walker, Susan, Lord, Jenny, Lemire, Gabrielle, Martin-Geary, Alexandra, Ganesh, Vijay, Ma, Jialan, Ellingford, Jamie, Delage, Erwan, DSouza, Elston, Dong, Shan, Adams, David, Allan, Kirsten, Bakshi, Madhura, Baldwin, Erin, Berger, Seth, Bernstein, Jonathan, Bhatnagar, Ishita, Blair, Ed, Brown, Natasha, Burrage, Lindsay, Chapman, Kimberly, Coman, David, Compton, Alison, Cunningham, Chloe, DSouza, Precilla, Danecek, Petr, Délot, Emmanuèle, Dias, Kerith-Rae, Elias, Ellen, Elmslie, Frances, Evans, Care-Anne, Ewans, Lisa, Ezell, Kimberly, Fraser, Jamie, Gallacher, Lyndon, Genetti, Casie, Goriely, Anne, Grant, Christina, Haack, Tobias, Higgs, Jenny, Hinch, Anjali, Hurles, Matthew, Kuechler, Alma, Lachlan, Katherine, Lalani, Seema, Lecoquierre, François, Leitão, Elsa, Fevre, Anna, Leventer, Richard, Liebelt, Jan, Lindsay, Sarah, Lockhart, Paul, Ma, Alan, Macnamara, Ellen, Mansour, Sahar, Maurer, Taylor, Mendez, Hector, Metcalfe, Kay, Montgomery, Stephen, Moosajee, Mariya, Nassogne, Marie-Cécile, Neumann, Serena, ODonoghue, Michael, OLeary, Melanie, Palmer, Elizabeth, Pattani, Nikhil, Phillips, John, Pitsava, Georgia, Pysar, Ryan, Rehm, Heidi, Reuter, Chloe, Revencu, Nicole, Riess, Angelika, Rius, Rocio, Rodan, Lance, Roscioli, Tony, Rosenfeld, Jill, Sachdev, Rani, Shaw-Smith, Charles, Simons, Cas, Sisodiya, Sanjay, Snell, Penny, St Clair, Laura, Stark, Zornitza, Stewart, Helen, Tan, Tiong, Tan, Natalie, Temple, Suzanna, Thorburn, David, Tifft, Cynthia, Uebergang, Eloise, VanNoy, Grace, Vasudevan, Pradeep, Vilain, Eric, and Viskochil, David
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Humans ,RNA ,Small Nuclear ,Neurodevelopmental Disorders ,Female ,Male ,Brain ,Heterozygote ,Alleles ,Syndrome ,Spliceosomes ,Animals - Abstract
Around 60% of individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) remain undiagnosed after comprehensive genetic testing, primarily of protein-coding genes1. Large genome-sequenced cohorts are improving our ability to discover new diagnoses in the non-coding genome. Here we identify the non-coding RNA RNU4-2 as a syndromic NDD gene. RNU4-2 encodes the U4 small nuclear RNA (snRNA), which is a critical component of the U4/U6.U5 tri-snRNP complex of the major spliceosome2. We identify an 18 base pair region of RNU4-2 mapping to two structural elements in the U4/U6 snRNA duplex (the T-loop and stem III) that is severely depleted of variation in the general population, but in which we identify heterozygous variants in 115 individuals with NDD. Most individuals (77.4%) have the same highly recurrent single base insertion (n.64_65insT). In 54 individuals in whom it could be determined, the de novo variants were all on the maternal allele. We demonstrate that RNU4-2 is highly expressed in the developing human brain, in contrast to RNU4-1 and other U4 homologues. Using RNA sequencing, we show how 5 splice-site use is systematically disrupted in individuals with RNU4-2 variants, consistent with the known role of this region during spliceosome activation. Finally, we estimate that variants in this 18 base pair region explain 0.4% of individuals with NDD. This work underscores the importance of non-coding genes in rare disorders and will provide a diagnosis to thousands of individuals with NDD worldwide.
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- 2024
3. Identifying a severity measure for head acceleration events associated with suspected concussions
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Tierney, Gregory, Tucker, Ross, Tooby, James, Starling, Lindsay, Falvey, Eanna, Salmon, Danielle, Brown, James, Hudson, Sam, Stokes, Keith, Jones, Ben, Kemp, Simon, OHalloran, Patrick, Cross, Matt, Bussey, Melanie, and Allan, David
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Physics - Medical Physics - Abstract
Objectives: To identify a head acceleration event (HAE) severity measure associated with HIA1 removals in elite level rugby union. Methods: HAEs were recorded from 215 men and 325 women with 30 and 28 HIA1 removals from men and women, respectively. Logistical regression were calculated to identify if peak power, maximum principal strain (MPS) and or Head Acceleration Response Metric (HARM) were associated with HIA1 events compared to non-cases. Optimal threshold values were determined using the Youden Index. Area under the curve (AUC) were compared using a paired sample approach. Significant differences were set at p<0.05. Results: All three severity measures were associated with HIA1 removals in both the mens and womens game. Power performed greatest for HIA1 removals in both the mens and womens games, based on overall AUC, sensitivity, and specificity values. HARM and MPS were found to perform lower than PLA in the womens game based on AUC comparisons (p=0.006 and 0.001, respectively), with MPS performing lower than PAA (p=0.001). Conclusion: The findings progress our understanding of HAE measures associated with HIA1 removals. Peak power, a measure based on fundamental mechanics and commonly used in sports performance, may be a suitable HAE severity measure., Comment: 4 Tables, 2 Figures
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- 2024
4. Empowering Non-native English Speaking Students at UC Merced
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Crawford, Lindsay and Arellano Carmona, Kimberly
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self-efficacy ,writing ,public health - Published
- 2024
5. Improving satellite imagery segmentation using multiple Sentinel-2 revisits
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Jindgar, Kartik and Lindsay, Grace W.
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Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition - Abstract
In recent years, analysis of remote sensing data has benefited immensely from borrowing techniques from the broader field of computer vision, such as the use of shared models pre-trained on large and diverse datasets. However, satellite imagery has unique features that are not accounted for in traditional computer vision, such as the existence of multiple revisits of the same location. Here, we explore the best way to use revisits in the framework of fine-tuning pre-trained remote sensing models. We focus on an applied research question of relevance to climate change mitigation -- power substation segmentation -- that is representative of applied uses of pre-trained models more generally. Through extensive tests of different multi-temporal input schemes across diverse model architectures, we find that fusing representations from multiple revisits in the model latent space is superior to other methods of using revisits, including as a form of data augmentation. We also find that a SWIN Transformer-based architecture performs better than U-nets and ViT-based models. We verify the generality of our results on a separate building density estimation task.
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- 2024
6. Observation of Phonon Angular Momentum
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Zhang, Heda, Peshcherenko, N., Yang, F., Ward, T. Z., Raghuvanshi, P., Lindsay, L., Felser, Claudia, Zhang, Y., Yan, J. -Q., and Miao, H.
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Condensed Matter - Strongly Correlated Electrons - Abstract
Angular momentum (AM), a fundamental concept describing the rotation of an object about an axis, profoundly influences all branches of physics. In condensed matter, AM is intimately related to the emergence of topological quantum states, including chiral superconductivity and quantum spin liquids, and various chiral quasiparticles. Recently, it has been predicted that microscopic lattice excitations, known as phonons, can carry finite AM with remarkable macroscopic physical consequences. However, the direct observation of phonon-AM has not been achieved. In this letter, we report the experimental discovery of phonon-AM in the chiral crystal Tellurium. We show that due to AM conservation, applying a time-reversal symmetry breaking thermal gradient along the chiral axis of single crystal Te results in a macroscopic mechanical torque, $\tau$, that can be observed using a cantilever-based device. We establish that the mechanical torques change sign by flipping the thermal gradient and disappear in polycrystalline samples that lack a preferred chirality. Based on our experimental settings, we estimate $\tau\sim10^{-11}$N$\cdot$m, in agreement with theoretical calculations. Our results uncover phonon-AM and pave the way for phonon-AM enabled quantum states for microelectronic applications.
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- 2024
7. A weather-driven mathematical model of Culex population abundance and the impact of vector control interventions
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Bhowmick, Suman, Irwin, Patrick, Lopez, Kristina, Fritz, Megan Lindsay, and Smith, Rebecca Lee
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Quantitative Biology - Populations and Evolution ,Physics - Biological Physics - Abstract
Even as the incidence of mosquito-borne diseases like West Nile Virus (WNV) in North America has risen over the past decade, effectively modelling mosquito population density or, the abundance has proven to be a persistent challenge. It is critical to capture the fluctuations in mosquito abundance across seasons in order to forecast the varying risk of disease transmission from one year to the next. We develop a process-based mechanistic weather-driven Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE) model to study the population biology of both aqueous and terrestrial stages of mosquito population. The progression of mosquito lifecycle through these stages is influenced by different factors, including temperature, daylight hours, intra-species competition and the availability of aquatic habitats. Weather-driven parameters are utilised in our work, are a combination of laboratory research and literature data. In our model, we include precipitation data as a substitute for evaluating additional mortality in the mosquito population. We compute the \textit{Basic offspring number} of the associated model and perform sensitivity analysis. Finally, we employ our model to assess the effectiveness of various adulticides strategies to predict the reduction in mosquito population. This enhancement in modelling of mosquito abundance can be instrumental in guiding interventions aimed at reducing mosquito populations and mitigating mosquito-borne diseases such as the WNV.
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- 2024
8. Single-atom-resolved vibrational spectroscopy of a dislocation
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Jiang, Hailing, Wang, Tao, Zhang, Zhenyu, Shi, Ruochen, Xu, Xifan, Sheng, Bowen, Liu, Fang, Ge, Weikun, Wang, Ping, Shen, Bo, Gao, Peng, Lindsay, Lucas R, and Wang, Xinqiang
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Condensed Matter - Materials Science - Abstract
Phonon resistance from dislocation scattering is often divided into short-range core interactions and long-range strain field interactions. Using electron energy-loss spectroscopy on a GaN dislocation, we report observations of vibrational modes localized at specific core atoms (short-range) and strain-driven phonon energy shifts around the dislocation (long-range). Ab initio calculations support these findings and draw out additional details. This study reveals atomically resolved vibrational spectra of dislocations, thus offering insights for engineering improved material functionalities.
