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Agroecus griseus Dallas, 1851 (Figs 16–19) Agroecus griseus Dallas, 1851: 199; Walker, 1867: 243; Stål, 1872b: 23; Distant, 1880: 329; Lethierry & Severin, 1893: 126; Kirkaldy, 1909: 63; Jensen-Haarup, 1937: 171; Buckup, 1957: 8; Buckup, 1961: 9; Rider & Rolston, 1987: 437–438. Agroecus tenebricosus Buckup, 1957: 8. Material studied. Barra do Ribeiro: 1♂, Boa Vista farm, 30°27’25.4”S 51°16’23.8”W, 16.XII.2003, Probio Team leg. (MCNZ). Itaúba: 1♀, 06.IV.1978, H. Bischoff leg. (MCNZ); 1♂, 1♀, 18.IV.1978, M. H. Galileo leg. (MCNZ); 1♂, 1♀, 06.IV.1978, E. H. Buckup leg. (MCNZ); 2♀, 06.IX.1978, E. H. Buckup leg. (MCNZ). Palmares do Sul: 1♀, 1♂, Capivari Lake isthmus, 30°15’08.2”S 50°32’01.1”W, 20.V.2004, Probio Team leg. (MCNZ). Porto Alegre: 1♂, Agronomia, 24.X.1985, Fernandes leg. (UFRG); 1♂, Vila Assunção, 21.IV.1985, A. Mohr leg. (UFRG); 1♂, 26.XI.1991, J. A. M. Fernandes leg. (UFRG); 1♀, 24.IX.1952 (MCNZ); 1♀, 23.IX.1952 (MCNZ); 1♀, 09.V.1951 (MCNZ); 1♀, 23.XII.1952 (MCNZ); 1♀, 08.IX.1948 (MCNZ); 1♀, 18.II.1953 (MCNZ); 1♂, 13.V.1953 (MCNZ); 1♂, 03.X.1951 (MCNZ), 1♂, 18.VIII.1954 (MCNZ); 1♂, 24.X.1956 (MCNZ); 1♂, 27.VI.1953 (MCNZ); 1♂, 20.IX.1954 (MCNZ); 1♂, 05.X.1949 (MCNZ). São Leopoldo: 1♀, (MCNZ). Triunfo: 1♂, Parque Braskem, main trail, 16.IX.2009, A. Barcellos & D. Casagrande leg. (MCNZ); 1♂, Parque Copesul, Mirante do Umbu trail, 29.IV.2003, (MCNZ); 1♂, Parque Copesul, portico trail, 29.IV.2003, (MCNZ); 1♂, Parque Copesul, 19.XI.2002, (MCNZ). Tupandi: 1♀, V.2009, R. V. Dalbem leg. (UFRG). Diagnostic features. Body grayish. Head wider than long; mandibular plates and clypeus subequal in length. Anterolateral margins of pronotum straight or sub rectilinear and crenulated (Rider & Rolston 1987); humeral angles weakly produced and obtuse; trans-humeral band with callosities but without punctures (Fig. 16). Scutellum with a prominent Y-shaped tubercle (Fig. 16). Corium bands without punctures (Fig. 17, red arrow) and minute teeth on lateral margins (Fig. 17). All femora with two rows of small tubercles bearing setae (Fig. 18). Body length: 7.00– 8.50 mm. Recorded host plants. Maize (Gassen 1996; Fávaro et al. 2012). Distribution in Rio Grande do Sul. Barra do Ribeiro, Itaúba, Palmares do Sul, Porto Alegre, Santa Maria, São Leopoldo, Triunfo and Tupandi (Fig. 19). New records. Barra do Ribeiro, Itaúba, Palmares do Sul, Porto Alegre, São Leopoldo, Triunfo and Tupandi. Comments. This species feeds at the base of plants, affecting tissue formation during growth (Gassen 1996)., Published as part of Barros, Lurdiana D., Paim, Marcelo R., Krein, Verônica, Carabajal, Victor, Brandão, Marcela N., Bernardes, Paula De O. & Lindner, Mariana F., 2021, Illustrated guide to Pentatominae (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) species associated with the four main grain crops in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, pp. 430-478 in Zootaxa 4958 (1) on pages 438-439, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4958.1.27, http://zenodo.org/record/4692176, {"references":["Dallas, W. S. (1851) List of the specimens of Hemipterous Insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part II. Taylor & Francis, London, 592 pp.","Walker, F. (1867) Catalogue of the specimens of Hemiptera-Heteroptera in the collection of the British Museum. British Museum, London, 1655 pp. [Part 2: pp. 241 - 417]. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 118688","Stal, C. (1872 b) Enumeratio Hemipterorum. II. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, 10 (4), 1 - 159.","Distant, W. L. (1880) Insecta. Rhynchota. Hemiptera-Heteroptera, I. In: Godman, F. D. & Salvin, O. (Eds.), Biologia Centrali- Americana. Vol. 1. R. H. Porter, London, pp. 1 - 88.","Lethierry, L. & Severin, G. (1893) Catalogue general des Hemipteres. Vol. 1. F. Hayez, Bruxelles and Berlin, x + 286 pp.","Kirkaldy, G. W. (1909) Catalogue of the Hemiptera (Heteroptera) 1 - Cimicidae. Felix L. Dames, Berlin, XL + 392 pp.","Jensen-Haarup, A. C. (1937) Einige neue Pentastomiden Arten aus der Sammlung des Zoologischen Museums in Hamburg (Hem. Het.). Entomologische Rundschau, 54, 169 - 171, 321 - 324.","Buckup, L. (1957) Pentatomideos Neotropicais - I. Sobre o genero Agroecus Dallas, 1851 com a descricao de duas especies novas (Hemiptera-Pentatomidae). Iheringia, Serie Zoologia, 6, 1 - 20.","Buckup, L. (1961) Os pentatomideos do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil) (Hemiptera-Heteroptera-Pentatomidae). Iheringia, Serie Zoologia, 16, 1 - 24.","Rider, D. A. & Rolston, L. H. (1987) Review of the genus Agroecus Dallas, with the description of a new species (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 95 (3), 428 - 439.","Gassen, D. N. (1996) Manejo de pragas associadas a cultura do milho. Aldeia Norte, Passo Fundo, 127 pp.","Favaro, C. F., Santos, T. B. & Zarbin, P. H. G. (2012) Defensive compounds and male-produced sex pheromone of the stink bug, Agroecus griseus. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 38 (9), 1121 - 1132. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10886 - 012 - 0172 - 0"]}

Chinavia herbida (Stål, 1859) (Figs 34–36) Rhaphigaster herbidus Stål, 1859: 229. Nezara (Acrosternum) herbida: Stål, 1872a: 42; Kirkaldy, 1909: 119; Pennington, 1919: 529. Nezara herbida Berg: 1878: 28; Berg, 1892: 6. Acrosternum herbida: Pennington, 1920: 9. Acrosternum (Chinavia) herbidum: Rolston, 1983: 169. Chinavia herbida: Schwertner & Grazia, 2007: 428; Marsaro Jr. et al. 2017; Bianchi et al. 2019; Servino & Schwertner, 2020 (electronic key). Material studied. None, entry based on literature data (Schwertner & Grazia 2007; Marsaro Jr. et al. 2017; Bianchi et al. 2019). Diagnostic features. Body green to light green. Cicatrices of pronotum and basal angles of scutellum without black spots (Fig. 34). Connexivum with a small black spot. Abdominal spine reaching the anterior margins of metacoxae (Fig. 35). Body length: 10.00–12.00 mm (Schwertner & Grazia 2007; Marsaro Jr. et al. 2017; Servino & Schwertner 2020). Recorded host plants. Canola (Marsaro Jr. et al. 2017; Bianchi et al. 2019). Distribution in Rio Grande do Sul. Passo Fundo (Fig. 36). Comments. Figures 34–35 were photographed by Leonardo Matheus Servino., Published as part of Barros, Lurdiana D., Paim, Marcelo R., Krein, Verônica, Carabajal, Victor, Brandão, Marcela N., Bernardes, Paula De O. & Lindner, Mariana F., 2021, Illustrated guide to Pentatominae (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) species associated with the four main grain crops in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, pp. 430-478 in Zootaxa 4958 (1) on page 444, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4958.1.27, http://zenodo.org/record/4692176, {"references":["Stal, C. (1859) Hemiptera, species novas descripsit. Konglika Svenska Fregattens Eugenies Resa Omkring Jorden. IV. Zoologi, Insekter, 219 - 298.","Stal, C. (1872 a) Bidrag till Hemiptererans systematik. Conspectus generum Pentatomidum Americae. Ofv. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps - Akademiens Handlingar, Forhandlingar, 24 (7), 522 - 534.","Kirkaldy, G. W. (1909) Catalogue of the Hemiptera (Heteroptera) 1 - Cimicidae. Felix L. Dames, Berlin, XL + 392 pp.","Pennington, M. S. (1919) Notas sobre las especies Argentinas del genero Nezara A. & S. Physis, 4, 527 - 530.","Berg, C. (1892) Nova Hemiptera faunarum Argentinae et Uruguayensis. Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina, 33, 6.","Pennington, M. S. (1920) Lista de los Hemipteros Heteropteros de la Republica Argentina. Buenos Aires, Quilmes, 47 pp.","Rolston, L. H. (1983) A revision of the genus Acrosternum Fieber, subgenus Chinavia Orian in the Western Hemisphere (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae, Pentatomini). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 91, 97 - 176.","Schwertner, C. F. & Grazia, J. (2007) O genero Chinavia Orian (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae, Pentatominae) no Brasil, com chave pictorica para os adultos. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 51 (4), 416 - 435. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0085 - 56262007000400005","Bianchi, F. M., Marsaro Jr., A. L., Grazia, J., Pereira, P. R. V. S. & Panizzi, A. R. (2019) Diversity of Stink Bugs (Pentatomidae) Associated with Canola: Looking for Potential Pests. Neotropical Entomology, 48, 219 - 224. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13744 - 018 - 0642 - 3"]}