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- 2024
9. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Emission in the Central Regions of Three Seyferts the Implication for Underlying Feedback Mechanisms
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Zhang, Lulu, García-Bernete, Ismael, Packham, Chris, Donnan, Fergus R., Rigopoulou, Dimitra, Hicks, Erin K. S., Davies, Ric I., Shimizu, Taro T., Alonso-Herrero, Almudena, Almeida, Cristina Ramos, Pereira-Santaella, Miguel, Ricci, Claudio, Bunker, Andrew J., Leist, Mason T., Rosario, David J., García-Burillo, Santiago, Muñoz, Laura Hermosa, Combes, Francoise, Imanishi, Masatoshi, Labiano, Alvaro, Esparza-Arredondo, Donaji, Bellocchi, Enrica, Audibert, Anelise, Fuller, Lindsay, González-Martín, Omaira, Hönig, Sebastian, Izumi, Takuma, Levenson, Nancy A., López-Rodríguez, Enrique, Rouan, Daniel, Stalevski, Marko, and Ward, Martin J.
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Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies - Abstract
We analyze JWST MIRI/MRS IFU observations of three Seyferts and showcase the intriguing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emission characteristics in regions of $\sim 500\,\rm pc$ scales over or around their active galactic nuclei (AGN). Combining the model predictions and the measurements of PAH features and other infrared emission lines, we find that the central regions containing a high fraction of neutral PAHs with small sizes, e.g., those in ESO137-G034, are in highly heated environments, due to collisional shock heating, with hard and moderately intense radiation fields. Such environments are proposed to be associated with inhibited growth or preferential erosion of PAHs, decreasing the average PAH size and the overall abundance of PAHs. We additionally find that the central regions containing a high fraction of ionized PAHs with large sizes, e.g., those in MCG-05-23-016, are likely experiencing severe photo-ionization because of the radiative effects from the radiative shock precursor besides the AGN. The severe photo-ionization can contribute to the ionization of all PAHs and further destruction of small PAHs. Overall, different Seyferts, even different regions in the same galaxy, e.g., those in NGC\,3081, can contain PAH populations of different properties. Specifically, Seyferts that exhibit similar PAH characteristics to ESO137-G034 and MCG-05-23-016 also tend to have similar emission line properties to them, suggesting that the explanations for PAH characteristics of ESO137-G034 and MCG-05-23-016 may also apply generally. These results have promising application in the era of JWST, especially in diagnosing different (i.e., radiative, and kinetic) AGN feedback modes., Comment: ApJL accepted on September 26th, title slightly modified in accordance with ApJL standards, Fig. 2 updated with additional labels
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- 2024
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10. The Galaxy Activity, Torus, and Outflow Survey (GATOS). (IV): Exploring Ionized Gas Outflows in Central Kiloparsec Regions of GATOS Seyferts
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Zhang, Lulu, Packham, Chris, Hicks, Erin K. S., Davies, Ric I., Shimizu, Taro T., Alonso-Herrero, Almudena, Muñoz, Laura Hermosa, García-Bernete, Ismael, Pereira-Santaella, Miguel, Audibert, Anelise, López-Rodríguez, Enrique, Bellocch, Enrica, Bunker, Andrew J., Combes, Francoise, Díaz-Santos, Tanio, Gandhi, Poshak, García-Burillo, Santiago, García-Lorenzo, Begoña, González-Martín, Omaira, Imanishi, Masatoshi, Labiano, Alvaro, Leist, Mason T., Levenson, Nancy A., Almeida, Cristina Ramos, Ricci, Claudio, Rigopoulou, Dimitra, Rosario, David J., Stalevski, Marko, Ward, Martin J., Esparza-Arredondo, Donaji, Delaney, Dan, Fuller, Lindsay, Haidar, Houda, Hönig, Sebastian, Izumi, Takuma, and Rouan, Daniel
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Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies - Abstract
Utilizing JWST MIRI/MRS IFU observations of the kiloparsec scale central regions, we showcase the diversity of ionized gas distributions and kinematics in six nearby Seyfert galaxies included in the GATOS survey. Specifically, we present spatially resolved flux distribution and velocity field maps of six ionized emission lines covering a large range of ionization potentials ($15.8-97.1$ eV). Based on these maps, we showcase the evidence of ionized gas outflows in the six targets, and find some highly disturbed regions in NGC\,5728, NGC\,5506, and ESO137-G034. We propose AGN-driven radio jets plausibly play an important role in triggering these highly disturbed regions. With the outflow rates estimated based on [Ne~{\footnotesize V}] emission, we find the six targets tend to have ionized outflow rates converged to a narrower range than previous finding. These results have important implication for the outflow properties in AGN of comparable luminosity., Comment: 34 pages (11 pages in the appendix), 18 figures in the main text, ApJ in press (accepted on July 26th)
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- 2024
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11. Participatory Science and Machine Learning Applied to Millions of Sources in the Hobby-Eberly Telescope Dark Energy Experiment
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House, Lindsay R., Gebhardt, Karl, Finkelstein, Keely, Cooper, Erin Mentuch, Davis, Dustin, Farrow, Daniel J., and Schneider, Donald P.
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Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics ,Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies ,Physics - Physics Education - Abstract
We are merging a large participatory science effort with machine learning to enhance the Hobby-Eberly Telescope Dark Energy Experiment (HETDEX). Our overall goal is to remove false positives, allowing us to use lower signal-to-noise data and sources with low goodness-of-fit. With six million classifications through Dark Energy Explorers, we can confidently determine if a source is not real at over 94% confidence level when classified by at least ten individuals; this confidence level increases for higher signal-to-noise sources. To date, we have only been able to apply this direct analysis to 190,000 sources. The full sample of HETDEX will contain around 2-3M sources, including nearby galaxies ([O II] emitters), distant galaxies (Lyman-alpha emitters or LAEs), false positives, and contamination from instrument issues. We can accommodate this tenfold increase by using machine learning with visually-vetted samples from Dark Energy Explorers. We have already increased by over ten-fold in number of sources that have been visually vetted from our previous pilot study where we only had 14,000 visually vetted LAE candidates. This paper expands on the previous work increasing the visually-vetted sample from 14,000 to 190,000. In addition, using our currently visually-vetted sample, we generate a real or false positive classification for the full candidate sample of 1.2 million LAEs. We currently have approximately 17,000 volunteers from 159 countries around the world. Thus, we are applying participatory or citizen scientist analysis to our full HETDEX dataset, creating a free educational opportunity that requires no prior technical knowledge., Comment: 11 pages, 5 figures
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- 2024
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12. Collective nature of phonon energies in solids beyond harmonic oscillators
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Moon, Jaeyun, Zella, Leo, and Lindsay, Lucas
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Condensed Matter - Materials Science - Abstract
Phonon quasi-particles have been monumental in microscopically understanding thermodynamics and transport properties in condensed matter for decades. Phonons have one-to-one correspondence with harmonic eigenstates and their energies are often described by simple independent harmonic oscillator models. Higher order terms in the potential energy lead to interactions among them, resulting in finite lifetimes and frequency shifts, even in perfect crystals. However, increasing evidence including constant volume heat capacity different from the expected Dulong-Petit law suggests the need for re-evaluation of phonons having harmonic energies. In this work, we explicitly examine inter-mode dependence of phonon energies of a prototypical crystal, silicon, through energy covariance calculations and demonstrate the concerted nature of phonon energies even at 300 K, questioning independent harmonic oscillator assumptions commonly used for phonon energy descriptions of thermodynamics and transport., Comment: Same content as the previous version but in a letter form
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- 2024
13. Multilevel Interpretability Of Artificial Neural Networks: Leveraging Framework And Methods From Neuroscience
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He, Zhonghao, Achterberg, Jascha, Collins, Katie, Nejad, Kevin, Akarca, Danyal, Yang, Yinzhu, Gurnee, Wes, Sucholutsky, Ilia, Tang, Yuhan, Ianov, Rebeca, Ogden, George, Li, Chole, Sandbrink, Kai, Casper, Stephen, Ivanova, Anna, and Lindsay, Grace W.
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Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence ,Quantitative Biology - Neurons and Cognition - Abstract
As deep learning systems are scaled up to many billions of parameters, relating their internal structure to external behaviors becomes very challenging. Although daunting, this problem is not new: Neuroscientists and cognitive scientists have accumulated decades of experience analyzing a particularly complex system - the brain. In this work, we argue that interpreting both biological and artificial neural systems requires analyzing those systems at multiple levels of analysis, with different analytic tools for each level. We first lay out a joint grand challenge among scientists who study the brain and who study artificial neural networks: understanding how distributed neural mechanisms give rise to complex cognition and behavior. We then present a series of analytical tools that can be used to analyze biological and artificial neural systems, organizing those tools according to Marr's three levels of analysis: computation/behavior, algorithm/representation, and implementation. Overall, the multilevel interpretability framework provides a principled way to tackle neural system complexity; links structure, computation, and behavior; clarifies assumptions and research priorities at each level; and paves the way toward a unified effort for understanding intelligent systems, may they be biological or artificial.
- Published
- 2024
14. Project Dinos II: Redshift evolution of dark and luminous matter density profiles in strong-lensing elliptical galaxies across $0.1 < z < 0.9$
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Sheu, William, Shajib, Anowar J., Treu, Tommaso, Sonnenfeld, Alessandro, Birrer, Simon, Cappellari, Michele, Oldham, Lindsay J., and Tan, Chin Yi
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Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies ,Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics - Abstract
We present a new measurement of the dark and luminous matter distribution of massive elliptical galaxies, and their evolution with redshift, by combining strong lensing and dynamical observables. Our sample of 58 lens galaxies covers a redshift range of $0.090\leq z_{\rm l}\leq0.884$. By combining new Hubble Space Telescope imaging with previously observed velocity dispersion and line-of-sight measurements, we decompose the luminous matter profile from the dark matter profile and perform a Bayesian hierarchical analysis to constrain the population-level properties of both profiles. We find that the inner slope of the dark matter density profile ("cusp"; $\rho_{\rm DM}\propto r^{-\gamma_{\rm in}}$) is slightly steeper ($\mu_{\gamma_{\rm in}}=1.18^{+0.03}_{-0.03}$ at $z=0.35$ with $\leq0.16$ intrinsic scatter) than a standard Navarro$-$Frenk$-$White (NFW; $\gamma_{\rm in}=1$), with an appreciable evolution with redshift ($d\log(\gamma_{\rm in})/dz=-0.33\pm0.13$) and is consistent with NFW-like distributions at higher redshifts ($z\geq0.56$ for $\leq1\sigma$ consistency). Additionally, we find the stellar mass-to-light ratio at the population level consistent with that of a Salpeter initial mass function, a small stellar mass-to-light gradient ($\kappa_{*}(r)\propto r^{-\eta}$, with $\overline{\eta}\leq9.4\times10^{-3}$), and isotropic stellar orbits. Our averaged total mass density profile is consistent with a power-law profile within $0.25-4$ Einstein radii ($\overline{\gamma}=2.14\pm0.06$), with an internal mass-sheet transformation parameter $\overline{\lambda}=1.02\pm0.01$ consistent with no mass sheet. Our findings confirm the validity of the standard mass models used for time-delay cosmography. However, our results are in strong tension with predictions from hydrodynamical simulations such as IllustrisTNG, highlighting the need to better understand the formation of massive galaxies., Comment: 28 pages, 20 figures
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- 2024
15. Boundary Integral Methods for Particle Diffusion in Complex Geometries: Shielding, Confinement, and Escape
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Cherry, Jesse, Lindsay, Alan E., and Quaife, Bryan D.
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Mathematics - Numerical Analysis - Abstract
We present a numerical method for the solution of diffusion problems in unbounded planar regions with complex geometries of absorbing and reflecting bodies. Our numerical method applies the Laplace transform to the parabolic problem, yielding a modified Helmholtz equation which is solved with a boundary integral method. Returning to the time domain is achieved by quadrature of the inverse Laplace transform by deforming along the so-called Talbot contour. We demonstrate the method for various complex geometries formed by disjoint bodies of arbitrary shape on which either uniform Dirichlet or Neumann boundary conditions are applied. The use of the Laplace transform bypasses constraints with traditional time-stepping methods and allows for integration over the long equilibration timescales present in diffusion problems in unbounded domains. Using this method, we demonstrate shielding effects where the complex geometry modulates the dynamics of capture to absorbing sets. In particular, we show examples where geometry can guide diffusion processes to particular absorbing sites, obscure absorbing sites from diffusing particles, and even find the exits of confining geometries, such as mazes.
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- 2024
16. The Quest for Early Detection of Retinal Disease: 3D CycleGAN-based Translation of Optical Coherence Tomography into Confocal Microscopy
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Tian, Xin, Anantrasirichai, Nantheera, Nicholson, Lindsay, and Achim, Alin
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Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Image and Video Processing ,Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition - Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and confocal microscopy are pivotal in retinal imaging, offering distinct advantages and limitations. In vivo OCT offers rapid, non-invasive imaging but can suffer from clarity issues and motion artifacts, while ex vivo confocal microscopy, providing high-resolution, cellular-detailed color images, is invasive and raises ethical concerns. To bridge the benefits of both modalities, we propose a novel framework based on unsupervised 3D CycleGAN for translating unpaired in vivo OCT to ex vivo confocal microscopy images. This marks the first attempt to exploit the inherent 3D information of OCT and translate it into the rich, detailed color domain of confocal microscopy. We also introduce a unique dataset, OCT2Confocal, comprising mouse OCT and confocal retinal images, facilitating the development of and establishing a benchmark for cross-modal image translation research. Our model has been evaluated both quantitatively and qualitatively, achieving Fr\'echet Inception Distance (FID) scores of 0.766 and Kernel Inception Distance (KID) scores as low as 0.153, and leading subjective Mean Opinion Scores (MOS). Our model demonstrated superior image fidelity and quality with limited data over existing methods. Our approach effectively synthesizes color information from 3D confocal images, closely approximating target outcomes and suggesting enhanced potential for diagnostic and monitoring applications in ophthalmology., Comment: 30 pages, 11 figures, 5 tables
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- 2024
17. Temporal distribution of clusters of investors and their application in prediction with expert advice
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Wisniewski, Wojciech, Kalnishkan, Yuri, Lindsay, David, and Lindsay, Siân
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Quantitative Finance - Statistical Finance ,Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence ,Computer Science - Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science ,Computer Science - Machine Learning - Abstract
Financial organisations such as brokers face a significant challenge in servicing the investment needs of thousands of their traders worldwide. This task is further compounded since individual traders will have their own risk appetite and investment goals. Traders may look to capture short-term trends in the market which last only seconds to minutes, or they may have longer-term views which last several days to months. To reduce the complexity of this task, client trades can be clustered. By examining such clusters, we would likely observe many traders following common patterns of investment, but how do these patterns vary through time? Knowledge regarding the temporal distributions of such clusters may help financial institutions manage the overall portfolio of risk that accumulates from underlying trader positions. This study contributes to the field by demonstrating that the distribution of clusters derived from the real-world trades of 20k Foreign Exchange (FX) traders (from 2015 to 2017) is described in accordance with Ewens' Sampling Distribution. Further, we show that the Aggregating Algorithm (AA), an on-line prediction with expert advice algorithm, can be applied to the aforementioned real-world data in order to improve the returns of portfolios of trader risk. However we found that the AA 'struggles' when presented with too many trader ``experts'', especially when there are many trades with similar overall patterns. To help overcome this challenge, we have applied and compared the use of Statistically Validated Networks (SVN) with a hierarchical clustering approach on a subset of the data, demonstrating that both approaches can be used to significantly improve results of the AA in terms of profitability and smoothness of returns., Comment: 20 pages, technical report
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- 2024
18. Effective Confidence Region Prediction Using Probability Forecasters
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Lindsay, David and Lindsay, Sian
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Computer Science - Machine Learning ,Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence - Abstract
Confidence region prediction is a practically useful extension to the commonly studied pattern recognition problem. Instead of predicting a single label, the constraint is relaxed to allow prediction of a subset of labels given a desired confidence level 1-delta. Ideally, effective region predictions should be (1) well calibrated - predictive regions at confidence level 1-delta should err with relative frequency at most delta and (2) be as narrow (or certain) as possible. We present a simple technique to generate confidence region predictions from conditional probability estimates (probability forecasts). We use this 'conversion' technique to generate confidence region predictions from probability forecasts output by standard machine learning algorithms when tested on 15 multi-class datasets. Our results show that approximately 44% of experiments demonstrate well-calibrated confidence region predictions, with the K-Nearest Neighbour algorithm tending to perform consistently well across all data. Our results illustrate the practical benefits of effective confidence region prediction with respect to medical diagnostics, where guarantees of capturing the true disease label can be given., Comment: 10 pages, originally posted in 2005
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- 2024
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19. Learning from String Sequences
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Lindsay, David and Lindsay, Sian
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Computer Science - Machine Learning ,Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence ,Computer Science - Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science ,Computer Science - Computation and Language ,Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition - Abstract
The Universal Similarity Metric (USM) has been demonstrated to give practically useful measures of "similarity" between sequence data. Here we have used the USM as an alternative distance metric in a K-Nearest Neighbours (K-NN) learner to allow effective pattern recognition of variable length sequence data. We compare this USM approach with the commonly used string-to-word vector approach. Our experiments have used two data sets of divergent domains: (1) spam email filtering and (2) protein subcellular localization. Our results with this data reveal that the USM-based K-NN learner (1) gives predictions with higher classification accuracy than those output by techniques that use the string-to-word vector approach, and (2) can be used to generate reliable probability forecasts., Comment: 10 pages, 1 figure, 4 tables, Technical Report
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- 2024
20. School Staff Perceptions of Community Afterschool Partnerships
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Lindsay R. Ruhr and Laura Danforth
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Abundant research has covered the benefits of and barriers to partnerships between schools and community-based organizations (CBOs; Sanders, 2001; Valli et al., 2016). The aim is for schools and CBOs to come together to foster student growth, particularly during out-of-school time. If two independent organizations, such as a school and a nonprofit CBO, are to work together to provide out-of-school time (OST) programming, then they must have common goals and set clear expectations. This study conceptualizes school-CBO collaboration as coordination of services and resources for children and their families through transparent and open dialogue about children's specific needs. Although literature detailing the characteristics of healthy school-CBO partnerships is abundant, few studies focus specifically on school staff members' perceptions of these partnerships. The authors' study aims to fill this gap. It suggests that schools take an active role in determining what their student body needs regarding OST programming and continually evaluate the fit between the needs and the programming. The aim of this study is to understand how school staff perceived OST programming provided by a CBO in their schools. The authors focused on four public schools in a single district in the southern U.S. where a single nonprofit CBO offered three empowerment-focused OST programs.
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- 2024
21. Using a Critical Service-Learning Approach to Prepare Public Health Practitioners
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Meg Landfri, Lindsay Bau Savelli, Brittany Nicole Price, Liz Chen, and Dane Emmerling
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Training the next generation of public health practitioners to promote health equity requires public health graduate programs to cultivate students' skills in community partnership. The Council on Education for Public Health (CEPH) requires Master of Public Health (MPH) students to produce a high-quality written product as part of their culminating Integrative Learning Experience (ILE). Because CEPH recommends that ILE written products be useful to community partners, ILEs can draw lessons from the field of experiential education, especially the social justice aligned principles of critical service-learning (CSL). However, the current literature lacks descriptions of how to operationalize CSL's principles within graduate-level culminating experiences. To help fill this gap, we discuss a CSL ILE for MPH students, called Capstone. We describe CSL's key components and explain and assess how each is operationalized. We hope Capstone's model will help educators engage more deeply with CSL practices to advance health equity.
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- 2024
22. 'To Make This Leap': Understanding Relationships That Support Community College Students' Transfer Journeys
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Beth E. W. Nahlik, Tara D. Hudson, and Lindsay Nelson
- Abstract
For too many community college students, transferring to a four-year institution for a bachelor's degree (i.e., vertical transfer) remains an unrealized aspiration. Prior research suggests that forms of capital can assist students in realizing their goals. Therefore, we sought to explore how relationships both within and outside of their institutions serve as sources of capital to support students' vertical transfer journeys. Utilizing a qualitative research design, we applied Putnam's (2000) two forms of social capital (bridging and bonding) and eight social support-related constructs from Moser's (2013) expanded transfer student capital framework to data from focus groups and interviews with 33 pre- and post-transfer students. We found that participants actively constructed a patchwork of supportive relationships with both institutional agents and individuals external to the institution, which they utilized to search for, gather, and employ transfer capital. Our findings highlight that relationships outside of institutions are as crucial as relationships within the institution as sources of capital for vertical transfer students, suggesting a need to incorporate extra-institutional relationships into transfer capital frameworks and institutional initiatives to support transfer students. We also recommend institutions invest in programs designed to build students' social and transfer capital.