Chinavia impicticornis (Stål, 1872) (Figs 37–40) Nezara (Acrosternum) impicticornis Stål, 1872: 42. Nezara vicina Berg, 1892: 8. Nezara (Acrosternum) vicina: Kirkaldy, 1909: 120. Acrosternum vicina: Pennington, 1920: 9; Pirán, 1963: 337. Acrosternum impicticorne: Grazia, 1977: 163; Grazia et al. 1982; Acrosternum (Chinavia) impicticorne: Rolston, 1983: 167; Link & Grazia, 1987: 117; Panizzi 2002: 331–332. Chinavia impicticornis: Schwertner & Grazia, 2007: 428; Grazia & Schwertner, 2008: 233; Genevcius et al. 2012: 4 (table), 6 (table), 7–8, 11, 14, 19; Fürstenau et al. 2013: 74–78 (key); Bianchi et al. 2019; Servino & Schwertner, 2020 (electronic key). Material studied. Cacequi: 1♀, 19.V.1984, R. Ragagnin leg., J. Grazia det. 1986 (UFRG). Diagnostic features. Body light green, antenna green, cicatrices of pronotum darker (Fig. 38, black arrow). Basal angles of scutellum dark (Fig. 37). Legs green (Fig. 39). Connexivum orange, with a black spot at posterior margins (Fig. 37).Abdominal spine reaching metacoxae.Spiracles green. Body length: 11.00–16.00 mm (Schwertner & Grazia 2007). Recorded host plants. Canola (Bianchi et al. 2019) and Soybean (Grazia et al. 1982; Link & Grazia 1987). Distribution in Rio Grande do Sul. Cacequi, Santa Maria and Passo Fundo (Fig. 40)., Published as part of Barros, Lurdiana D., Paim, Marcelo R., Krein, Verônica, Carabajal, Victor, Brandão, Marcela N., Bernardes, Paula De O. & Lindner, Mariana F., 2021, Illustrated guide to Pentatominae (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) species associated with the four main grain crops in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, pp. 430-478 in Zootaxa 4958 (1) on page 445, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4958.1.27, http://zenodo.org/record/4692176, {"references":["Berg, C. (1892) Nova Hemiptera faunarum Argentinae et Uruguayensis. Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina, 33, 6.","Kirkaldy, G. W. (1909) Catalogue of the Hemiptera (Heteroptera) 1 - Cimicidae. Felix L. Dames, Berlin, XL + 392 pp.","Pennington, M. S. (1920) Lista de los Hemipteros Heteropteros de la Republica Argentina. Buenos Aires, Quilmes, 47 pp.","Piran, A. A. (1963) Hemiptera Neotropica, VII. Algunas especies nuevas o poco conocidas del noroeste argentino I. Acta Zoologica Lilloana, 19, 336 - 337.","Grazia, J. (1977) Revisao dos Pentatomineos citados no Quarto Catalogo dos Insetos que Vivem nas Plantas do Brasil (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae, Pentatomini). Dusenia, 10 (3), 161 - 174.","Grazia, J., Del Vecchio, M. C. & Hildebrand, R. (1982) Estudo das ninfas de Pentatomideos (Heteroptera) que vivem sobre a soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill): IV - Acrosternum impicticorne (Stal, 1872). Anais da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil, 11 (2), 261 - 268.","Rolston, L. H. (1983) A revision of the genus Acrosternum Fieber, subgenus Chinavia Orian in the Western Hemisphere (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae, Pentatomini). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 91, 97 - 176.","Link, D. & Grazia, J. (1987) Pentatomideos da regiao central do Rio Grande do Sul (Heteroptera). Anais da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil, 16 (1), 115 - 129.","Panizzi, A. R. (2002) Stink bugs on soybean in northeastern Brazil and a new record on the southern sreen stink bug, Nezara viridula (L.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Neotropical Entomology, 31 (2), 331 - 332. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1519 - 566 X 2002000200023","Schwertner, C. F. & Grazia, J. (2007) O genero Chinavia Orian (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae, Pentatominae) no Brasil, com chave pictorica para os adultos. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 51 (4), 416 - 435. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0085 - 56262007000400005","Grazia, J. & Schwertner, C. F. (2008) Pentatomidae. In: Roig-Junent, S., Claps, L. & Debandi, G. (Eds.), Biodiversidad de Artropodos Argentinos. Vol. 2. Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, Mendoza, pp. 223 - 234.","Genevcius, B. C., Grazia, J. & Schwertner, C. F. (2012) Cladistic analysis and revision of the obstinata group, genus Chinavia Orian (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Zootaxa, 3434 (1), 1 - 30. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3434.1.1","Furstenau, B. B. R. J., Schwertner, C. F. & Grazia, J. (2013) Comparative morphology of immature stages of four species of Chinavia (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae), with a key to the species of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. ZooKeys, 319, 59 - 82. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 319.4310","Bianchi, F. M., Marsaro Jr., A. L., Grazia, J., Pereira, P. R. V. S. & Panizzi, A. R. (2019) Diversity of Stink Bugs (Pentatomidae) Associated with Canola: Looking for Potential Pests. Neotropical Entomology, 48, 219 - 224. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13744 - 018 - 0642 - 3"]}

Arvelius albopunctatus (De Geer, 1773) (Figs 20–23) Cimex albopunctatus De Geer, 1773: 331–332, pl. 34, fig. 6. Cimex gladiator Fabricius, 1775: 705 (syn. by Lepeletier & Serville, 1825). Arvelius albopunctatus: Amyot & Serville, 1843: 150–151; Costa & Link, 1974: 399. Material studied. Eldorado do Sul: 1♂, Est [ação] Agron [ômica], Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 28.III.2015, N. Pires leg. (UFRG). Itaara: 1♀, Barragem, 2006, R. Costa e Silva & J. Garlet leg. (UFRG). Jóia, 1♂, 2009, M. F.Aguero leg. (UFRG). São Domingos do Sul: 2♀, 13.VII.2018, R. Brugnera, leg. (UFRG). São Francisco de Paula: 1♀, Pro-Mata, 22.XI.1997, C. Weirauch leg. (UFRG). Diagnostic features. Body green in living specimens, muted yellow in pinned specimens. Mandibular plates longer than clypeus (Fig. 22) (Brailovsky 1981). Pronotal disc and scutellum with black punctuations (Figs 20, 22). Anterolateral margins of pronotum sub rectilinear to strongly concave, and crenulated (Fig. 22). Humeral angles yellowish and projected laterally. Corium with yellowish punctures (Fig. 20). Body length: 13.80–16.00 mm (Garbelotto & Campos 2014). Recorded host plants. Soybean (Costa & Link 1974; Link & Grazia 1987; Garbelotto & Campos 2014). Distribution in Rio Grande do Sul. Eldorado do Sul, Itaara, Jóia, Santa Maria, São Sepé, São Domingos do Sul and São Francisco de Paula (Fig. 23). New records. Eldorado do Sul, Itaara, Jóia, São Domingos do Sul and São Francisco de Paula., Published as part of Barros, Lurdiana D., Paim, Marcelo R., Krein, Verônica, Carabajal, Victor, Brandão, Marcela N., Bernardes, Paula De O. & Lindner, Mariana F., 2021, Illustrated guide to Pentatominae (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) species associated with the four main grain crops in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, pp. 430-478 in Zootaxa 4958 (1) on pages 439-440, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4958.1.27, http://zenodo.org/record/4692176, {"references":["De Geer, C. (1773) Memoires pour servir a l'histoire des Insectes. Tomo 3. L. L. Grefing, Stockholm, 696 pp.","Fabricius, J. C. (1775) Systema Entomologiae, sistens Insectorum classes, ordines, genera, species, adjectis synonymis, locis, descriptionibus, observationibus. Korte, Flensburg et Lipsiae, 832 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 36510","Lepeletier, A. L. M. & Serville, J. G. A. (1825) Articles on Hemiptera. In: Olivier, G. A. (Ed.), Encyclopedie Methodique, 10, pp. 1 - 344.","Amyot, C. J. B. & Serville, A. (1843) s. n. In: Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Hemipteres. Librairie Encyclopedique de Roret, Fain et Thunot, Paris, pp. 144 - 151.","Costa, E. C. & Link, D. (1974) Incidencia de percevejos em soja. Revista do Centro de Ciencias Rurais, 4 (4), 397 - 400.","Brailovsky, H. (1981) Revision del genero Arvelius Spinola (Hemiptera-Heteroptera- Pentatomidae-Pentatomini). Anais do Instituto de Biologia de la Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Serie Zoologia, 51, 239 - 298.","Garbelotto, T. A. & Campos, L. A. (2014) Pentatominae do Sul de Santa Catarina. Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia, Curitiba, 80 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.7476 / 9788598203089.0001","Link, D. & Grazia, J. (1987) Pentatomideos da regiao central do Rio Grande do Sul (Heteroptera). Anais da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil, 16 (1), 115 - 129."]}

Glyphepomis setigera Kormilev & Pirán, 1952 (Figs 72–74) Glyphepomis setigera Kormilev & Pirán, 1952: 301–306; Pirán, 1956: 32; Ruffinelli & Pirán, 1959: 18; Pirán, 1963: 337; Pirán, 1967: 21; Campos & Grazia, 1998: 207–208; Bianchi et al., 2016: 444 (key), 446 (map). Material studied. Capão do Leão: 4♂, 9♀, II.1988, Belarmino, L. C. leg., light trap near rice crops (UFRG); 2♂, 1♀, 04.IV.1996, MECB p210, UFPEL, Museu Entomológico, Família Pentatomidae, Glyphepomis sp. Silva, E. J. E. det. (MECB). Imbé: 1♂, II.1961, R.G.S.E & L. Buckup leg., (UFRG). Pelotas: 1♂, 01.V.1965. Santa Vitória do Palmar: 1♀, XI.1999, Schuemam leg., MECB, Família Pentatomidae, Glyphepomis Silva, E. J. E. det., UFPEL (MECB). Diagnostic features. Body dorsal and ventral surfaces dark castaneous and with bristles. Head longer than wide. Mandibular plates shorter than clypeus, rounded apically. Clypeus robust and raised above the mandibular plates. Antennomere 4 conical and slightly grooved dorsally (Fig. 72). Surface of pronotum convex, anterior angles of pronotum strongly developed into an acute spine (Fig. 73, black arrow). Anterolateral margins of pronotum concave and reflexed. Humeral angles slightly projected into small tubercles, directed laterally (Figs 72–73). Basal angles of scutellum with one callosity each. Apex of radial vein of corium with inconspicuous callosity. Distal half of legs dark castaneous with small spots. Mesosternum and abdominal disc black. Body length: 4.50–6.50 mm. Recorded host plants. Rice (Campos & Grazia 1998). Distribution in Rio Grande do Sul. Capão do Leão, Imbé, Pelotas, Santa Maria and Santa Vitória do Palmar (Fig. 74)., Published as part of Barros, Lurdiana D., Paim, Marcelo R., Krein, Verônica, Carabajal, Victor, Brandão, Marcela N., Bernardes, Paula De O. & Lindner, Mariana F., 2021, Illustrated guide to Pentatominae (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) species associated with the four main grain crops in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, pp. 430-478 in Zootaxa 4958 (1) on pages 456-457, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4958.1.27, http://zenodo.org/record/4692176, {"references":["Kormilev, N. A. & Piran, A. A. (1952) Una Especie Nueva del Genero Glyphepomis Berg (1891) de la Argentina (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 15, 301 - 306.","Piran, A. A. (1956) Hemipteros raros o poco conocidos y no mencionados para las faunas de Brasil, Uruguay, Argentina, Paraguay y Bolivia. Revista de la Sociedad Uruguaya de Entomologia, 1 (1), 29 - 35.","Ruffinelli, A. & Piran, A. A. (1959) Hemipteros heteropteros del Uruguay. Boletin Facultad de Agronomia, Montevideo, 51, 3 - 60.","Piran, A. A. (1963) Hemiptera Neotropica, VII. Algunas especies nuevas o poco conocidas del noroeste argentino I. Acta Zoologica Lilloana, 19, 336 - 337.","Piran, A. A. (1967) Hemiptera Neotropica, XI. Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 30, 21.","Campos, L. A. & Grazia, J. (1998) Revisao de Glyphepomis Berg, 1891 (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 41 (2 - 4), 203 - 212.","Bianchi, F. M., Goncalves, V. R., Souza, J. R. & Campos, L. A. (2016) Description of three new species of Glyphepomis Berg (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae: Pentatominae). Zootaxa, 4103 (5), 443 - 452. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4103.5.2"]}