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- 2024
23. Meaningful and Engaging Learning Experiences in Early Childhood Special Education Preparation Programs
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Andrea Laser, Serra Acar, Karen Brown, Katherine B. Green, Lindsey A. Chapman, Chelsea T. Morris, Lauren Hart Rollins, Annie George-Puskar, Monica Gonzalez, Alesia Mickle Moldavan, Kathy R. Doody, Katrina Fulcher-Rood, Pamela Schuetze, Kaitlin Jackson, Bradley Mills, Lindsay R. Dennis, Tai Cole, Kelly Farquharson, and Marisa Macy
- Abstract
The personnel preparation of early intervention/early childhood special educator (EI/ECSE) candidates is a pivotal stage in supporting the development of professionals who can effectively work with young children with and at-risk of developmental disabilities, their families, and other service providers. This process encompasses a multifaceted approach to equip candidates with knowledge, skills, and attitudes/dispositions to successfully work within the field. This compilation article includes multiple authors of each section who share strategies, assignments, tools, and experiences to center the Initial Practice-Based Standards for Early Interventionists/Early Childhood Special Educators (Division for Early Childhood [DEC] of the Council for Exceptional Children [CEC], 2020; hereafter referred to as the EI/ECSE Standards) and DEC's Recommended Practices (RPs). These strategies are shared through a "spiraling curriculum" framework, and progress from an awareness level to reflection of candidates' own practice. In addition, this article shares related resources to consider in planning for innovative coursework and practicum/student teaching opportunities. Specific examples of spiraling experiences to deepen learning through opportunities to introduce content aligned to RPs and EI/ECSE Standards are included.
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- 2024
24. Re-Validation and Exploration of Modified Versions of the Statistics Anxiety Scale Developed for College Students in the United States
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Keston G. Lindsay, Jessica B. Kirby, and Brynn C. Adamson
- Abstract
This study aimed to validate a modified Statistics Anxiety Scale for students in the United States taking university courses. Modifications were made by changing the wording of several items to be consistent with American English, and to accommodate students taking statistics courses in various formats. Items were added to investigate anxiety toward the use of statistical packages, and peer mentoring. Data from 352 participants and exploratory factor analyses were used to analyze the original 24-item SAS (SAS-O) and a version of the SAS with six additional items (SAS-M). The three-factor structure for SAS-O was consistent with the original validation study, explaining about 64% of the items' variance. The factor structure for SAS-M contained an additional two factors, that explained a total of 68 % of the items' variance. The factors were internally consistent, correlated with one another, and negatively correlated with Wise's Attitude Toward Statistics scale. Male students generally had lower application anxiety and examination anxiety than female students, and lower asking for help anxiety than non-traditional students.
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- 2024
25. Refugee-Background Youth Workers as Agents of Social Change: Building Bridging Relationships One Story at a Time
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Laura M. Kennedy, Lindsay McHolme, and Carrie Symons
- Abstract
In the context of an established research-practice partnership with the Hope Resource Center, we piloted The Stories Project, a narrative inquiry study alongside refugee-background youth workers and U.S.-born community members. Our inquiry explored the process by which storytelling could be used to humanize and advocate for refugee-background youth in the United States. Data sources included interviews, dialogue session recordings, participant artifacts, and researcher memos. Findings centered the voices of refugee-background youth workers as they honored each other's unique perspectives and life experiences as well as recognized each other's shared humanity. Collectively, the youth workers identified the importance of being vulnerable, humanizing the refugee experience, and building advocacy as ways to promote social change.
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- 2024
26. Starting and Sustaining an International Teacher Collaboration: Insights and Recommendations from a SoTL Project
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Lindsay J. Neill, Heather Brilla-Swenson, and Neil Haigh
- Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, two higher education teachers, located respectively in the United States and Aotearoa New Zealand, collaborated in the design of curricula on the relationship between identity and food for their students. Intended to help their students develop cross-cultural knowledge and relationships, they hoped that their collaboration would also benefit their professional relationship and learning at a time when these aspects of their teaching lives were negatively impacted by COVID-19. As a contribution to the scholarship of teaching and learning (SoTL), they undertook, with the help of a researcher colleague, an investigation of (a) factors that influenced their ability to start and sustain a successful international collaboration, and (b) its subsequent impact on their on-going relationship and learning. In this article, the rationale, purpose, and design of the study are outlined, and findings and associated theory presented and discussed. A key conclusion reflects the relationship between the hospitality 'mindset' of the teachers and their ability to conceptualize, enact and benefit from their collaboration in meaningful ways. Insights into the way SoTL can enhance teachers' ability to navigate such periods of deep uncertainty are also presented and discussed.
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- 2024
27. Building a Grassroots Learning Assistant Program
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Katie V. Johnson, Lindsay A. Singh, and Laura J. Frost
- Abstract
Learning Assistants (LAs) are undergraduates who work in active-learning classrooms with students facilitating discussions and encouraging deeper thinking, while also receiving pedagogical training. We describe how we built an LA program at a regional comprehensive university starting as a grassroots STEM initiative to recruit teachers, and expanding into a campus-wide multi-disciplinary program focusing on student success in a variety of general education courses. Additionally, in the 2020-2021 academic year, we conducted a formative assessment to further understand the program's impact. Our findings revealed strong alignment among students, faculty, and LAs regarding the LA's role in student learning. Qualitative themes from student surveys and faculty expectations resonated with LAs' weekly field note reflections. One surprising discovery was the consensus that LAs provided substantial support beyond the classroom. This suggests that LAs play a multifaceted role in enhancing student success, extending their influence beyond facilitating in-class discussions.
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- 2024
28. Integrating Trauma-Informedness within a Multi-Tiered System of Support: The Critical Role of Administrators
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Lindsay Dietrich Wolf and Maria B. Scuichetti
- Abstract
Meeting the needs of students in schools has been challenging for many years. Consequently, some schools have responded with comprehensive, multi-tiered intervention systems (e.g., MTSS) aimed at addressing students' academic, behavioral, and social-emotional needs. However, most educators have a rudimentary understanding of these systems and the impact of trauma and traumatic experiences on students' response to interventions. Currently, there is limited research on how building level-administrators integrate trauma-informedness into these tiered systems. This conceptual article outlines the importance of administrators' perception, understanding, and implementation of using a trauma-informed lens in educational decision making, specifically regarding MTSS implementation. This article presents an overview of the literature and an approach to trauma-informed approach that administrators can utilize when making educational decisions, specifically within multi-tiered systems of intervention and student supports.
- Published
- 2024
29. The Construct Validity of the Childhood Joint Attention Rating Scale (C-JARS) in School-Aged Autistic Children
- Author
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Sandy L. Birkeneder, Jennifer Bullen, Nancy McIntyre, Matthew C. Zajic, Lindsay Lerro, Marjorie Solomon, Nicole Sparapani, and Peter Mundy
- Abstract
Preliminary evidence from the Childhood Joint Attention Rating Scale (C-JARS; Mundy et al., 2017) suggests symptoms related to diminished joint attention and the spontaneous sharing of experience with others can be assessed with a parent-report measure in children and adolescents with autism. This study was designed to expand on the previous study by examining the validity of both a Social Symptom (SS) and a Prosocial (PS) scale of the C-JARS in a study of school-aged autistic children (n = 89) with and without co-occurring intellectual disability (ID), as well as an age matched neurotypical sample (n = 62). Results indicated that both C-JARS scales were sensitive and specific with respect to identifying the diagnostic status of the children. In addition, the PS scale was sensitive to differences in cognitive abilities (IQ) and sex differences in the autism group. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that joint attention and spontaneous sharing of experience symptoms are not only characteristic of preschool children with autism but may also constitute a developmentally continuous dimension of the social phenotype of autism that can be measured in school-aged children.
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- 2024
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30. Up-or-Out Systems? Quantifying Path Flexibility in the Lived Curriculum of College Majors
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Lindsay Jarratt, Freda B. Lynn, Yongren Shi, and Katharine M. Broton
- Abstract
Recent research on curricular analytics suggests that the structure of a college major may impact major persistence and degree completion. Contributing to this line of research, we propose and test a new measure of the "lived curriculum" that captures the extent to which cohorts within a major take the same exact course-taking path as they advance from matriculation to graduation (or institutional exit). First, we describe variation in path homogeneity across both STEM and non-STEM majors at one public research-intensive institution. Second, we show that a major's level of path homogeneity is correlated with the percentage of "locked" requirements in its stated curriculum, but that the stated curriculum cannot account for all observed differences in path homogeneity. Third, we conduct a correlational analysis of early exposure to path homogeneity and graduation likelihood. Findings show that students with average levels of academic preparation are less likely to graduate if enrolled in path-homogeneous majors compared to more path-heterogeneous (i.e., flexible) majors, and that negative outcomes associated with a path-homogeneous major are exacerbated for students with below-average preparation. Supplemental analyses show that this relationship holds for STEM and non-STEM majors, cannot be explained away by the competitiveness of a major, and that students generally switched from more to less path-homogeneous majors over the course of their college careers. Taken together, these findings urge re-examination of the ways college majors can promote retention.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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31. Comparison of Speech and Music Input in North American Infants' Home Environment over the First 2 Years of Life
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Lindsay Hippe, Victoria Hennessy, Naja Ferjan Ramirez, and T. Christina Zhao
- Abstract
Infants are immersed in a world of sounds from the moment their auditory system becomes functional, and experience with the auditory world shapes how their brain processes sounds in their environment. Across cultures, speech and music are two dominant auditory signals in infants' daily lives. Decades of research have repeatedly shown that both quantity and quality of speech input play critical roles in infant language development. Less is known about the music input infants receive in their environment. This study is the first to compare music input to speech input across infancy by analyzing a longitudinal dataset of daylong audio recordings collected in English-learning infants' home environments, at 6, 10, 14, 18, and 24 months of age. Using a crowdsourcing approach, 643 naïve listeners annotated 12,000 short snippets (10 s) randomly sampled from the recordings using Zooniverse, an online citizen-science platform. Results show that infants overall receive significantly more speech input than music input and the gap widens as the infants get older. At every age point, infants were exposed to more music from an electronic device than an in-person source; this pattern was reversed for speech. The percentage of input intended for infants remained the same over time for music while that percentage significantly increased for speech. We propose possible explanations for the limited music input compared to speech input observed in the present (North American) dataset and discuss future directions. We also discuss the opportunities and caveats in using a crowdsourcing approach to analyze large audio datasets. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at https://youtu.be/lFj_sEaBMN4
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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32. Ever English Learner 4-Year Graduation: Toward an Intersectional Approach
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Ben Le, Kristin E. Black, Coleen Carlson, Jeremy Miciak, Lindsay Romano, David Francis, and Michael J. Kieffer
- Abstract
This brief analyzes 4-year graduation rates among students ever classified as English learners (ever-ELs) and those never classified as English learners (never-ELs) at the intersections of gender, race/ethnicity, and neighborhood income. We follow two cohorts of New York City students who entered ninth grade in 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 (N = 127,931). We find substantial variations in 4-year graduation among these subgroups, with differential predicted probabilities depending on the student's ever-EL status, race/ethnicity, and neighborhood income. These findings reveal important intersectional disparities in this diverse group of ELs--nuances that are lost when analyzing across a single social dimension and that push us to adopt an intersectional lens in quantitative research on ELs.