Mormidea v-luteum (Lichtenstein, 1796) (Figs 88–91) Cimex V-luteum Lichtenstein, 1796: 106. Mormidea (Mormidea) croceipes: Berg, 1878: 299. Mormidea (Mormidea) spegazinii Berg, 1883: 204; Kirkaldy, 1909, 61; Pennington, 1920: 8. Mormidea (Mormidea) v -luteum: Kirkaldy, 1909: 59; Pennington, 1920: 8; Rolston, 1978: 208. Material studied. Guaíba: 1♂, 22.X.1985, M. C. Del Vecchio leg. (UFRG). Júlio de Castilhos: 1♀, 14.X.1981, Tremoço, J. Grazia det. 1986 (UFRG); 1♀, 19.XI.1981, Link & Costa leg., Tremoço, J. Grazia det. 1986 (UFRG). Santa Maria: 1♀, 04.II.1986, D. Link leg., J. Grazia det. 1986 (UFRG). Rio Grande: 1♀, Estação Ecológica do Taim, 17.III.1982, J. Grazia leg., J. Grazia det. 19?? (UFRG). Diagnostic features. Body dorsal surface black, with pale yellow spots next to cicatrices of pronotum (Fig. 88); ventral surface yellow. Anterolateral margins of pronotum concave. Humeral angles with variable development, from a small round projection (Fig. 90) to an acute spine (Fig. 89). Basal angles, basal half of lateral margins and apex of scutellum, and apex of radial vein of corium with a pale yellow callosity each (Fig. 88). Connexivum of variable color, from pale green to orange. Body length: 7.50– 8.50 mm (Garbelotto & Campos 2014). Recorded host plants. Canola ( Bianchi et al. 2019), rice (Grazia 1977; Martins et al. 1986; Link & Grazia 1987), soybean (Costa & Link 1974; Lopes et al. 1974) and wheat (Lopes et al. 1974). Distribution in Rio Grande do Sul. Guaíba, Júlio de Castilhos, Passo Fundo, Pelotas, Rio Grande, Santa Maria, São Francisco de Paula, São Sepé and Viamão (Fig. 91)., Published as part of Barros, Lurdiana D., Paim, Marcelo R., Krein, Verônica, Carabajal, Victor, Brandão, Marcela N., Bernardes, Paula De O. & Lindner, Mariana F., 2021, Illustrated guide to Pentatominae (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) species associated with the four main grain crops in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, pp. 430-478 in Zootaxa 4958 (1) on page 461, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4958.1.27, http://zenodo.org/record/4692176, {"references":["Lichtenstein, A. A. H. (1796) Catalogus musei Zoologici ditissimi Hamburgi d. III. Auctionis lege distrahendi. Sectio Tertia continens Insecta. Gottlieb Friedrich Schniebes, Hamburg, 222 pp.","Berg, C. (1878) Hemiptera Argentina enumeravit speciesque novas descripsit. Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina, 6, 23 - 311. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 36493","Berg, C. (1883) Addenda at emendanda ad Hemiptera Argentina. Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina, 16, 204 - 206.","Kirkaldy, G. W. (1909) Catalogue of the Hemiptera (Heteroptera) 1 - Cimicidae. Felix L. Dames, Berlin, XL + 392 pp.","Pennington, M. S. (1920) Lista de los Hemipteros Heteropteros de la Republica Argentina. Buenos Aires, Quilmes, 47 pp.","Rolston, L. H. (1978) A new subgenus of Euschistus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 86 (2), 102 - 120.","Garbelotto, T. A. & Campos, L. A. (2014) Pentatominae do Sul de Santa Catarina. Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia, Curitiba, 80 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.7476 / 9788598203089.0001","Bianchi, F. M., Marsaro Jr., A. L., Grazia, J., Pereira, P. R. V. S. & Panizzi, A. R. (2019) Diversity of Stink Bugs (Pentatomidae) Associated with Canola: Looking for Potential Pests. Neotropical Entomology, 48, 219 - 224. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13744 - 018 - 0642 - 3","Grazia, J. (1977) Revisao dos Pentatomineos citados no Quarto Catalogo dos Insetos que Vivem nas Plantas do Brasil (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae, Pentatomini). Dusenia, 10 (3), 161 - 174.","Martins, F. J. M., Del Vecchio, M. C. & Grazia, J. (1986) Estudo dos imaturos de Pentatomideos (Heteroptera) que vivem no arroz (Oryza sativa L.): I - Mormidea quinqueluteum (Lichtenstein, 1796). Anais da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil, 15 (2), 349 - 359.","Link, D. & Grazia, J. (1987) Pentatomideos da regiao central do Rio Grande do Sul (Heteroptera). Anais da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil, 16 (1), 115 - 129.","Costa, E. C. & Link, D. (1974) Incidencia de percevejos em soja. Revista do Centro de Ciencias Rurais, 4 (4), 397 - 400.","Lopes, O. J., Link, D. & Basso, L. V. (1974) Pentatomideos de Santa Maria - lista preliminar de plantas hospedeiras. Revista Centro de Ciencias Rurais, 4 (4), 317 - 322."]}

Nezara viridula (Linnaeus, 1758) (Figs 92–95) Cimex viridulus Linnaeus, 1758: 444. Nezara viridula; Amyot & Serville, 1843; Stål, 1865: 193–195; 1872: 41; 1876: 91; Lethierry & Severin, 1893: 167; Kirkaldy, 1909: 117, 381; Schouteden, 1910: 88; Freeman, 1940: 357–360; Pirán, 1948: 13; DeWitt & Godfrey, 1972: 1–23; Costa & Link, 1974: 398–399; Azim & Shafee 1978: 507–508; Zheng, 1982: 195–196; Cassis & Gross, 2002: 520–524; Rider, 2006: 329–330; Ferrari et al. 2010: 17–18. Material studied. Cachoeirinha: 1♀, 18.IV.1981, R. P. Mocellin leg. (UFRG). Canoas: 1♂, 22.XII.1985, J. A. M. Fernandes leg. (UFRG). Cruz Alta: 1♂, 19.X.1981, Link & Costa leg., “em Colza”, (UFRG). Estrela: 1♀, 01.IV.07, C. Greve leg. (UFRG). Guaíba: 1♂, 2♀, 01.X.1985, M. C. Del Vecchio leg., “em Joá”(UFRG). Rio Grande: 1♂, Estação Ecológica do Taim, 23.III.1981, 04.IV.1981, J. Grazia leg. (UFRG). Santa Maria: 1♂, 02.VII.1980, J. Pauichi leg., J. Grazia det. 1986 (UFRG); 1♂, 26.IV.1982, Costa & Link leg., “em soja” (UFRG); 1♂, 2♀, XII.1981, D. Link leg., “em Feijão”, J. Grazia det. 1986 (UFRG); 1♂, 07.XII.1981, Link & Costa leg., “em colza”, J. Grazia det. 1986 (UFRG). Diagnostic features. Body dorsal and ventral surfaces green to yellow. Mandibular plates subequal to clypeus and rounded apically. Anterolateral margins of pronotum straight. Humeral angles not developed (Fig. 92). Abdominal spine free, not reaching metacoxae (Fig. 93). Spiracles green, surrounded by a green maculae (Fig. 94). Body length: 10.00 to 15.00 mm. Recorded host plants. Canola (Marsaro Jr. et al. 2017; Bianchi et al. 2019), maize (Roza-Gomes et al. 2011; Valicente 2015), oat (Pereira & Salvadori 2020), rice (Lopes et al. 1974; Link & Grazia 1987), rye (Pereira & Salvadori 2020), soybean (Costa & Link 1974; Lopes et al. 1974; Grazia 1977; Link & Grazia 1987; Medeiros & Megier 2009) and wheat (Lopes et al. 1974; Link & Grazia 1987). Distribution in Rio Grande do Sul. Cachoeirinha, Canoas, Cruz Alta, Estrela, Guaíba, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande, Santa Maria and São Sepé (Fig. 95). Comments. In some specimens, the anterior half of pronotum and posterolateral margins of head are yellowish (see Garbelotto & Campos 2014)., Published as part of Barros, Lurdiana D., Paim, Marcelo R., Krein, Verônica, Carabajal, Victor, Brandão, Marcela N., Bernardes, Paula De O. & Lindner, Mariana F., 2021, Illustrated guide to Pentatominae (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) species associated with the four main grain crops in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, pp. 430-478 in Zootaxa 4958 (1) on pages 462-463, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4958.1.27, http://zenodo.org/record/4692176, {"references":["Linnaeus, C. (1758) Hemiptera. In: Linnaeus, C. (Ed.), Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentis, synonymis, locis. Vol. 1. Editio decima, reformata. L. Salvii, Holmiae, pp. 434 - 457. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542","Amyot, C. J. B. & Serville, A. (1843) s. n. In: Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Hemipteres. Librairie Encyclopedique de Roret, Fain et Thunot, Paris, pp. 144 - 151.","Stal, C. (1865) Hemiptera Africana I. Norstedtiana, Stockholm, 256 pp.","Lethierry, L. & Severin, G. (1893) Catalogue general des Hemipteres. Vol. 1. F. Hayez, Bruxelles and Berlin, x + 286 pp.","Kirkaldy, G. W. (1909) Catalogue of the Hemiptera (Heteroptera) 1 - Cimicidae. Felix L. Dames, Berlin, XL + 392 pp.","Schouteden, H. (1910) Wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der schwedischen zoologischen expedition nach dem Kilimandjaro, dem Meru und den Umgebenden Massaisteppen Deutsch-Ostafrikas 1905 - 1906 unter leitung von Prof. Dr. Yngve Sjostedt. Herausgegeben mit Unterstutzung von der Konigl. Schwedischen akademie der Wissenschaften. 12. Hemiptera. 6. Pentatomidae. In: Sjostedts Kilimandjaro-Meru Expedition, Stockholm, 12, pp. 73 - 96.","Freeman, P. (1940) A contribution to the study of the genus Nezara Amyot & Serville (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 90, 351 - 374.","Piran, A. A. (1948) Contribucion al conocimiento de la dispersion geografica de los Hemipteros neotropicales. Acta Zoologica Lilloana, 5, 5 - 17.","DeWitt, N. B. & Godfrey, G. L. (1972) The literature of arthropods associated with soybeans. II. A bibliography of the southern green stink bug Nezara viridula (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Illinois Natural History Survey, 78, 1 - 23. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 15872","Costa, E. C. & Link, D. (1974) Incidencia de percevejos em soja. Revista do Centro de Ciencias Rurais, 4 (4), 397 - 400.","Azim, M. N. & Shafee, S. A. (1978) Indian species of the genus Nezara Amyot and Serville (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 75 (2), 507 - 508.","Zheng, Z. M. (1982) A new species of Pentatomidae (Heteroptera) from Qinling. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 25 (2), 195 - 196.","Cassis, G. & Gross, G. F. (2002) Hemiptera: Heteroptera (Pentatomomorpha). In: Houston, W. W. K. & Wells, A. (Eds.), Zoological Catalog of Australia. Vol. 27. CSIRO, Melbourne, pp. 1 - 737.","Rider, D. A. (2006) Family Pentatomidae. In: Aukema, B. & Rieger, C. (Eds.), Catalogue of the Heteroptera of the Palaearctic Region. Vol. 5. The Netherlands Entomological Society, Amsterdam, pp. 233 - 402.","Ferrari, A., Schwertner, C. F. & Grazia, J. (2010) Review, cladistic analysis and biogeography of Nezara Amyot & Serville (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Zootaxa, 2424 (1), 1 - 41. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2424.1.1","Bianchi, F. M., Marsaro Jr., A. L., Grazia, J., Pereira, P. R. V. S. & Panizzi, A. R. (2019) Diversity of Stink Bugs (Pentatomidae) Associated with Canola: Looking for Potential Pests. Neotropical Entomology, 48, 219 - 224. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13744 - 018 - 0642 - 3","Roza-Gomes, M. F., Salvadori, J. R., Pereira, P. R. V. S. & Panizzi, A. R. (2011) Injurias de quatro especies de percevejos pentatomideos em plantulas de milho. Ciencia Rural, 41 (7), 1115 - 1119. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0103 - 84782011005000081","Valicente, F. H. (2015) Manejo integrado de pragas na cultura do milho. EMBRAPA Milho e Sorgo, Circular Tecnica 208. EMBRAPA Milho e Sorgo, Sete Lagoas, 13 pp.","Pereira, P. R. V. S. & Salvadori, J. R. (2020) Arvore do conhecimento - Centeio, Insetos. AGEITEC - Agencia Embrapa de Informacao Tecnologica. Available from: http: // www. agencia. cnptia. embrapa. br / gestor / centeio / arvore / CONT 000 fz 2 zy 82 a 02 wx 5 ok 0 ejlyhd 0 qlyuvr. html (accessed 29 March 2020)","Lopes, O. J., Link, D. & Basso, L. V. (1974) Pentatomideos de Santa Maria - lista preliminar de plantas hospedeiras. Revista Centro de Ciencias Rurais, 4 (4), 317 - 322.","Link, D. & Grazia, J. (1987) Pentatomideos da regiao central do Rio Grande do Sul (Heteroptera). Anais da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil, 16 (1), 115 - 129.","Grazia, J. (1977) Revisao dos Pentatomineos citados no Quarto Catalogo dos Insetos que Vivem nas Plantas do Brasil (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae, Pentatomini). Dusenia, 10 (3), 161 - 174.","Medeiros, L. & Megier, G. A. (2009) Ocorrencia e desempenho de Euschistus heros (F.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) em Plantas Hospedeiras Alternativas no Rio Grande do Sul. Neotropical Entomology, 38 (4), 459 - 463. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1519 - 566 X 2009000400003","Garbelotto, T. A. & Campos, L. A. (2014) Pentatominae do Sul de Santa Catarina. Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia, Curitiba, 80 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.7476 / 9788598203089.0001"]}