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- 2024
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33. Learning Analytics Dashboards Are Increasingly Becoming about Learning and Not Just Analytics -- A Systematic Review
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Lucas Paulsen and Euan Lindsay
- Abstract
This systematic review explores the emerging themes in the design and implementation of student-facing learning analytics dashboards in higher education. Learning Analytics has long been criticised for focusing too much on the analytics, and not enough on the learning. The review is then guided by an interest in whether these dashboards are still primarily analytics-driven or if they have become pedagogically informed over time. By mapping the identified themes of technological maturity, informing frameworks, affordances, data sources, and analytical levels over publications per year, the review identifies an emerging trajectory towards student-focused dashboards. These dashboards are informed by theory-oriented frameworks, designed to incorporate affordances that supporting student learning, and realised through integration of more than just activity data from learning management systems -- allowing the dashboards to better support students' learnings processes. Based on this emerging trajectory, the review provides a series of design recommendations for student-focused dashboards that are connected to learning sciences as well as analytics.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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34. Parasympathetic Nervous System Activity during Measures of Volitional Self-Regulation Predicts School Readiness
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Steven J. Holochwost, Jennifer L. Coffman, Nicholas J. Wagner, Lindsay A. Gomes, and Cathi B. Propper
- Abstract
Self-regulation is an essential component of school readiness. Although in educational contexts self-regulation is typically defined in terms of volitional processes, it also encompasses the activity of neurophysiological systems, including the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS). In a prospective longitudinal study, 102 preschoolers (M[subscript age] = 4.82 years; 52% female) completed two measures of volitional self-regulation (the gift-wrap task and a battery of EF tasks) at the beginning of their final preschool year, and then completed the Bracken School Readiness Assessment (BSRA) at year's end. Larger increases in parasympathetic function (indexed by respiratory sinus arrythmia, or RSA) during both the gift-wrap and EF tasks were correlated with better performance on the BSRA at levels approaching significance, and subsequent regression models that controlled for relevant covariates revealed robust associations between increases in RSA and improved BSRA performance (gift wrap: B = 5.49, p = 0.012; EF: B = 7.77, p = 0.001). We interpret these results in light of polyvagal theory and discuss their implications for incorporating measures of parasympathetic activity into future educational neuroscience research.
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- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Exploring How Generating Metaphor via Insight versus Analysis Affects Metaphor Quality and Learning Outcomes
- Author
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Yuhua Yu, Lindsay Krebs, Mark Beeman, and Vicky T. Lai
- Abstract
Metaphor generation is both a creative act and a means of learning. When learning a new concept, people often create a metaphor to connect the new concept to existing knowledge. Does the manner in which people generate a metaphor, via sudden insight (Aha! moment) or deliberate analysis, influence the quality of generation and subsequent learning outcomes? According to some research, deliberate processing enhances knowledge retention; hence, generation via analysis likely leads to better concept learning. However, other research has shown that solutions generated via insight are better remembered. In the current study, participants were presented with science concepts and descriptions, then generated metaphors for the concepts. They also indicated how they generated each metaphor and rated their metaphor for novelty and aptness. We assessed participants' learning outcomes with a memory test and evaluated the creative quality of the metaphors based on self- and crowd-sourced ratings. Consistent with the deliberate processing benefit, participants became more familiar with the target science concept if they previously generated a metaphor for the concept via analysis compared to via insight. We also found that metaphors generated via analysis did not differ from metaphors generated via insight in quality (aptness or novelty) nor in how well they were remembered. However, participants' self-evaluations of metaphors generated via insight showed more agreement with independent raters, suggesting the role of insight in modulating the creative ideation process. These preliminary findings have implications for understanding the nature of insight during idea generation and its impact on learning.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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36. Print-Rich Speech Sound Therapy Sessions: The Theory behind It and Plans for Implementation
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Mary Allison Moody, Catherine C. Timm-Fulkerson, Jennifer Westmoreland, Lindsay R. Dennis, and Kelly Farquharson
- Abstract
Purpose: Print knowledge is a powerful predictor of later reading abilities, which are crucial to children's academic success. Children with speech sound disorders (SSDs) are at risk for literacy difficulties. Speech sound therapy is an opportune time to address not only speech sound production but also the connections between speech sounds and their associated letters and letter patterns. This tutorial aims to provide a rich source of evidence to support the use of print and print-referencing in speech sound therapy sessions. We include feasible suggestions for speech-language pathologists (SLPs) to facilitate print-rich experiences for children with SSDs. Incorporating orthography into therapy sessions, through activities such as shared book reading, allows SLPs to address speech sound errors while supporting children's literacy development. Conclusions: This tutorial provides an overview of the risk of literacy deficits in children with SSDs and describes the theoretical underpinnings of why incorporating print is a powerful learning tool. We expand on the research behind print referencing in preschool classrooms. Finally, we provide detailed examples, including book lists and therapy ideas for a variety of ages, to help SLPs add print referencing to their therapy toolkit.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Podcasting for Public Knowledge: A Multiple Case Study of Scholarly Podcasts at One University
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Lindsay Persohn, Rayna Letourneau, Emma Abell-Selby, Jason Boczar, Allison Symulevich, Jessica Szempruch, Matthew Torrence, Thomas Woolf, and Audrey Holtzman
- Abstract
Through a lens for engaged scholarship (Boyer in "Journal of Public Service and Outreach," 1(1), 11-20, 1996) this multiple case study (Merriam, 1996) explores the potential of scholarly podcasts for public knowledge dissemination, highlighting the misalignment of university impact metrics with this medium. Our team collected qualitative and numerical data from six podcasters across our university system. We identify metrics for assessing scholarly podcast value, offer recommendations for institutional communication, and share our insights and challenges. Data analysis suggests that a Listen Score (Listen Notes, ND) and an increasing Podcast Success Index (Singh et al. "JMIR Medical Education," 2(2), 1-10, 2016) may be consistent with a wider reach. Consistent production and promotion are key and infrastructure support for scholarly podcasters is necessary.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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38. An Analysis of the Self-Determined Learning Model of Instruction Coaching Model Principles in High School Classrooms
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Sheida K. Raley, Jennifer L. Bumble, Kayla M. Malone, Lindsay F. Rentschler, Karrie A. Shogren, Kara A. Hume, Daniel J. Greenberg, and Abdulaziz H. Alsae
- Abstract
Coaching is an essential component of supporting teachers to implement evidence-based practices (EBPs) in classrooms. The Self-Determined Learning Model of Instruction (SDLMI), an EBP designed to promote student self-determination, uses a research-based coaching model with six guiding principles. This qualitative study analyzed the content of coaching conversations between coaches and general and special education high school teachers implementing the SDLMI with autistic students to explore alignment with the guiding principles of the SDLMI coaching model. Findings highlighted the usefulness of the coaching principles in building trust between coaches and teachers, supporting teachers to set meaningful goals and build skills and competencies related to SDLMI implementation, promoting innovation and fidelity, and facilitating reflective dialogue. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
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- 2024
- Full Text
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39. Visual Arts Self-Efficacy: Impacts and Supports for Early Childhood Teachers
- Author
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Rachel Denee, Gai Lindsay, and Sarah Probine
- Abstract
Although visual arts pedagogies are considered central within early childhood education programs, teacher self-efficacy has a direct impact on the quality and delivery of visual arts curricula. Until recently, the visual arts self-efficacy, pedagogical knowledge, and practice of in-service early childhood teachers have remained largely unexplored. The authors of this paper present a qualitative, iterative re-analysis of their three PhD studies which broadly focussed on early childhood visual arts praxis and specifically examined the visual arts beliefs and pedagogy of early childhood teachers in Australia and New Zealand. A thematic analysis of the intersecting self-efficacy findings raised in the three studies identifies the powerful influence of self-efficacy on teaching practice in the visual arts domain and offers new understandings about visual arts self-efficacy amongst early childhood teachers. The combined findings reveal several factors that restrain or enhance teachers' visual arts self-efficacy across time, including the impact of childhood experiences, pre-service training and epistemological beliefs. The paper also identifies several enabling conditions that appear to support teachers to develop and maintain positive visual arts self-efficacy beliefs, including practical engagement with materials, sustained professional learning, relational trust and intentional leadership. These enabling conditions offer practical strategies and research recommendations in service of positive visual arts self-efficacy to enhance quality visual arts teaching in early childhood contexts.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Credential Transparency: Judging Return on Investment for Higher Education and Workforce. Sketching a New Conservative Education Agenda
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American Enterprise Institute (AEI), James Bergeron, and Lindsay Fryer
- Abstract
Companies are facing a persistent and growing skills gap, which has been exacerbated by the tight labor market. Employers use industry certifications, college degrees, boot camps, and badges to measure job skills, but until recently it was impossible to compare certifications or degree attainment. This paper describes credential transparency and its benefits--how it provides specific details on a credential program's length, cost, competencies, skills provided, level of mastery targeted, earnings potential, and employment outcomes, and allows individuals to compare credentials to see which is more likely to result in a preferred career or higher wages. The federal government has taken steps to promote the use of credential transparency and currently 26 states are engaged in important work around its use, allowing them to measure return on investment, align credential offerings with economic needs, and support the creation of digital transcripts and learning and employment records.
- Published
- 2023
41. Circulating Tumor DNA Assay Detects Merkel Cell Carcinoma Recurrence, Disease Progression, and Minimal Residual Disease: Surveillance and Prognostic Implications.