Chinavia obstinata (St��l, 1860) (Figs 44���46) Rhaphigaster obstinatus St��l, 1860: 23; Walker, 1867: 360. Acrosternum (Chinavia) panizzii Frey-da-Silva & Grazia, 2001: 113, 115���117 (Syn. by Schwertner & Grazia, 2007). Acrosternum obstinatum: Matesco et al. 2003: 82���88. Chinavia obstinata: Schwertner & Grazia, 2006: 243; 2007: 430���431; Genevcius et al. 2012: 26���27; Campos et al. 2012, figs 2���3; F��rstenau et al. 2013: 74���78 (key); Bianchi et al. 2019; Servino & Schwertner, 2020 (electronic key). Material studied. Pelotas: 1♂, 1♀, 20.III.2001, L. M. Vivian leg. (UFRG). Porto Alegre: 1♂, II.1995, J. A. M. Fernandes leg. (UFRG). Rio Grande: 1♂, Esta����o Ecol��gica do Taim, 17.III.1982, J. Grazia leg. (UFRG). Diagnostic features. Body oval, light to dark green. Cicatrices of pronotum, basal angles of scutellum and connexivum immaculate (Fig. 44), but the latter may bear black spots at the posterolateral angles. Abdominal spine surpassing mesocoxae (Fig. 45, red arrow). Spiracles pale or dark. Body length: 11.00���15.00 mm (Schwertner & Grazia 2007; Campos et al. 2012; Garbelotto & Campos 2014). Recorded host plants. Canola (Marsaro Jr. et al. 2017; Bianchi et al. 2019) and soybean (Garbelotto & Campos 2014). Distribution in Rio Grande do Sul. Estrela, Pelotas, Porto Alegre, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande and Viam��o (Fig. 46)., Published as part of Barros, Lurdiana D., Paim, Marcelo R., Krein, Ver��nica, Carabajal, Victor, Brand��o, Marcela N., Bernardes, Paula De O. & Lindner, Mariana F., 2021, Illustrated guide to Pentatominae (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) species associated with the four main grain crops in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, pp. 430-478 in Zootaxa 4958 (1) on page 447, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4958.1.27, http://zenodo.org/record/4692176, {"references":["Stal, C. (1860) Bidrag till Rio Janeiro - Traktens Hemipter-fauna. Part I. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps - Akademiens Handlingar, 2 (7), 1 - 84.","Walker, F. (1867) Catalogue of the specimens of Hemiptera-Heteroptera in the collection of the British Museum. British Museum, London, 1655 pp. [Part 2: pp. 241 - 417]. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 118688","Frey-da-Silva, A. & Grazia, J. (2001) Novas especies de Acrosternum subgenero Chinavia (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae, Pentatomini). Iheringia, Serie Zoologia, 90, 107 - 126. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0073 - 47212001000100011","Schwertner, C. F. & Grazia, J. (2007) O genero Chinavia Orian (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae, Pentatominae) no Brasil, com chave pictorica para os adultos. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 51 (4), 416 - 435. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0085 - 56262007000400005","Matesco, V. C., Fortes, N. D. F. & Grazia, J. (2003) Imaturos de Pentatomideos (Hemiptera, Heteroptera): Morfologia e biologia de Acrosternum obstinatum. Iheringia, Serie Zoologia, 93 (1), 81 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0073 - 47212003000100009","Schwertner, C. F & Grazia, J. (2006) Descricao de seis especies de Chinavia (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Pentatominae) da America do Sul. Iheringia, Serie Zoologi a, 96 (2), 237 - 248. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0073 - 47212006000200015","Genevcius, B. C., Grazia, J. & Schwertner, C. F. (2012) Cladistic analysis and revision of the obstinata group, genus Chinavia Orian (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Zootaxa, 3434 (1), 1 - 30. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3434.1.1","Campos, L. A., Bianchi, F. M. & Garbelotto, T. A. (2012) On the Genus Chinavia Orian: Additions to the Descriptions of Three Species (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Neotropical Entomology, 41, 163 - 167. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13744 - 012 - 0027 - y","Furstenau, B. B. R. J., Schwertner, C. F. & Grazia, J. (2013) Comparative morphology of immature stages of four species of Chinavia (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae), with a key to the species of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. ZooKeys, 319, 59 - 82. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 319.4310","Bianchi, F. M., Marsaro Jr., A. L., Grazia, J., Pereira, P. R. V. S. & Panizzi, A. R. (2019) Diversity of Stink Bugs (Pentatomidae) Associated with Canola: Looking for Potential Pests. Neotropical Entomology, 48, 219 - 224. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13744 - 018 - 0642 - 3","Garbelotto, T. A. & Campos, L. A. (2014) Pentatominae do Sul de Santa Catarina. Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia, Curitiba, 80 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.7476 / 9788598203089.0001"]}

Chinavia nigridorsata (Breddin, 1901) (Figs 41–43) Nezara nigridorsata Breddin, 1901: 123. Acrosternum armigera: Costa & Link, 1974: 398. Acrosternum (Chinavia) bellum Rolston, 1983: 110; Link & Grazia, 1987: 117. Acrosternum bellum: Panizzi et al., 2000 Chinavia nigridorsata: Schwertner & Grazia, 2007: 430; Fürstenau et al. 2013: 74–78 (key); Bianchi et al. 2019; Servino & Schwertner, 2020 (electronic key). Material studied. Cruz Alta: 1♀ 1♂, 19.X.1981, Link & Costa leg., “Colza” (UFRG). Guaíba: 1♀, Estação Experimental Agronômica, XII.1982, G. Moreira leg. (UFRG); 1♀, 01.X.1985, Joá, Del Vecchio leg. (UFRG). Rio Grande: 1♂, Estação Ecológica do Taim, 01.IV.1981, J. Grazia leg. (UFRG). Diagnostic features. Body green to light green (Fig. 41), lateral margins of mandibular plates, pronotum, hemelytra and connexivum reddish (Fig. 41). Cicatrices of pronotum and basal angles of scutellum immaculate (Fig. 42). Posterolateral angles of connexivum maculate (Fig. 41). Spiracles black surrounded by a yellow callus. Humeral angles produced into a spine (Figs 41–42). Body length: 11.00–13.00 mm (Schwertner & Grazia 2007; Garbelotto & Campos 2014). Recorded host plants. Soybean and wheat (Lopes et al. 1974; Link & Grazia 1987), and Canola (Bianchi et al. 2019). Distribution in Rio Grande do Sul. Cruz Alta, Guaíba, Rio Grande, Santa Maria and Passo Fundo (Fig. 43). Comments. This species is similar to C. armigera, being differentiated by having the mandibular plates narrower and margins of body reddish instead of yellowish. New records. Cruz Alta and Guaíba., Published as part of Barros, Lurdiana D., Paim, Marcelo R., Krein, Verônica, Carabajal, Victor, Brandão, Marcela N., Bernardes, Paula De O. & Lindner, Mariana F., 2021, Illustrated guide to Pentatominae (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) species associated with the four main grain crops in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, pp. 430-478 in Zootaxa 4958 (1) on page 446, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4958.1.27, http://zenodo.org/record/4692176, {"references":["Costa, E. C. & Link, D. (1974) Incidencia de percevejos em soja. Revista do Centro de Ciencias Rurais, 4 (4), 397 - 400.","Rolston, L. H. (1983) A revision of the genus Acrosternum Fieber, subgenus Chinavia Orian in the Western Hemisphere (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae, Pentatomini). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 91, 97 - 176.","Link, D. & Grazia, J. (1987) Pentatomideos da regiao central do Rio Grande do Sul (Heteroptera). Anais da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil, 16 (1), 115 - 129.","Panizzi, A. R, McPherson, J. E., James, D. G., Javahery, J. & McPherson, R. M. (2000) Stink Bugs (Pentatomidae). In: Schaefer, C. W. & Panizzi, A. R. (Eds.), Heteroptera of Economic Importance. CRC Press, Boca Raton, London, New York and Washington, D. C., pp. 421 - 474.","Schwertner, C. F. & Grazia, J. (2007) O genero Chinavia Orian (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae, Pentatominae) no Brasil, com chave pictorica para os adultos. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 51 (4), 416 - 435. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0085 - 56262007000400005","Furstenau, B. B. R. J., Schwertner, C. F. & Grazia, J. (2013) Comparative morphology of immature stages of four species of Chinavia (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae), with a key to the species of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. ZooKeys, 319, 59 - 82. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 319.4310","Bianchi, F. M., Marsaro Jr., A. L., Grazia, J., Pereira, P. R. V. S. & Panizzi, A. R. (2019) Diversity of Stink Bugs (Pentatomidae) Associated with Canola: Looking for Potential Pests. Neotropical Entomology, 48, 219 - 224. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13744 - 018 - 0642 - 3","Garbelotto, T. A. & Campos, L. A. (2014) Pentatominae do Sul de Santa Catarina. Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia, Curitiba, 80 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.7476 / 9788598203089.0001","Lopes, O. J., Link, D. & Basso, L. V. (1974) Pentatomideos de Santa Maria - lista preliminar de plantas hospedeiras. Revista Centro de Ciencias Rurais, 4 (4), 317 - 322."]}

Key to the species of Pentatominae on grain crops of economic importance in Rio Grande do Sul (including only the species listed in this work) 1 Abdominal sternite 3 with process (Fig. 21)................................................................ 2 - Abdominal sternite 3 without process.................................................................... 12 2 Mandibular plates surpassing the clypeus and acute apically (Fig. 22)........................... Arvelius albopunctatus - Mandibular plates subequal to clypeus and rounded apically (Fig. 102)........................................... 3 3 Living specimens yellowish castaneous to green, pronotum with a reddish-brown trans-humeral band (Figs 100, 102)........................................................................................... Piezodorus guildinii - Living specimens green, pronotum without reddish-brown trans-humeral band (Fig. 92)............................. 4 4 Abdominal spine short, rounded, not reaching coxae (Fig. 93); spiracles with juxtaposed green maculae, without callosity (Fig. 94, black arrow).......................................................................... Nezara viridula - Abdominal spine variable in size, rounded or acute, spiracles with juxtaposed maculae, concolourous or not, and with a callosity............................................................................................. 5 5 Humeral angles produced into a spine (Figs 24, 42).......................................................... 6 - Humeral angles not produced (Figs 30, 48)................................................................. 7 6 Lateral margins of body yellowish, apical portion of head broad (Fig. 25)........................... Chinavia armigera - Lateral margins of body reddish to orange, apical portion of head narrow (Fig. 42)................. Chinavia nigridorsata 7 Abdominal spine surpassing the mesocoxae (Fig. 45)........................................... Chinavia obstinata - Abdominal spine not reaching the mesocoxae............................................................... 8 8 Abdominal spine reaching the anterior margin of metacoxae (Fig. 35)............................... Chinavia herbida - Abdominal spine not reaching the anterior margin of metacocoxae.............................................. 9 9 Cicatrices of pronotum and basal angles of scutellum black (Fig. 30)........................................... 10 - Cicatrices of pronotum and basal angles of scutellum concolorous with remaining dorsal surface, never black........... 11 10 Antennae black (Fig. 30), coxae, trochanters, apices of femora and tibiae red (Fig. 32)............. Chinavia erythrocnemis - Antennae and legs green (Fig. 39)....................................................... Chinavia impicticornis 11 Lateral margin of body broadly red to orange red (Figs 47, 48), posterior margin of connexivum black (Fig. 47).................................................................................................. Chinavia pengue - Lateral margin of body narrowly light red (Figs 27, 28), posterior margin of connexivum concolourous with dorsal surface (Fig. 27)..................................................................................... Chinavia aseada 12 Live specimens green; distal apex of all femora bearing a strong spine (Fig. 79, black arrow)........................ 13 - Live specimens pale yellow to black; distal apex of all femora unarmed......................................... 14 13 Humeral angles strongly developed, directed laterally, reddish (Fig. 80); corium with multiple pale callosities, irregularly distributed (Fig. 78)......................................................................... Loxa deducta - Humeral angles slightly developed, directed anteriorly, black (Fig. 83); each corium with a single pale callosity (Fig. 82)........................................................................................ Mayrinia curvidens 14 Inferior surface of all femora with small tubercles bearing setae (Fig. 18)........................................ 15 - Inferior surface of all femora lacking tubercles............................................................. 19 15 Anterolateral margins of pronotum straight (Fig. 16); corium banded, not punctate and with minute teeth on lateral margin (Fig. 17); femoral tubercles arranged in two rows................................................... Agroecus griseus - Anterolateral margins of pronotum concave (Figs 13, 57); corium without bands or minute teeth on lateral margin, not punctate; femoral tubercles arranged irregularly.................................................................... 16 16 Humeral angles quadrate (Fig. 13); apex of scutellum immaculate............................... Adustonotus irroratus - Humeral angles acute (Figs 57, 61, 63); apex of scutellum maculate............................................ 17 17 Anterolateral margins of pronotum serrate (Fig. 57); legs without black spots; membrane of hemelytra with linear veins (Fig. 56).......................................................................... Euschistus (Euschistus) heros - Anterolateral margins of pronotum with spaced denticles (Figs 61, 63); legs with black spots (Fig. 59); membrane of hemelytra with reticulated veins (Fig. 60).......................................................................... 18 18 Dorsal surface of body wrinkled; humeral angles rounded apically and directed anterolaterally (Fig. 61); conspicuous macule on apex of scutellum (Fig. 59)................................................... Euschistus (Lycipta) picticornis - Dorsal surface of body not wrinkled; humeral angles acute apically and directed laterally (Fig. 63); inconspicuous macule on apex of scutellum (Fig. 63)..................................................... Euschistus (Lycipta) triangulator 19 Basal angles of scutellum not foveate (Fig. 7).............................................................. 20 - Basal angles of scutellum foveate....................................................................... 21 20 Anterolateral margins of pronotum convex (Figs 6, 8); basal angles of scutellum not black (Fig. 7); mandibular plates subequal to clypeus and divergent apically (Fig. 8)................................................... Acledra bonariensis - Anterolateral margins of pronotum straight to slightly concave (Figs 10, 11); basal angles of scutellum black (Figs 10, 11); mandibular plates longer than clypeus and convergent apically (Fig. 11).............................. Acledra fraterna 21 First labiomere surpassing the bucculae (Fig. 86, black arrow)................................................. 22 - First labiomere between the bucculae (Fig. 76, black arrow).................................................. 23 22 Body color castaneous; humeral angles black, slightly produced and obtuse apically (Fig. 85); scutellum with a small pale yellow callosity on each angle, the callosities on basal angles not extending to lateral margins (Fig. 85). Mormidea notulifera - Body color black; humeral angles variable, from a small round projection (Fig. 90) to an acute spine apically (Fig. 89); scutellum with a pale yellow callosity on each angle, the ones on basal angles extending through half of lateral margins (Fig. 88).......................................................................................... Mormidea v-luteum 23 Anterolateral margins of pronotum straight (Fig. 75)........................................... Hypatropis inermis - Anterolateral margins of pronotum concave (Fig. 51)........................................................ 24 24 Apex of mandibular plates acute (Figs 51, 53).............................................................. 25 - Apex of mandibular plates rounded (Figs 96, 98)........................................................... 26 25 Humeral angles concolorous with pronotum (Figs 50, 51); scutellum without pale line on apical margin (Fig. 50)............................................................................................... Diceraeus furcatus - Humeral angles black (Fig. 53); scutellum with pale line along apical margin (Fig. 53)............ Diceraeus melacanthus 26 Mandibular plates subequal to clypeus (Figs 98, 105); antennomere 2 longer than antennomere 1 (Fig. 104)............ 27 - Mandibular plates smaller than clypeus (Figs 66, 73); antennomere 2 shorter than antennomere 1 (Fig. 110)............ 30 27 Body slender; scutellum with large pale callosities (Figs 96, 98)............................................... 28 - Body oval; scutellum without callosities.................................................................. 29 28 Apex of radial vein of corium with a large pale yellow callosity; body ferruginous to dark castaneous, with one pair of yellow callosities on pronotum (Fig. 96)............................................................ Oebalus poecilus - Apex of radial vein of corium without callosity; body castaneous, with one pair of small yellow spots, not callosities, on pronotum (Fig. 98).................................................................. Oebalus ypsilongriseus 29 Humeral angles slightly produced, rounded apically, directed laterally (Figs 104, 105); scutellum with dark apex (Fig. 104); connexivum concolor to dorsal surface........................................................ Thyanta humilis - Humeral angles produced, acute apically, directed anterolaterally (Fig. 107); scutellum apex concolor to dorsal surface; connexivum with orange maculae (Fig. 107).................................................... Thyanta perditor 30 Outline of anterolateral margins of pronotum not punctate (Figs 110, 113); antennomere 4 cylindrical (Fig. 2); sub lateral margin of abdomen not concolorous with abdominal venter (Figs 111, 115)...................................... 31 - Outline of anterolateral margins of pronotum uniformly punctate (Figs 66, 73); antennomere 4 conical (Fig. 66); sub lateral margin of abdomen concolorous with abdominal venter (Fig. 67).............................................. 32 31 Small specimens (not surpassing 12.00 mm); legs red to dark red; connexivum margin light castaneous with small black spot at apex (Fig.111)............................................................................ Tibraca exigua - Large specimens (surpassing 12.00 mm); legs castaneous, concolor with the venter; connexivum with dark castaneous macule on anterior angles (Fig. 115)............................................................ Tibraca limbativentris 32 Dorsal surface setose (Fig. 72); anterior angles of pronotum acute (Fig. 73, black arrow)............. Glyphepomis setigera - Dorsal surface glabrous; anterior angles of pronotum rounded (Fig. 66)......................................... 33 33 Abdominal sternites with densely distributed punctures medially, and sparse on sub lateral margin (Fig. 67)............................................................................................. Glyphepomis adroguensis - Abdominal sternites with uniformly distributed punctures (Fig. 70)............................ Glyphepomis pelotensis, Published as part of Barros, Lurdiana D., Paim, Marcelo R., Krein, Verônica, Carabajal, Victor, Brandão, Marcela N., Bernardes, Paula De O. & Lindner, Mariana F., 2021, Illustrated guide to Pentatominae (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) species associated with the four main grain crops in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, pp. 430-478 in Zootaxa 4958 (1) on pages 433-435, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4958.1.27, http://zenodo.org/record/4692176

Chinavia pengue (Rolston, 1983) (Figs 47–49) Acrosternum (Chinavia) pengue Rolston, 1983: 170. Chinavia pengue: Schwertner & Grazia, 2007: 431; Fürstenau et al. 2013: 75, 77–78 (key). Marsaro Jr. et al. 2017; Bianchi et al. 2019; Servino & Schwertner, 2020 (electronic key). Material studied. Catuípe: 1♂, 01.XI.1979, E. Bernardi leg., J. Grazia det. 19?? (UFRG). Cruz Alta: 04.IX.1981, Link & Costa leg., J. Grazia det. 19?? (UFRG). Santa Maria: 1♀, 01.IX.1974, C. R. Bestelli leg., J. Grazia det. 1986 (UFRG); 1♀, 15.VII.1984, R. Dalmolin leg., J. Grazia det. 1986 (UFRG). Diagnostic features. Body light to dark green. Margins of mandibular plates, pronotum, basal third of hemelytra and posterior margin of connexivum red to orange red (Figs 47–48). Basal angles of scutellum immaculate (Fig. 47, black arrow). Spiracles green. Body length: 11.00–13.00 mm (Schwertner & Grazia 2007; Garbelotto & Campos 2014). Recorded host plants. Canola (Marsaro Jr. et al. 2017; Bianchi et al. 2019) and soybean (Link & Grazia 1987; Matesco et al. 2007). Distribution in Rio Grande do Sul. Catuípe, Cruz Alta, Passo Fundo, Santa Maria and São Francisco de Paula (Fig. 49). New records. Catuípe and Cruz Alta., Published as part of Barros, Lurdiana D., Paim, Marcelo R., Krein, Verônica, Carabajal, Victor, Brandão, Marcela N., Bernardes, Paula De O. & Lindner, Mariana F., 2021, Illustrated guide to Pentatominae (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) species associated with the four main grain crops in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, pp. 430-478 in Zootaxa 4958 (1) on page 448, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4958.1.27, http://zenodo.org/record/4692176, {"references":["Rolston, L. H. (1983) A revision of the genus Acrosternum Fieber, subgenus Chinavia Orian in the Western Hemisphere (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae, Pentatomini). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 91, 97 - 176.","Schwertner, C. F. & Grazia, J. (2007) O genero Chinavia Orian (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae, Pentatominae) no Brasil, com chave pictorica para os adultos. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 51 (4), 416 - 435. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0085 - 56262007000400005","Furstenau, B. B. R. J., Schwertner, C. F. & Grazia, J. (2013) Comparative morphology of immature stages of four species of Chinavia (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae), with a key to the species of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. ZooKeys, 319, 59 - 82. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 319.4310","Bianchi, F. M., Marsaro Jr., A. L., Grazia, J., Pereira, P. R. V. S. & Panizzi, A. R. (2019) Diversity of Stink Bugs (Pentatomidae) Associated with Canola: Looking for Potential Pests. Neotropical Entomology, 48, 219 - 224. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13744 - 018 - 0642 - 3","Garbelotto, T. A. & Campos, L. A. (2014) Pentatominae do Sul de Santa Catarina. Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia, Curitiba, 80 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.7476 / 9788598203089.0001","Link, D. & Grazia, J. (1987) Pentatomideos da regiao central do Rio Grande do Sul (Heteroptera). Anais da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil, 16 (1), 115 - 129.","Matesco, V. C., Schwertner, C. F. & Grazia, J. (2007) Descricao dos estagios imaturos e biologia de Chinavia pengue (Rolston) (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 51 (1), 93 - 100. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0085 - 56262007000100016"]}

Mayrinia curvidens (Mayr, 1864) (Figs 82–84) Loxa curvidens Mayr, 1864: 909. Mayrinia curvidens: Pirán, 1956: 30; Grazia-Vieira, 1972: 119–121. Material studied. Derrubadas: 1♀, Parque Estadual do Turvo, Trilha Salto Yucumá, 19.IV.2004, J. L. C. Bernardes leg. (UFRG); 1♂, Parque Estadual do Turvo, 17.IV.2004, J. L. C. Bernardes leg. (UFRG). Maquiné: 1♂, Forqueta, varredura, 16.IX.2006, A. Ferrari leg., J. Grazia det. 2006, LES–936 (UFRG); 2♀, Sítio da Amizade, inspeção visual, 27.V.2006, A. Ferrari & L. M. Weiler leg., J. Grazia det. 2006, LES–930, 932 (UFRG). São Francisco de Paula: 1♀, Floresta Nacional de São Francisco de Paula, Trilha 1, Varredura, 09.VI.2006, A. Frey da Silva leg., J. Grazia det. 2006 (UFRG). Diagnostic features. Body dorsal and ventral surfaces green (Fig. 82), antennae reddish. Mandibular plates longer than clypeus. Anterolateral margins of pronotum concave and with spaced denticles. Humeral angles slightly developed, acute apically and anteriorly directed, black (Fig. 83). Each corium with one pale calosity. Connexivum concealed and immaculate. Body length: 11.00–14.00 mm (Garbelotto & Campos 2014). Recorded host plants. Rice (Lopes et al. 1974; Link & Grazia 1987) and soybean (Costa & Link 1974; Lopes et al. 1974; Link & Grazia 1987). Distribution in Rio Grande do Sul. Derrubadas, Maquiné, Pelotas, Porto Alegre, Santa Maria, São Francisco de Paula, São Leopoldo and São Sepé (Fig. 84). New records. Derrubadas, Maquiné and São Francisco de Paula., Published as part of Barros, Lurdiana D., Paim, Marcelo R., Krein, Verônica, Carabajal, Victor, Brandão, Marcela N., Bernardes, Paula De O. & Lindner, Mariana F., 2021, Illustrated guide to Pentatominae (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) species associated with the four main grain crops in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, pp. 430-478 in Zootaxa 4958 (1) on page 459, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4958.1.27, http://zenodo.org/record/4692176, {"references":["Mayr, G. (1864) Diagnosen neuer Hemipteren. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 14, 903 - 914.","Piran, A. A. (1956) Hemipteros raros o poco conocidos y no mencionados para las faunas de Brasil, Uruguay, Argentina, Paraguay y Bolivia. Revista de la Sociedad Uruguaya de Entomologia, 1 (1), 29 - 35.","Grazia-Vieira, J. (1972) O genero Mayrinia Horvath, 1925 (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae, Pentatomini). Revista Peruana de Entomologia, 15, 117 - 124.","Garbelotto, T. A. & Campos, L. A. (2014) Pentatominae do Sul de Santa Catarina. Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia, Curitiba, 80 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.7476 / 9788598203089.0001","Lopes, O. J., Link, D. & Basso, L. V. (1974) Pentatomideos de Santa Maria - lista preliminar de plantas hospedeiras. Revista Centro de Ciencias Rurais, 4 (4), 317 - 322.","Link, D. & Grazia, J. (1987) Pentatomideos da regiao central do Rio Grande do Sul (Heteroptera). Anais da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil, 16 (1), 115 - 129.","Costa, E. C. & Link, D. (1974) Incidencia de percevejos em soja. Revista do Centro de Ciencias Rurais, 4 (4), 397 - 400."]}