- Author
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Akaike, Tomoko, Thakuria, Manisha, Silk, Ann, Hippe, Daniel, Park, Song, So, Naomi, Maloney, Nolan, Gunnell, Lindsay, Eschholz, Alec, Kim, Emily, Sinha, Sumi, Hall, Evan, Bhatia, Shailender, Reddy, Sunil, Rodriguez, Angel, Aleshin, Alexey, Choi, Jacob, Tsai, Kenneth, Yom, Sue, Yu, Siegrid, Choi, Jaehyuk, Chandra, Sunandana, Nghiem, Paul, and Zaba, Lisa
- Subjects
Humans ,Carcinoma ,Merkel Cell ,Male ,Female ,Circulating Tumor DNA ,Aged ,Neoplasm Recurrence ,Local ,Skin Neoplasms ,Prospective Studies ,Middle Aged ,Disease Progression ,Prognosis ,Aged ,80 and over ,Neoplasm ,Residual ,Biomarkers ,Tumor ,Adult - Abstract
PURPOSE: Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive skin cancer with a 40% recurrence rate, lacking effective prognostic biomarkers and surveillance methods. This prospective, multicenter, observational study aimed to evaluate circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) as a biomarker for detecting MCC recurrence. METHODS: Plasma samples, clinical data, and imaging results were collected from 319 patients. A tumor-informed ctDNA assay was used for analysis. Patients were divided into discovery (167 patients) and validation (152 patients) cohorts. Diagnostic performance, including sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV), was assessed. RESULTS: ctDNA showed high sensitivity, 95% (discovery; 95% CI, 87 to 99) and 94% (validation; 95% CI, 85 to 98), for detecting disease at enrollment, with corresponding specificities of 90% (95% CI, 82 to 95) and 86% (95% CI, 77 to 93). A positive ctDNA during surveillance indicated increased recurrence risk, with hazard ratios (HRs) of 6.8 (discovery; 95% CI, 2.9 to 16) and 20 (validation; 95% CI, 8.3 to 50). The PPV for clinical recurrence at 1 year after a positive ctDNA test was 69% (discovery; 95% CI, 32 to 91) and 94% (validation; 95% CI, 71 to 100), respectively. The NPV at 135 days after a negative ctDNA test was 94% (discovery; 95% CI, 90 to 97) and 93% (validation; 95% CI, 89 to 97), respectively. Patients positive for ctDNA within 4 months after treatment had higher rates of recurrence, with 1-year rates of 74% versus 21% (adjusted HR, 7.4 [95% CI, 2.7 to 20]). CONCLUSION: ctDNA testing exhibited high prognostic accuracy in detecting MCC recurrence, suggesting its potential to reduce frequent surveillance imaging. ctDNA also identifies high-risk patients who need more frequent imaging and may be best suited for adjuvant therapy trials.
- Published
- 2024
42. The Construct Validity of the Childhood Joint Attention Rating Scale (C-JARS) in School-Aged Autistic Children
- Author
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Birkeneder, Sandy L, Bullen, Jennifer, McIntyre, Nancy, Zajic, Matthew C, Lerro, Lindsay, Solomon, Marjorie, Sparapani, Nicole, and Mundy, Peter
- Subjects
Biological Psychology ,Cognitive and Computational Psychology ,Social and Personality Psychology ,Specialist Studies In Education ,Education ,Psychology ,Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD) ,Clinical Research ,Autism ,Brain Disorders ,Mental Health ,Pediatric ,Behavioral and Social Science ,2.1 Biological and endogenous factors ,Mental health ,Quality Education ,Humans ,Male ,Female ,Child ,Attention ,Autistic Disorder ,Reproducibility of Results ,Adolescent ,Social Behavior ,Intellectual Disability ,Autism Spectrum Disorder ,Autism spectrum disorder ,Diagnostics ,Parent-report measure ,Symptoms ,Joint attention ,Prosocial behaviors ,Psychology and Cognitive Sciences ,Developmental & Child Psychology ,Health sciences - Abstract
Preliminary evidence from the Childhood Joint Attention Rating Scale (C-JARS; Mundy et al., 2017) suggests symptoms related to diminished joint attention and the spontaneous sharing of experience with others can be assessed with a parent-report measure in children and adolescents with autism. This study was designed to expand on the previous study by examining the validity of both a Social Symptom (SS) and a Prosocial (PS) scale of the C-JARS in a study of school-aged autistic children (n = 89) with and without co-occurring intellectual disability (ID), as well as an age matched neurotypical sample (n = 62). Results indicated that both C-JARS scales were sensitive and specific with respect to identifying the diagnostic status of the children. In addition, the PS scale was sensitive to differences in cognitive abilities (IQ) and sex differences in the autism group. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that joint attention and spontaneous sharing of experience symptoms are not only characteristic of preschool children with autism but may also constitute a developmentally continuous dimension of the social phenotype of autism that can be measured in school-aged children.
- Published
- 2024
43. From nutrients to fish: Impacts of mesoscale processes in a global CESM-FEISTY eddying ocean model framework
- Author
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Krumhardt, Kristen M, Long, Matthew C, Petrik, Colleen M, Levy, Michael, Castruccio, Frederic S, Lindsay, Keith, Romashkov, Lev, Deppenmeier, Anna-Lena, Denéchère, Rémy, Chen, Zhuomin, Landrum, Laura, Danabasoglu, Gokhan, and Chang, Ping
- Subjects
Earth Sciences ,Oceanography ,Climate Action ,Life Below Water ,Geology - Published
- 2024
44. Human milk macro- and trace-elements: Simultaneous analysis in sub-milliliter amounts by ICP-MS and application to assessing acute supplementation effects.
- Author
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Hampel, Daniela, Islam, M, Shahab-Ferdows, Setareh, and Allen, Lindsay
- Subjects
Bangladesh ,Human milk ,ICP-MS ,Macro-elements ,Maternal supplementation ,Trace-elements - Abstract
Adequate concentrations of human milk (HM) nutrients, including macro- and trace-elements, are essential for healthy growth and development of exclusively breastfed (EBF) infants. To monitor potential risk of deficiencies, and evaluate the effects of interventions like supplementation, accurate analysis is crucial. Even recent methods reporting on HM macro- and/or trace-elements describe multiple methodological approaches and the need for several milliliters. We optimized and validated a comprehensive method for simultaneous analysis of 13 macro- and trace-elements for simultaneous analysis by inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. 100-600 μL HM were microwave digested with ≤1.5 mL HNO3 (70 %). The digest was diluted to 5 % final acid concentration. He-Kinetic Energy Discrimination (KED; Na, K, P, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cr, Mo) and O2-Dynamic Reaction Cell (DRC; As, Mn, Se) modes minimized remaining interferences. Accuracy (NIST SRM 1869 infant formula; n = 15, 4 weeks) varied from 93.2 to 103 % (CV: 2.8-8.5 %) with trueness ranging from 93.9 to 104 %. Inter-day variation of a HM-pool (n = 20, 3 weeks) varied between 4.1 and 8.5 % for most elements; Cr, Mo, Mn (all80 %) with concentrations below the Adequate Intake. Our method allows for simultaneous and reproducible analysis of macro- and trace-elements with concentrations ranging over 6 orders of magnitude, without the need for separate analytics and sample preparations, and requiring only sub-milliliter amounts of HM. Additional elements may be included after optimization and validation. The results from Bangladeshi HM samples indicate selective supplementation effects and concerningly low concentrations for some elements, which could adversely affect the EBF infant.
- Published
- 2024
45. Catalyst-Free, Three-Component Synthesis of Amidinomaleimides
- Author
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Swift-Ramirez, Wyatt R, Whalen, Lindsay A, Thompson, Lia K, Shoemaker, Kaylee E, Rubio, Aris V, and Weiss, Gregory A
- Subjects
Organic Chemistry ,Chemical Sciences ,Generic health relevance ,Medicinal and Biomolecular Chemistry ,Medicinal and biomolecular chemistry ,Organic chemistry - Abstract
Maleimide and amidine functionalities often appear in medicinal and natural product targets. We describe a catalyst-free, three-component coupling reaction for the synthesis of amidinomaleimides. This one-pot reaction fuses a broad range of secondary amines and aldehydes with azidomaleimides. The conditions are mild, simple, modular, high yielding, and amenable to aqueous solvents. Most reaction products can be sufficiently purified without column chromatography. The synthesis creates complex, multifunctional molecules with four different molecules, including a tripeptide, arrayed around an amidinomaleimide core.
- Published
- 2024
46. Cumulative incidence estimates for solid tumors after HCT in the CIBMTR and California Cancer Registry
- Author
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Schonfeld, Sara J, Valcarcel, Bryan, Meyer, Christa L, Shaw, Bronwen E, Phelan, Rachel, Rizzo, J Douglas, Brunson, Ann, Cooley, Julianne JP, Abrahão, Renata, Wun, Ted, Gadalla, Shahinaz M, Engels, Eric, Albert, Paul S, Yusuf, Rafeek, Spellman, Stephen R, Curtis, Rochelle E, Auletta, Jeffery J, Muffly, Lori, Keegan, Theresa HM, and Morton, Lindsay M
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Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Cardiovascular Medicine and Haematology ,HIV/AIDS ,Sexually Transmitted Infections ,Hematology ,Cancer ,Minority Health ,Transplantation ,Clinical Research ,Infectious Diseases ,Humans ,Registries ,Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation ,California ,Incidence ,Female ,Male ,Middle Aged ,Neoplasms ,Adult ,Aged ,Adolescent ,Young Adult ,Child ,Cardiovascular medicine and haematology - Abstract
AbstractCompared with the general population, hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) survivors are at elevated risk for developing solid subsequent neoplasms (SNs). The Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research (CIBMTR) is a key resource for quantifying solid SN incidence following HCT, but the completeness of SN ascertainment is uncertain. Within a cohort of 18 450 CIBMTR patients linked to the California Cancer Registry (CCR), we evaluated the completeness of solid SN data reported to the CIBMTR from 1991 to 2018 to understand the implications of using CIBMTR data alone or combined with CCR data to quantify the burden of solid SNs after HCT. We estimated the cumulative incidence of developing a solid SN, accounting for the competing risk of death. Within the cohort, solid SNs were reported among 724 patients; 15.6% of these patients had an SN reported by CIBMTR only, 36.9% by CCR only, and 47.5% by both. The corresponding cumulative incidence of developing a solid SN at 10 years following a first HCT was 4.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.5-4.4) according to CIBMTR data only, 5.3% (95% CI, 4.9-5.9) according to CCR data only, and 6.3% (95% CI, 5.7-6.8) according to both sources combined. The patterns were similar for allogeneic and autologous HCT recipients. Linking detailed HCT information from CIBMTR with comprehensive SN data from cancer registries provides an opportunity to optimize SN ascertainment for informing follow-up care practices and evaluating risk factors in the growing population of HCT survivors.
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- 2024
47. A minimum data set-Core outcome set, core data elements, and core measurement set-For degenerative cervical myelopathy research (AO Spine RECODE DCM): A consensus study.
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Davies, Benjamin, Yang, Xiaoyu, Khan, Danyal, Mowforth, Oliver, Touzet, Alvaro, Nouri, Aria, Harrop, James, Aarabi, Bizhan, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Kurpad, Shekar, Guest, James, Tetreault, Lindsay, Kwon, Brian, Boerger, Timothy, Rodrigues-Pinto, Ricardo, Furlan, Julio, Chen, Robert, Zipser, Carl, Curt, Armin, Milligan, James, Kalsi-Rayn, Sukhivinder, Sarewitz, Ellen, Sadler, Iwan, Blizzard, Tammy, Treanor, Caroline, Anderson, David, Fallah, Nader, Hazenbiller, Olesja, Salzman, Carla, Zimmerman, Zachary, Wandycz, Anne, Widdop, Shirley, Reeves, Margaret, Raine, Rye, Ryan, Sukvinder, Malone, Ailish, Gharooni, Ali, Wilson, Jefferson, Martin, Allan, Fehlings, Michael, McNair, Angus, and Kotter, Mark
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Humans ,Delphi Technique ,Consensus ,Cervical Vertebrae ,Spinal Cord Diseases ,Outcome Assessment ,Health Care ,Treatment Outcome ,Research Design - Abstract
BACKGROUND: Degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) is a progressive chronic spinal cord injury estimated to affect 1 in 50 adults. Without standardised guidance, clinical research studies have selected outcomes at their discretion, often underrepresenting the disease and limiting comparability between studies. Utilising a standard minimum data set formed via multi-stakeholder consensus can address these issues. This combines processes to define a core outcome set (COS)-a list of key outcomes-and core data elements (CDEs), a list of key sampling characteristics required to interpret the outcomes. Further how these outcomes should be measured and/or reported is then defined in a core measurement set (CMS). This can include a recommendation of a standardised time point at which outcome data should be reported. This study defines a COS, CDE, and CMS for DCM research. METHODS AND FINDINGS: A minimum data set was developed using a series of modified Delphi processes. Phase 1 involved the setup of an international DCM stakeholder group. Phase 2 involved the development of a longlist of outcomes, data elements, and formation into domains. Phase 3 prioritised the outcomes and CDEs using a two-stage Delphi process. Phase 4 determined the final DCM minimal data set using a consensus meeting. Using the COS, Phase 5 finalised definitions of the measurement construct for each outcome. In Phase 6, a systematic review of the literature was performed, to scope and define the psychometric properties of measurement tools. Phase 7 used a modified Delphi process to inform the short-listing of candidate measurement tools. The final measurement set was then formed through a consensus meeting (Phase 8). To support implementation, the data set was then integrated into template clinical research forms (CRFs) for use in future clinical trials (Phase 9). In total, 28 outcomes and 6 domains (Pain, Neurological Function, Life Impact, Radiology, Economic Impact, and Adverse Events) were entered into the final COS. Thirty two outcomes and 4 domains (Individual, Disease, Investigation, and Intervention) were entered into the final CDE. Finally, 4 outcome instruments (mJOA, NDI, SF-36v2, and SAVES2) were identified for the CMS, with a recommendation for trials evaluating outcomes after surgery, to include baseline measurement and at 6 months from surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The AO Spine RECODE-DCM has produced a minimum data set for use in DCM clinical trials today. These are available at https://myelopathy.org/minimum-dataset/. While it is anticipated the CDE and COS have strong and durable relevance, it is acknowledged that new measurement tools, alongside an increasing transition to study patients not undergoing surgery, may necessitate updates and adaptation, particularly with respect to the CMS.
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- 2024
48. Leveraging meta-regression to test if medication effects on cue-induced craving are associated with clinical efficacy.
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Nieto, Steven, Du, Han, Meredith, Lindsay, Donato, Suzanna, Magill, Molly, and Ray, Lara
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Alcohol cue-reactivity ,Alcohol use disorder ,Cue-induced craving ,Human laboratory ,Medication development ,Randomized clinical trials ,Humans ,Cues ,Craving ,Alcoholism ,Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ,Treatment Outcome ,Alcohol Drinking - Abstract
RATIONALE: The alcohol cue exposure paradigm is a common method for evaluating new treatments for alcohol use disorder (AUD); however, it is unclear if medication-related reductions in cue-induced craving in the human laboratory can predict the clinical success of those medications in reducing alcohol consumption during clinical trials. OBJECTIVES: To use a novel meta-analytic approach to test whether medication effect sizes on cue-induced alcohol craving are associated with clinical efficacy in clinical trials. METHOD: We searched the literature for medications tested for AUD treatment using both the alcohol cue-reactivity paradigm and randomized clinical trials (RCTs). For alcohol cue-reactivity studies, we computed medication effect sizes for cue-induced alcohol craving (k = 36 studies, 15 medications). For RCTs, we calculated medication effect sizes for heavy drinking and abstinence (k = 139 studies, 19 medications). Using medication as the unit of analysis, we applied the Williamson-York bivariate weighted least squares estimation to account for errors in both independent and dependent variables. We also conducted leave-one-out cross validation simulations to examine the predictive utility of cue-craving medication effect sizes on RCT heavy drinking and abstinence endpoints. RESULTS: There was no significant relationship between medication effects on cue-induced alcohol craving in the human laboratory and medication effects on heavy drinking ( β ^ = 0.253, SE = 0.189, p = 0.090) and abstinence ( β ^ = 0.829, SE = 0.747, p = 0.133) in RCTs. CONCLUSIONS: The preliminary results of the current study challenge the assumption that alcohol cue-reactivity alone can be used as an early efficacy indicator for AUD pharmacotherapy development. These findings suggest that a wider range of early efficacy indicators and experimental paradigms be considered for Phase II testing of novel compounds.
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- 2024
49. The Llama 3 Herd of Models
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Dubey, Abhimanyu, Jauhri, Abhinav, Pandey, Abhinav, Kadian, Abhishek, Al-Dahle, Ahmad, Letman, Aiesha, Mathur, Akhil, Schelten, Alan, Yang, Amy, Fan, Angela, Goyal, Anirudh, Hartshorn, Anthony, Yang, Aobo, Mitra, Archi, Sravankumar, Archie, Korenev, Artem, Hinsvark, Arthur, Rao, Arun, Zhang, Aston, Rodriguez, Aurelien, Gregerson, Austen, Spataru, Ava, Roziere, Baptiste, Biron, Bethany, Tang, Binh, Chern, Bobbie, Caucheteux, Charlotte, Nayak, Chaya, Bi, Chloe, Marra, Chris, McConnell, Chris, Keller, Christian, Touret, Christophe, Wu, Chunyang, Wong, Corinne, Ferrer, Cristian Canton, Nikolaidis, Cyrus, Allonsius, Damien, Song, Daniel, Pintz, Danielle, Livshits, Danny, Esiobu, David, Choudhary, Dhruv, Mahajan, Dhruv, Garcia-Olano, Diego, Perino, Diego, Hupkes, Dieuwke, Lakomkin, Egor, AlBadawy, Ehab, Lobanova, Elina, Dinan, Emily, Smith, Eric Michael, Radenovic, Filip, Zhang, Frank, Synnaeve, Gabriel, Lee, Gabrielle, Anderson, Georgia Lewis, Nail, Graeme, Mialon, Gregoire, Pang, Guan, Cucurell, Guillem, Nguyen, Hailey, Korevaar, Hannah, Xu, Hu, Touvron, Hugo, Zarov, Iliyan, Ibarra, Imanol Arrieta, Kloumann, Isabel, Misra, Ishan, Evtimov, Ivan, Copet, Jade, Lee, Jaewon, Geffert, Jan, Vranes, Jana, Park, Jason, Mahadeokar, Jay, Shah, Jeet, van der Linde, Jelmer, Billock, Jennifer, Hong, Jenny, Lee, Jenya, Fu, Jeremy, Chi, Jianfeng, Huang, Jianyu, Liu, Jiawen, Wang, Jie, Yu, Jiecao, Bitton, Joanna, Spisak, Joe, Park, Jongsoo, Rocca, Joseph, Johnstun, Joshua, Saxe, Joshua, Jia, Junteng, Alwala, Kalyan Vasuden, Upasani, Kartikeya, Plawiak, Kate, Li, Ke, Heafield, Kenneth, Stone, Kevin, El-Arini, Khalid, Iyer, Krithika, Malik, Kshitiz, Chiu, Kuenley, Bhalla, Kunal, Rantala-Yeary, Lauren, van der Maaten, Laurens, Chen, Lawrence, Tan, Liang, Jenkins, Liz, Martin, Louis, Madaan, Lovish, Malo, Lubo, Blecher, Lukas, Landzaat, Lukas, de Oliveira, Luke, Muzzi, Madeline, Pasupuleti, Mahesh, Singh, Mannat, Paluri, Manohar, Kardas, Marcin, Oldham, Mathew, Rita, Mathieu, Pavlova, Maya, Kambadur, Melanie, Lewis, Mike, Si, Min, Singh, Mitesh Kumar, Hassan, Mona, Goyal, Naman, Torabi, Narjes, Bashlykov, Nikolay, Bogoychev, Nikolay, Chatterji, Niladri, Duchenne, Olivier, Çelebi, Onur, Alrassy, Patrick, Zhang, Pengchuan, Li, Pengwei, Vasic, Petar, Weng, Peter, Bhargava, Prajjwal, Dubal, Pratik, Krishnan, Praveen, Koura, Punit Singh, Xu, Puxin, He, Qing, Dong, Qingxiao, Srinivasan, Ragavan, Ganapathy, Raj, Calderer, Ramon, Cabral, Ricardo Silveira, Stojnic, Robert, Raileanu, Roberta, Girdhar, Rohit, Patel, Rohit, Sauvestre, Romain, Polidoro, Ronnie, Sumbaly, Roshan, Taylor, Ross, Silva, Ruan, Hou, Rui, Wang, Rui, Hosseini, Saghar, Chennabasappa, Sahana, Singh, Sanjay, Bell, Sean, Kim, Seohyun