Tibraca limbativentris Stål, 1860 (Figs 2–3; 113–116) Tibraca limbativentris Stål, 1860: 18; Stål, 1867: 26; Stål, 1872b: 30; Lethierry & Severin, 1893: 132; Kirkaldy, 1909: 72; Bosq, 1937: 127; Barber, 1941: 111; Costa Lima, 1947: 312; Pirán, 1956: 32; Ruffinelli & Pirán, 1959: 21; Benvegnú, 1968: 88; Becker & Grazia, 1971: 20; Fernandes & Grazia, 1998: 1052–1054. Mormidea basalis Walker, 1868: 553. Mormidea walkeri Lethierry & Severin, 1893: 124; Kirkaldy, 1909: 72. Tibraca basalis; Distant, 1899: 438. Ogmocoris reinigeri Costa Lima, 1935: 16; Silva, 1945: 596; Costa Lima, 1947: 311. Material studied. Cachoeirinha: 10♂, 8♀, IRGA [Instituto Rio Grandense do Arroz], 05.IV.2000, J. Oliveira leg. (UFRG). Eldorado do Sul: 2♂, 2♀, 17.IX.1992, J. A. M. Fernandes leg. (UFRG). Porto Alegre: 1♀, 21.VII.1993, J. Grazia leg. (UFRG); 1♂, 27.VIII.1974, Dalmolin leg. (UFRG). Diagnostic features. Body dorsal and ventral surfaces castaneous. Head longer than wide. Mandibular plates shorter than clypeus, rounded apically (Fig. 113). Clypeus robust and raised above the mandibular plates. Antennomere 2 smaller than the first. Outline of anterolateral margins of pronotum impunctate and pale yellow, straight (Fig. 113). Internal angles of cicatrices of pronotum with one pale yellow callosity each. Humeral angles slightly developed, acute apically, directed laterally. Apex of radial vein of corium with pale yellow callosity (Fig. 114). Connexivum with dark castaneous macule on anterior angles (Figs 2, 113). Sub-lateral margin of sternites yellow with sparsely distributed punctures. (Fig. 115). Body length: 13.00–16.00 mm (Fernandes & Grazia 1998; Garbelotto & Campos 2014). Recorded host plants. Rice (Botta et al. 2014; Hickel et al. 2016; Alves et al. 2016; Fuentes-Rodriguez et al. 2019), soybean (Costa & Link 1974; Link & Grazia 1987) and wheat (Link & Grazia 1987). May use as alternate hosts a variety of grasses (Andropogon lateralis, Eryngium eburneum, Paspalum urvillei, Schizachyrium microstachyum, Tridens brasiliensi s) and, sometimes, maize. Distribution in Rio Grande do Sul. Cachoeirinha, Capão do Leão, Eldorado do Sul, Guaíba, Itaqui, Pelotas, Porto Alegre, Santa Maria and São Sepé (Fig. 116). Comments. This species is the most important pest in rice crops in Brazil., Published as part of Barros, Lurdiana D., Paim, Marcelo R., Krein, Verônica, Carabajal, Victor, Brandão, Marcela N., Bernardes, Paula De O. & Lindner, Mariana F., 2021, Illustrated guide to Pentatominae (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) species associated with the four main grain crops in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, pp. 430-478 in Zootaxa 4958 (1) on pages 469-470, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4958.1.27, http://zenodo.org/record/4692176, {"references":["Stal, C. (1860) Bidrag till Rio Janeiro - Traktens Hemipter-fauna. Part I. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps - Akademiens Handlingar, 2 (7), 1 - 84.","Stal, C. (1867) Bidrag till hemipterernas systematik. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps- Akademiens Forhandlingar, 24 (7), 491 - 560. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 61897","Stal, C. (1872 b) Enumeratio Hemipterorum. II. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, 10 (4), 1 - 159.","Lethierry, L. & Severin, G. (1893) Catalogue general des Hemipteres. Vol. 1. F. Hayez, Bruxelles and Berlin, x + 286 pp.","Kirkaldy, G. W. (1909) Catalogue of the Hemiptera (Heteroptera) 1 - Cimicidae. Felix L. Dames, Berlin, XL + 392 pp.","Bosq, J. M. (1937) Lista preliminar de los hemipteros (heteropteros), especialmente relacionados con la agricultura nacional. Revista de la Sociedade Entomologica Argentina, 9, 111 - 134.","Barber, H. G. (1941) A new species of Tibraca, injurious to rice in Ecuador (Hemiptera-Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 43 (5), 110 - 111.","Costa Lima, A. M. (1947) Notas sobre alguns pentatomideos. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 19 (4), 311 - 313.","Piran, A. A. (1956) Hemipteros raros o poco conocidos y no mencionados para las faunas de Brasil, Uruguay, Argentina, Paraguay y Bolivia. Revista de la Sociedad Uruguaya de Entomologia, 1 (1), 29 - 35.","Ruffinelli, A. & Piran, A. A. (1959) Hemipteros heteropteros del Uruguay. Boletin Facultad de Agronomia, Montevideo, 51, 3 - 60.","Benvegnu, G. H. (1968) \" Paramecocephala \" um novo genero de Pentatomini do Brasil (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae, Pentatominae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 28 (1), 87 - 96.","Becker, M. & Grazia, J. (1971) Contribuicao ao conhecimento da superfamilia Pentatomoidea na Venezuela (Heteroptera). Iheringia, Serie Zoologia, 40, 3 - 26.","Fernandes, J. A. M. & Grazia, J. (1998) Revision of the genus Tibraca Stal (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae, Pentatominae). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 15 (4), 1049 - 1060. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0101 - 81751998000400022","Walker, F. (1868) Catalogue of the specimens of Hemiptera-Heteroptera in the collection of the British Museum. British Museum, London, 1655 pp. [Part 3: pp. 419 - 599] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 118688","Distant, W. L. (1899) Rhynchotal notes III. Heteroptera: Discocephalinae and Pentatominae (part). Annals & Magazine of Natural History, Series 7, 4 (24), 421 - 445. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222939908678226","Costa Lima, A. M. (1935) Um novo \" frade \" praga de arroz no Rio Grande do Sul (Hemiptera: Pentatomoidea). Campo, 6 (10), 16.","Silva, A. (1945) Sobre a identidade de Tibraca limbativentris Stal, 1860 e Ogmocoris reinigeri Costa Lima, 1935. Chacaras e Quintais, 72, 596.","Garbelotto, T. A. & Campos, L. A. (2014) Pentatominae do Sul de Santa Catarina. Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia, Curitiba, 80 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.7476 / 9788598203089.0001","Botta, R. A., Silva, F. F., Pazini, J. B. & Rubernich, R. (2014) Estrategia de manejo de Tibraca limbativentris Stal (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) na entressafra da cultura do arroz irrigado. Revista de agricultura, 89 (3), 224 - 231. https: // doi. org / 10.37856 / bja. v 89 i 3.97","Hickel, E. R., Prando, H. F. & Eberhardt, D. S. (2016) Percevejos nas lavouras catarinenses de arroz irrigado: Ocorrencia, monitoramento e manejo integrado. Epagri, Florianopolis, 54 pp.","Alves, T. M., Maia, A. H. N. & Barrigossi, J. A. F. (2016) Spatial distribution and coexisting patterns of adults and nymphs of Tibraca limbativentris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in paddy rice fields. Environmental Entomology, 45 (6), 1505 - 1514. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / ee / nvw 141","Fuentes-Rodriguez, D., Franceschini, C., Gervazoni, P., Lopez, G., Sosa, A. & Kruger, R. (2019) Importance of native vegetation for detection and management of rice stink bug (Tibraca limbativentris). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 110 (3), 352 - 362. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485319000701","Costa, E. C. & Link, D. (1974) Incidencia de percevejos em soja. Revista do Centro de Ciencias Rurais, 4 (4), 397 - 400.","Link, D. & Grazia, J. (1987) Pentatomideos da regiao central do Rio Grande do Sul (Heteroptera). Anais da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil, 16 (1), 115 - 129."]}

Acledra fraterna (Stål, 1859) (Figs 10–12) Pentatoma fraterna Stål, 1859: 225–226. Acledra reflexa Signoret, 1863: 547–548, pl. 12, fig. 13 (syn. by Stål, 1867). Acledra fraterna: Stål, 1867: 528. Material studied. Júlio de Castilhos: 1♀, 29.X.1981, Link & Costa leg., “Colza”, J. Grazia det. 1986 (UFRG). Santa Maria: 1♂, 2♀, XI.1981, D. Link leg., “Colza”, J. Grazia det. 1986 (UFRG). Três Passos: 1♀, 5.XI.1986, I. H. Kuhn (UFRG). Diagnostic features. Body yellow with greenish tones. Mandibular plates longer than clypeus (Fig. 11, black arrow). Humeral angles rounded (Fig. 11). Internal angle of cicatrices of pronotum with dark spots. Basal angles of scutellum with black maculae (Figs 10, 11). Apex of radial vein of corium with a dark spot. Body length: 8.90 mm (Faúndez & Verdejo 2010; Garbelotto & Campos 2014). Recorded host plants. Soybean (Link & Grazia 1987). Distribution in Rio Grande do Sul. Júlio de Castilhos, Santa Maria and Três Passos (Fig. 12). New records. Júlio de Castilhos and Três Passos., Published as part of Barros, Lurdiana D., Paim, Marcelo R., Krein, Verônica, Carabajal, Victor, Brandão, Marcela N., Bernardes, Paula De O. & Lindner, Mariana F., 2021, Illustrated guide to Pentatominae (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) species associated with the four main grain crops in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, pp. 430-478 in Zootaxa 4958 (1) on pages 436-437, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4958.1.27, http://zenodo.org/record/4692176, {"references":["Stal, C. (1859) Hemiptera, species novas descripsit. Konglika Svenska Fregattens Eugenies Resa Omkring Jorden. IV. Zoologi, Insekter, 219 - 298.","Signoret, V. (1863) Revision des Hemipteres du Chile. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, Serie 4, 3, 541 - 588.","Stal, C. (1867) Bidrag till hemipterernas systematik. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps- Akademiens Forhandlingar, 24 (7), 491 - 560. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 61897","Faundez, E. I. & Verdejo, L. M. (2010) La singular morfologia de Acledra haematopa (Spinola, 1852) dentro del genero Acledra Signoret, 1864 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae): Un caso de mimetismo batesiano, com descripcion de un nuevo subgenero. Boletin de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 46, 77 - 82.","Garbelotto, T. A. & Campos, L. A. (2014) Pentatominae do Sul de Santa Catarina. Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia, Curitiba, 80 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.7476 / 9788598203089.0001","Link, D. & Grazia, J. (1987) Pentatomideos da regiao central do Rio Grande do Sul (Heteroptera). Anais da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil, 16 (1), 115 - 129."]}

Glyphepomis adroguensis Berg, 1891 (Figs 65–68) Glyphepomis adroguensis Berg, 1891: 280–282; Lethierry & Severin, 1893: 129; Kirkaldy, 1909: 68; Pennington, 1920: 8; Kormilev & Pirán, 1952: 301–306; Pirán, 1956: 32; Ruffinelli & Pirán, 1959: 18; Pirán, 1970: 127; Campos & Grazia, 1998: 208–209; Bianchi et al., 2016: 444 (key), 446 (map). Material studied. Cachoeirinha: 1♂, 1♀, 27.I.1981, M. H. Galileo leg. (UFRG); 2♀, 27.I.1981, H. A. Gastal leg., col. MCN 46112, MCN 46113 (MCNZ); 2♂, II–IV.2004, E. Costa leg. (MCNZ). Capão do Leão: 1♀, X.1990, Romano, C. M., MECB p207, UFPEL, Museu Entomológico, Família Pentatomidae, Glyphepomis sp. Silva, E. J. E det. (MECB). Gravataí: 1♂, 17.III.1983, V. L. Pitoni leg., col. MCN 46624 (MCNZ). Guaíba: 1♀, 10–11.III.1980, H. A. Gastal leg., col. MCN–16960 (MCNZ); 1♂, Est. Exp [Estação Experimental Agronômica] Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 21.IX.1982, G. Moreira leg. “em Colza”, (UFRG). Pelotas: 1♀, XI.1999, Kicköfel, A. leg. (MECB); 1♀, XI.1999, Rodriguez, F. leg. UFPEL (MECB). Porto Alegre: 1♂, 1♀, 31.II.1982, Soffel leg., nº 6797, nº 6300 (UFRG); 13.VII.1986, J. Grazia leg. (UFRG). Rio Grande: 1♀, ESEC Taim [Estação Ecológica do Taim], BR 47, Km 96, 04–05.XII.2010, B. B. R. J. Fürstenau & R. J. Fürstenau leg. (MCZN). Santa Maria: 2♀, 08.III.1986, D. Link leg., “Arroz”, (DZUP); 2♀, 04.II.1986, D. Link leg., “arroz” (DZUP); 1♀, 22.IV.1984 D. Link leg., “arroz”, (DZUP). Santo Antônio da Patrulha: 1♂, 24.VII.1985, Becker leg., “touceiras”, (UFRG). Diagnostic features. Body dorsal and ventral surfaces castaneous, glabrous. Head longer than wide. Mandibular plates shorter than clypeus, rounded apically. Clypeus robust and raised above mandibular plates (Fig. 66). Antennomere 4 conical and slightly grooved dorsally (Fig. 66, arrow). Surface of pronotum convex, anterolateral margins of pronotum concave and reflexed (Fig. 66). Humeral angles slightly produced into small tubercles, directed laterally. Basal angles of scutellum with one pale callosity each. Apex of radial vein of corium with inconspicuous callosity (Fig. 65). Mesosternum and abdominal disc black (Fig. 67). Body length: 6.00–7.00 mm. Recorded host plants. Rice (Campos & Grazia 1998; Farias et al. 2012). Distribution in Rio Grande do Sul. Cachoeirinha, Capão do Leão, Charqueadas, Eldorado do Sul, Gramado, Gravataí, Guaíba, Pelotas, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande, Santa Maria, Santo Antônio da Patrulha and Taquara (Fig. 68)., Published as part of Barros, Lurdiana D., Paim, Marcelo R., Krein, Verônica, Carabajal, Victor, Brandão, Marcela N., Bernardes, Paula De O. & Lindner, Mariana F., 2021, Illustrated guide to Pentatominae (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) species associated with the four main grain crops in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, pp. 430-478 in Zootaxa 4958 (1) on pages 454-455, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4958.1.27, http://zenodo.org/record/4692176, {"references":["Berg, C. (1891) Nova Hemiptera Faunarum Argentinae et Uruguayensis. Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina, 32, 239 - 287.","Lethierry, L. & Severin, G. (1893) Catalogue general des Hemipteres. Vol. 1. F. Hayez, Bruxelles and Berlin, x + 286 pp.","Kirkaldy, G. W. (1909) Catalogue of the Hemiptera (Heteroptera) 1 - Cimicidae. Felix L. Dames, Berlin, XL + 392 pp.","Pennington, M. S. (1920) Lista de los Hemipteros Heteropteros de la Republica Argentina. Buenos Aires, Quilmes, 47 pp.","Kormilev, N. A. & Piran, A. A. (1952) Una Especie Nueva del Genero Glyphepomis Berg (1891) de la Argentina (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 15, 301 - 306.","Piran, A. A. (1956) Hemipteros raros o poco conocidos y no mencionados para las faunas de Brasil, Uruguay, Argentina, Paraguay y Bolivia. Revista de la Sociedad Uruguaya de Entomologia, 1 (1), 29 - 35.","Ruffinelli, A. & Piran, A. A. (1959) Hemipteros heteropteros del Uruguay. Boletin Facultad de Agronomia, Montevideo, 51, 3 - 60.","Piran, A. A. (1970) Hemiptera Neotropica, XIII. Acta Zoologica Lilloana, 26 (8), 127.","Campos, L. A. & Grazia, J. (1998) Revisao de Glyphepomis Berg, 1891 (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 41 (2 - 4), 203 - 212.","Bianchi, F. M., Goncalves, V. R., Souza, J. R. & Campos, L. A. (2016) Description of three new species of Glyphepomis Berg (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae: Pentatominae). Zootaxa, 4103 (5), 443 - 452. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4103.5.2","Farias, P. M., Klein, J. T., Sant'Ana, J., Redaelli, L. R. & Grazia, J. (2012) First records of Glyphepomis adroguensis (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae) and its parasitoid, Telenomus podisi (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae), on irrigated rice fields in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 56 (3), 383 - 384. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0085 - 56262012005000044"]}

Chinavia aseada (Rolston, 1983) (Figs 27–29) Acrosternum (Chinavia) aseadum Rolston, 1983: 132; Link & Grazia, 1987: 117. Chinavia aseada: Schwertner & Grazia, 2007: 431; Bunde et al. 2010; Fürstenau et al. 2013: 61 (table), 65 –68, figs 7–12, 75, 77–78 (key); Matesco et al. 2014: 368, figs 7, 52–55; Servino & Schwertner, 2020 (electronic key). Material studied. Cruz Alta: 3♀, 14.X.1981, Link & Costa leg., Linho (UFRG). Santa Maria: 1♂, 03.VI.1982, J. A. [unreadable] leg., J. Grazia det. 1986 (UFRG); 1♂, X.1984, Tremoço branco, D. Link leg. (UFRG); 1♂, XII.1981, D. Link leg., “Feijoeiro” (UFRG); 1♀, X.1984, “ Girassol ”, D. Link leg., J. Grazia det. 1986 (UFRG). São Sepé: 1♀, 13.XII.1981, E. C. Costa leg., “Feijoeiro” (UFRG). Diagnostic features. Body light green. Lateral margin of body light red to orange (Fig. 27). Cicatrices of pronotum and basal angles of scutellum immaculate (Fig. 27). Connexivum and abdominal sternites immaculate (Fig. 28). Humeral angles not produced. Abdominal spine not produced, not reaching metacoxae; spiracles black and surrounded by a yellow callus (Fig. 28) (Schwertner & Grazia 2007; Servino & Schwertner 2020). Body length: 12.00–14.00 mm (Schwertner & Grazia 2007). Recorded host plants. Canola (Marsaro Jr. et al. 2017; Bianchi et al. 2019) and soybean (Link & Grazia 1987). Distribution in Rio Grande do Sul. Barra do Quaraí, Cruz Alta, Esmeralda, Santa Maria, São Sepé, Passo Fundo and Pelotas (Fig. 29)., Published as part of Barros, Lurdiana D., Paim, Marcelo R., Krein, Verônica, Carabajal, Victor, Brandão, Marcela N., Bernardes, Paula De O. & Lindner, Mariana F., 2021, Illustrated guide to Pentatominae (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) species associated with the four main grain crops in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, pp. 430-478 in Zootaxa 4958 (1) on page 442, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4958.1.27, http://zenodo.org/record/4692176, {"references":["Rolston, L. H. (1983) A revision of the genus Acrosternum Fieber, subgenus Chinavia Orian in the Western Hemisphere (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae, Pentatomini). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 91, 97 - 176.","Link, D. & Grazia, J. (1987) Pentatomideos da regiao central do Rio Grande do Sul (Heteroptera). Anais da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil, 16 (1), 115 - 129.","Schwertner, C. F. & Grazia, J. (2007) O genero Chinavia Orian (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae, Pentatominae) no Brasil, com chave pictorica para os adultos. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 51 (4), 416 - 435. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0085 - 56262007000400005","Bunde, P. R. S., Grazia, J., Mendonca Junior, M. S., Schwertner, C. F., Silva, E. J. E. & Garcia, E. N. (2010) Pentatomidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) of the Pampa biome: Serra do Sudeste and Parque de Espinilho da Barra do Quarai, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 10 (3), 83 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1676 - 06032010000300008","Furstenau, B. B. R. J., Schwertner, C. F. & Grazia, J. (2013) Comparative morphology of immature stages of four species of Chinavia (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae), with a key to the species of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. ZooKeys, 319, 59 - 82. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 319.4310","Matesco, V. C., Bianchi, F. M., Furstenau, B. B. R., Poock da Silva, P., Campos, L. A. & Grazia, J. (2014) External egg structure of the Pentatomidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) and the search for characters with phylogentic importance. Zootaxa, 3768 (3), 351 - 385. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3768.3.5","Bianchi, F. M., Marsaro Jr., A. L., Grazia, J., Pereira, P. R. V. S. & Panizzi, A. R. (2019) Diversity of Stink Bugs (Pentatomidae) Associated with Canola: Looking for Potential Pests. Neotropical Entomology, 48, 219 - 224. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13744 - 018 - 0642 - 3"]}