Sonia, Edunov, Sergey, Nie, Shaoliang, Narang, Sharan, Raparthy, Sharath, Shen, Sheng, Wan, Shengye, Bhosale, Shruti, Zhang, Shun, Vandenhende, Simon, Batra, Soumya, Whitman, Spencer, Sootla, Sten, Collot, Stephane, Gururangan, Suchin, Borodinsky, Sydney, Herman, Tamar, Fowler, Tara, Sheasha, Tarek, Georgiou, Thomas, Scialom, Thomas, Speckbacher, Tobias, Mihaylov, Todor, Xiao, Tong, Karn, Ujjwal, Goswami, Vedanuj, Gupta, Vibhor, Ramanathan, Vignesh, Kerkez, Viktor, Gonguet, Vincent, Do, Virginie, Vogeti, Vish, Petrovic, Vladan, Chu, Weiwei, Xiong, Wenhan, Fu, Wenyin, Meers, Whitney, Martinet, Xavier, Wang, Xiaodong, Tan, Xiaoqing Ellen, Xie, Xinfeng, Jia, Xuchao, Wang, Xuewei, Goldschlag, Yaelle, Gaur, Yashesh, Babaei, Yasmine, Wen, Yi, Song, Yiwen, Zhang, Yuchen, Li, Yue, Mao, Yuning, Coudert, Zacharie Delpierre, Yan, Zheng, Chen, Zhengxing, Papakipos, Zoe, Singh, Aaditya, Grattafiori, Aaron, Jain, Abha, Kelsey, Adam, Shajnfeld, Adam, Gangidi, Adithya, Victoria, Adolfo, Goldstand, Ahuva, Menon, Ajay, Sharma, Ajay, Boesenberg, Alex, Vaughan, Alex, Baevski, Alexei, Feinstein, Allie, Kallet, Amanda, Sangani, Amit, Yunus, Anam, Lupu, Andrei, Alvarado, Andres, Caples, Andrew, Gu, Andrew, Ho, Andrew, Poulton, Andrew, Ryan, Andrew, Ramchandani, Ankit, Franco, Annie, Saraf, Aparajita, Chowdhury, Arkabandhu, Gabriel, Ashley, Bharambe, Ashwin, Eisenman, Assaf, Yazdan, Azadeh, James, Beau, Maurer, Ben, Leonhardi, Benjamin, Huang, Bernie, Loyd, Beth, De Paola, Beto, Paranjape, Bhargavi, Liu, Bing, Wu, Bo, Ni, Boyu, Hancock, Braden, Wasti, Bram, Spence, Brandon, Stojkovic, Brani, Gamido, Brian, Montalvo, Britt, Parker, Carl, Burton, Carly, Mejia, Catalina, Wang, Changhan, Kim, Changkyu, Zhou, Chao, Hu, Chester, Chu, Ching-Hsiang, Cai, Chris, Tindal, Chris, Feichtenhofer, Christoph, Civin, Damon, Beaty, Dana, Kreymer, Daniel, Li, Daniel, Wyatt, Danny, Adkins, David, Xu, David, Testuggine, Davide, David, Delia, Parikh, Devi, Liskovich, Diana, Foss, Didem, Wang, Dingkang, Le, Duc, Holland, Dustin, Dowling, Edward, Jamil, Eissa, Montgomery, Elaine, Presani, Eleonora, Hahn, Emily, Wood, Emily, Brinkman, Erik, Arcaute, Esteban, Dunbar, Evan, Smothers, Evan, Sun, Fei, Kreuk, Felix, Tian, Feng, Ozgenel, Firat, Caggioni, Francesco, Guzmán, Francisco, Kanayet, Frank, Seide, Frank, Florez, Gabriela Medina, Schwarz, Gabriella, Badeer, Gada, Swee, Georgia, Halpern, Gil, Thattai, Govind, Herman, Grant, Sizov, Grigory, Guangyi, Zhang, Lakshminarayanan, Guna, Shojanazeri, Hamid, Zou, Han, Wang, Hannah, Zha, Hanwen, Habeeb, Haroun, Rudolph, Harrison, Suk, Helen, Aspegren, Henry, Goldman, Hunter, Damlaj, Ibrahim, Molybog, Igor, Tufanov, Igor, Veliche, Irina-Elena, Gat, Itai, Weissman, Jake, Geboski, James, Kohli, James, Asher, Japhet, Gaya, Jean-Baptiste, Marcus, Jeff, Tang, Jeff, Chan, Jennifer, Zhen, Jenny, Reizenstein, Jeremy, Teboul, Jeremy, Zhong, Jessica, Jin, Jian, Yang, Jingyi, Cummings, Joe, Carvill, Jon, Shepard, Jon, McPhie, Jonathan, Torres, Jonathan, Ginsburg, Josh, Wang, Junjie, Wu, Kai, U, Kam Hou, Saxena, Karan, Prasad, Karthik, Khandelwal, Kartikay, Zand, Katayoun, Matosich, Kathy, Veeraraghavan, Kaushik, Michelena, Kelly, Li, Keqian, Huang, Kun, Chawla, Kunal, Lakhotia, Kushal, Huang, Kyle, Chen, Lailin, Garg, Lakshya, A, Lavender, Silva, Leandro, Bell, Lee, Zhang, Lei, Guo, Liangpeng, Yu, Licheng, Moshkovich, Liron, Wehrstedt, Luca, Khabsa, Madian, Avalani, Manav, Bhatt, Manish, Tsimpoukelli, Maria, Mankus, Martynas, Hasson, Matan, Lennie, Matthew, Reso, Matthias, Groshev, Maxim, Naumov, Maxim, Lathi, Maya, Keneally, Meghan, Seltzer, Michael L., Valko, Michal, Restrepo, Michelle, Patel, Mihir, Vyatskov, Mik, Samvelyan, Mikayel, Clark, Mike, Macey, Mike, Wang, Mike, Hermoso, Miquel Jubert, Metanat, Mo, Rastegari, Mohammad, Bansal, Munish, Santhanam, Nandhini, Parks, Natascha, White, Natasha, Bawa, Navyata, Singhal, Nayan, Egebo, Nick, Usunier, Nicolas, Laptev, Nikolay Pavlovich, Dong, Ning, Zhang, Ning, Cheng, Norman, Chernoguz, Oleg, Hart, Olivia, Salpekar, Omkar, Kalinli, Ozlem, Kent, Parkin, Parekh, Parth, Saab, Paul, Balaji, Pavan, Rittner, Pedro, Bontrager, Philip, Roux, Pierre, Dollar, Piotr, Zvyagina, Polina, Ratanchandani, Prashant, Yuvraj, Pritish, Liang, Qian, Alao, Rachad, Rodriguez, Rachel, Ayub, Rafi, Murthy, Raghotham, Nayani, Raghu, Mitra, Rahul, Li, Raymond, Hogan, Rebekkah, Battey, Robin, Wang, Rocky, Maheswari, Rohan, Howes, Russ, Rinott, Ruty, Bondu, Sai Jayesh, Datta, Samyak, Chugh, Sara, Hunt, Sara, Dhillon, Sargun, Sidorov, Sasha, Pan, Satadru, Verma, Saurabh, Yamamoto, Seiji, Ramaswamy, Sharadh, Lindsay, Shaun, Feng, Sheng, Lin, Shenghao, Zha, Shengxin Cindy, Shankar, Shiva, Zhang, Shuqiang, Wang, Sinong, Agarwal, Sneha, Sajuyigbe, Soji, Chintala, Soumith, Max, Stephanie, Chen, Stephen, Kehoe, Steve, Satterfield, Steve, Govindaprasad, Sudarshan, Gupta, Sumit, Cho, Sungmin, Virk, Sunny, Subramanian, Suraj, Choudhury, Sy, Goldman, Sydney, Remez, Tal, Glaser, Tamar, Best, Tamara, Kohler, Thilo, Robinson, Thomas, Li, Tianhe, Zhang, Tianjun, Matthews, Tim, Chou, Timothy, Shaked, Tzook, Vontimitta, Varun, Ajayi, Victoria, Montanez, Victoria, Mohan, Vijai, Kumar, Vinay Satish, Mangla, Vishal, Albiero, Vítor, Ionescu, Vlad, Poenaru, Vlad, Mihailescu, Vlad Tiberiu, Ivanov, Vladimir, Li, Wei, Wang, Wenchen, Jiang, Wenwen, Bouaziz, Wes, Constable, Will, Tang, Xiaocheng, Wang, Xiaofang, Wu, Xiaojian, Wang, Xiaolan, Xia, Xide, Wu, Xilun, Gao, Xinbo, Chen, Yanjun, Hu, Ye, Jia, Ye, Qi, Ye, Li, Yenda, Zhang, Yilin, Zhang, Ying, Adi, Yossi, Nam, Youngjin, Yu, Wang, Hao, Yuchen, Qian, Yundi, He, Yuzi, Rait, Zach, DeVito, Zachary, Rosnbrick, Zef, Wen, Zhaoduo, Yang, Zhenyu, and Zhao, Zhiwei
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Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence ,Computer Science - Computation and Language ,Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition - Abstract
Modern artificial intelligence (AI) systems are powered by foundation models. This paper presents a new set of foundation models, called Llama 3. It is a herd of language models that natively support multilinguality, coding, reasoning, and tool usage. Our largest model is a dense Transformer with 405B parameters and a context window of up to 128K tokens. This paper presents an extensive empirical evaluation of Llama 3. We find that Llama 3 delivers comparable quality to leading language models such as GPT-4 on a plethora of tasks. We publicly release Llama 3, including pre-trained and post-trained versions of the 405B parameter language model and our Llama Guard 3 model for input and output safety. The paper also presents the results of experiments in which we integrate image, video, and speech capabilities into Llama 3 via a compositional approach. We observe this approach performs competitively with the state-of-the-art on image, video, and speech recognition tasks. The resulting models are not yet being broadly released as they are still under development.
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- 2024
50. Hierarchically Disentangled Recurrent Network for Factorizing System Dynamics of Multi-scale Systems
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Ghosh, Rahul, McEachran, Zac, Renganathan, Arvind, Lindsay, Kelly, Sharma, Somya, Steinbach, Michael, Nieber, John, Duffy, Christopher, and Kumar, Vipin
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Computer Science - Machine Learning - Abstract
We present a knowledge-guided machine learning (KGML) framework for modeling multi-scale processes, and study its performance in the context of streamflow forecasting in hydrology. Specifically, we propose a novel hierarchical recurrent neural architecture that factorizes the system dynamics at multiple temporal scales and captures their interactions. This framework consists of an inverse and a forward model. The inverse model is used to empirically resolve the system's temporal modes from data (physical model simulations, observed data, or a combination of them from the past), and these states are then used in the forward model to predict streamflow. In a hydrological system, these modes can represent different processes, evolving at different temporal scales (e.g., slow: groundwater recharge and baseflow vs. fast: surface runoff due to extreme rainfall). A key advantage of our framework is that once trained, it can incorporate new observations into the model's context (internal state) without expensive optimization approaches (e.g., EnKF) that are traditionally used in physical sciences for data assimilation. Experiments with several river catchments from the NWS NCRFC region show the efficacy of this ML-based data assimilation framework compared to standard baselines, especially for basins that have a long history of observations. Even for basins that have a shorter observation history, we present two orthogonal strategies of training our FHNN framework: (a) using simulation data from imperfect simulations and (b) using observation data from multiple basins to build a global model. We show that both of these strategies (that can be used individually or together) are highly effective in mitigating the lack of training data. The improvement in forecast accuracy is particularly noteworthy for basins where local models perform poorly because of data sparsity.
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- 2024
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