Diceraeus furcatus (Fabricius, 1775) (Figs 50–52) Cimex furcatus Fabricius, 1775: 705. Dichelops furcatus: Berg, 1878: 308; Costa & Link, 1974: 398–399. Dichelops (Neodichelops) furcatus: Grazia, 1978: 68. Dichelops (Diceraeus) furcatus: Grazia & Schwertner, 2008: 234; Bianchi et al. 2019. Diceraeus furcatus: Barão et al. 2020: 10 (stat. rev. by Barão et al. 2020) Material studied. Bagé: 3♀, Arroio S [an]ta Maria Chicó, 30.XI.2006, Schwertner & Cohen leg. (UFRG). Derrubadas: 2♂, 1♀, Parque Estadual do Turvo, 26–30.IX.1983, S. L. Bonatto leg. (UFRG). Guaíba: 1♀, 01.X.1998, Del Vecchio, M.C. leg., “em Joá” (UFRG). Passo Fundo: 02.III.1974, A. R. Panizzi leg. (UFRG). Porto Alegre: 1♀, Ponta Grossa, 06.III.1974, A. R. Panizzi leg. (UFRG). Santa Maria: 1♂, 06.III.1990, D. Link leg., “Picão Preto” (UFRG). São Sepé: 2♀, 13.XII.1891, E. C. Costa leg., “Feijoeiro”, J. Grazia det. 1986 (UFRG). Diagnostic features. Body light castaneous, ventral surface usually lighter. Mandibular plates longer than clypeus and acute apically (Figs 50–51). Humeral angles variable in development, from weakly produced to forming a spine (Fig. 51). Outline of anterolateral margins of pronotum with dark punctures. Body length: 10.00–12.00 mm (Grazia 1978; Garbelotto & Campos 2014). Recorded host plants: Barley; canola (Marsaro Jr. et al. 2017; Bianchi et al. 2019), maize (Roza-Gomes et al. 2011), oat (Pereira & Salvadori 2020), rye (Pereira & Salvadori 2020), soybean (Costa & Link 1974; Lopes et al. 1974; Grazia 1978; Link & Grazia 1987; Panizzi et al. 2015) and wheat (Panizzi et al. 2015). Distribution in Rio Grande do Sul. Bagé, Bom Jesus, Butiá, Carazinho, Caxias do Sul, Derrubadas, Farroupilha, Flores da Cunha, Gramado, Guaíba, Imbé, Lajeado, Marau, Marcelino Ramos, Nova Prata, Osório, Passo Fundo, Pelotas, Porto Alegre, Quaraí, Rio Pardo, Santa Maria, Santo Augusto, São Sepé, Torres, Vacaria and Viamão (Fig. 52). New records. Bagé and Derrubadas. Comments. Both adults and nymphs cause damage to the base of the plants, through the leaf sheath, reaching the inner leaves., Published as part of Barros, Lurdiana D., Paim, Marcelo R., Krein, Verônica, Carabajal, Victor, Brandão, Marcela N., Bernardes, Paula De O. & Lindner, Mariana F., 2021, Illustrated guide to Pentatominae (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) species associated with the four main grain crops in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, pp. 430-478 in Zootaxa 4958 (1) on pages 449-450, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4958.1.27, http://zenodo.org/record/4692176, {"references":["Fabricius, J. C. (1775) Systema Entomologiae, sistens Insectorum classes, ordines, genera, species, adjectis synonymis, locis, descriptionibus, observationibus. Korte, Flensburg et Lipsiae, 832 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 36510","Berg, C. (1878) Hemiptera Argentina enumeravit speciesque novas descripsit. Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina, 6, 23 - 311. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 36493","Costa, E. C. & Link, D. (1974) Incidencia de percevejos em soja. Revista do Centro de Ciencias Rurais, 4 (4), 397 - 400.","Grazia, J. (1978) Revisao do genero Dichelops Spinola, 1837 (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae, Pentatomini). Iheringia, Serie Zoologia, 53, 3 - 119.","Grazia, J. & Schwertner, C. F. (2008) Pentatomidae. In: Roig-Junent, S., Claps, L. & Debandi, G. (Eds.), Biodiversidad de Artropodos Argentinos. Vol. 2. Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, Mendoza, pp. 223 - 234.","Bianchi, F. M., Marsaro Jr., A. L., Grazia, J., Pereira, P. R. V. S. & Panizzi, A. R. (2019) Diversity of Stink Bugs (Pentatomidae) Associated with Canola: Looking for Potential Pests. Neotropical Entomology, 48, 219 - 224. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13744 - 018 - 0642 - 3","Barao, K. R., Ferrari, A. & Grazia, J. (2020) Phylogenetic analysis of the Euschistus group (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) suggests polyphyly of Dichelops Spinola, 1837 with the erection of Diceraeus Dallas, 1851, stat. rev. Austral Entomology, 1 - 14. [early view] https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / aen. 12489","Garbelotto, T. A. & Campos, L. A. (2014) Pentatominae do Sul de Santa Catarina. Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia, Curitiba, 80 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.7476 / 9788598203089.0001","Roza-Gomes, M. F., Salvadori, J. R., Pereira, P. R. V. S. & Panizzi, A. R. (2011) Injurias de quatro especies de percevejos pentatomideos em plantulas de milho. Ciencia Rural, 41 (7), 1115 - 1119. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0103 - 84782011005000081","Pereira, P. R. V. S. & Salvadori, J. R. (2020) Arvore do conhecimento - Centeio, Insetos. AGEITEC - Agencia Embrapa de Informacao Tecnologica. Available from: http: // www. agencia. cnptia. embrapa. br / gestor / centeio / arvore / CONT 000 fz 2 zy 82 a 02 wx 5 ok 0 ejlyhd 0 qlyuvr. html (accessed 29 March 2020)","Lopes, O. J., Link, D. & Basso, L. V. (1974) Pentatomideos de Santa Maria - lista preliminar de plantas hospedeiras. Revista Centro de Ciencias Rurais, 4 (4), 317 - 322.","Link, D. & Grazia, J. (1987) Pentatomideos da regiao central do Rio Grande do Sul (Heteroptera). Anais da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil, 16 (1), 115 - 129.","Panizzi, A. R., Agostinetto, A., Lucini, T., Smaniotto, L. F. & Pereira, P. R. V. S. (2015) Manejo Integrado dos Percevejos Barriga- Verde, Dichelops spp. em Trigo. Embrapa Trigo, Passo Fundo, 36 pp."]}

Acledra bonariensis (Stål, 1859) (Figs 6–9) Pentatoma bonariensis Stål, 1859: 227. Acledra bonariensis: Stål, 1867: 528. Melpia integra Berg, 1878: 310–311 (syn. by Berg, 1891). Hypatropis integra: Kirkaldy, 1909: 91. Material studied. Albatroz: 1♂, 06.XII.1973, R. Wagner, H. Hanisch, A. Ruszczyk leg. (UFRG). Canguçu: 1♀, Coxilha do fogo, varredura, borda mata, 22.I.2004, Bunde, Schwertner, Ely e Silva leg., LES–569 (UFRG); 1♀, Rincão da Ronda (Campo), 16.X.2003, varredura no campo, P. Bunde & J. Cabeleira leg. (UFRG). Maquiné: 1♂, Garapiá, varredura, 21.XII.06, R. C. Bins-Neto & L. M. Weiler leg. (UFRG). Santa Maria: 1♂, 05.X.1986, A. Scorsatto leg. (UFRG). Diagnostic features. Body yellowish, dorsal surface immaculate. Mandibular plates subequal to clypeus. Anterolateral margins of pronotum convex; humeral angles rounded (Fig. 8). Basal angles of scutellum immaculate (Fig. 7, black arrow). Mesosternum dark. Legs with dark spots. Body length: 8.00 mm. Recorded host plants. Soybean (Link & Grazia 1987; Bunde et al. 2010). Distribution in Rio Grande do Sul. Albatroz, Canguçu, Maquiné and Santa Maria (Fig. 9). New records. Albatroz, Canguçu and Maquiné., Published as part of Barros, Lurdiana D., Paim, Marcelo R., Krein, Verônica, Carabajal, Victor, Brandão, Marcela N., Bernardes, Paula De O. & Lindner, Mariana F., 2021, Illustrated guide to Pentatominae (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) species associated with the four main grain crops in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, pp. 430-478 in Zootaxa 4958 (1) on pages 435-436, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4958.1.27, http://zenodo.org/record/4692176, {"references":["Stal, C. (1859) Hemiptera, species novas descripsit. Konglika Svenska Fregattens Eugenies Resa Omkring Jorden. IV. Zoologi, Insekter, 219 - 298.","Stal, C. (1867) Bidrag till hemipterernas systematik. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps- Akademiens Forhandlingar, 24 (7), 491 - 560. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 61897","Berg, C. (1878) Hemiptera Argentina enumeravit speciesque novas descripsit. Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina, 6, 23 - 311. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 36493","Berg, C. (1891) Nova Hemiptera Faunarum Argentinae et Uruguayensis. Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina, 32, 239 - 287.","Kirkaldy, G. W. (1909) Catalogue of the Hemiptera (Heteroptera) 1 - Cimicidae. Felix L. Dames, Berlin, XL + 392 pp.","Link, D. & Grazia, J. (1987) Pentatomideos da regiao central do Rio Grande do Sul (Heteroptera). Anais da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil, 16 (1), 115 - 129.","Bunde, P. R. S., Grazia, J., Mendonca Junior, M. S., Schwertner, C. F., Silva, E. J. E. & Garcia, E. N. (2010) Pentatomidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) of the Pampa biome: Serra do Sudeste and Parque de Espinilho da Barra do Quarai, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 10 (3), 83 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1676 - 06032010000300008"]}

Euschistus (Lycipta) triangulator (Herrich-Schäffer, 1842) (Figs 63–64) Cimex triangulator Herrich-Schäffer, 1842: 95–96. Euschistus triangulator: Stål, 1860: 19. Lycipta triangulator: Stål, 1862: 58. Euschistus (Lycipta) triangulator: Stål, 1872b: 23; Rolston, 1982: 290–291; Weiler et al. 2011: 59, 60, 64. Material studied. Maquiné: 1♀, 01.IV.2006, V. C. Matesco leg. (UFRG); 1♂, 12.X.2005, M. O. Marchiori leg. (UFRG). São Francisco de Paula: 1♂, 18.III.2007, C. F. Schwertner leg. (UFRG). Diagnostic features. Body dorsal and ventral surfaces castaneous to reddish castaneous, antennae reddish. Mandibular plates subequal to clypeus, rounded apically.Anterolateral margins of pronotum concave and with spaced denticles (Fig. 63). Internal angles of cicatrices of pronotum dark. Humeral angles reddish castaneous, strongly developed, acute apically and directed laterally (Fig. 63). Pronotum with callous transumeral band. Pronotum and scutellum with multiple concolorous impunctate callosities. Apex of scutellum with inconspicuous callosity (Fig. 63). Legs pale with dark castaneous spots. Apex of radial vein with pale yellow callosity. Veins of the membranous portion of hemelytra reticulate. Body length: 9.50–10.50 mm (Garbelotto & Campos 2014). Recorded host plants. Canola (Marsaro Jr. et al. 2017; Bianchi et al. 2019). Distribution in Rio Grande do Sul. Maquiné, Passo Fundo and São Francisco de Paula (Fig. 64)., Published as part of Barros, Lurdiana D., Paim, Marcelo R., Krein, Verônica, Carabajal, Victor, Brandão, Marcela N., Bernardes, Paula De O. & Lindner, Mariana F., 2021, Illustrated guide to Pentatominae (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) species associated with the four main grain crops in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, pp. 430-478 in Zootaxa 4958 (1) on pages 453-454, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4958.1.27, http://zenodo.org/record/4692176, {"references":["Stal, C. (1860) Bidrag till Rio Janeiro - Traktens Hemipter-fauna. Part I. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps - Akademiens Handlingar, 2 (7), 1 - 84.","Stal, C. (1862) Bidrag till Rio Janeiro - Traktens Hemipter-fauna. Part I. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps - Akademiens Handlingar, 3 (6), 1 - 75.","Stal, C. (1872 b) Enumeratio Hemipterorum. II. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, 10 (4), 1 - 159.","Rolston, L. H. (1982) A revision of Euschistus Dallas subgenus Lycipta Stal (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 84, 281 - 296.","Weiler, L., Ferrari, A. & Grazia, J. (2011) Contributions to the knowledge of Euschistus (Lycipta) with the description of E. (L.) riograndensis sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae: Pentatominae: Carpocorini). Zootaxa, 3067 (1), 59 - 64. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3067.1.5","Garbelotto, T. A. & Campos, L. A. (2014) Pentatominae do Sul de Santa Catarina. Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia, Curitiba, 80 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.7476 / 9788598203089.0001","Bianchi, F. M., Marsaro Jr., A. L., Grazia, J., Pereira, P. R. V. S. & Panizzi, A. R. (2019) Diversity of Stink Bugs (Pentatomidae) Associated with Canola: Looking for Potential Pests. Neotropical Entomology, 48, 219 - 224. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13744 - 018 - 0642 - 3"]}

Oebalus ypsilongriseus (De Geer, 1773) (Figs 98–99) Cimex ypsilon-griseus De Geer, 1773: 333. Oebalus ypsilonoides Berg, 1878: 302. Solubea ypsilonoides: Kirkaldy, 1909: 62. Solubea ypsilionides [sic]: Pennington, 1920: 8. Solubea ypsilongriseus: Sailer, 1944: 116. Solubea grisescens Sailer, 1944: 118. Oebalus ypsilongriseus: Quintanilla et al., 1968: 33. Material studied. Guaíba: 1♂, 24.II.1988, M. C. Del Vecchio & J. A. M, Fernandes leg., “Sobre gramíneas vizinhas à lavouras de Soja”, J. Grazia det. (UFRG); 1♀, 15.III.1974, E. Heinrichs leg., “Soja” (UFRG); 1♀, 24.VIII.1988, “vizinho à lavoura de Soja”, M. C. Del Vecchio & J. A. M. Fernandes, J. Grazia det. 19?? (UFRG). Diagnostic features. Body elongate and slim, dorsal surface castaneous with two small pale yellow spots on pronotum (Fig. 98). Mandibular plates subequal to clypeus and rounded apically. Pronotum sloping, anterolateral margins of pronotum concave. Humeral angles with variable development, from weakly produced to forming an acute spine, directed anterolaterally, black. Scutellum with three yellow callosities, of variable size (Fig. 98). Body length: 8.00–10.00 mm. Recorded host plants. Oat (Campos et al. 2009); rice, soybean (Grazia 1977; Link & Grazia 1987; Del Vecchio & Grazia 1992) and wheat (Link & Grazia 1987; Campos et al. 2009). This species may also use sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and Echinochloa spp., Paspalum spp., Brachiaria spp., Digitaria spp. grasses as alternative hosts (Ferreira et al. 2001; Hickel et al. 2016). Distribution in Rio Grande do Sul. Eldorado do Sul, Guaíba, Santa Maria and São Gabriel (Fig. 99). Comments. This species is similar to O. poecilus, being differentiated by having yellow callosities only on scutellum (while O. poecilus also has spots on pronotum and corium). The humeral angles spines, when strongly developed, are also different: they are directed anterolaterally in O. ypsilongriseus, but directed laterally in O. poecilus. Both species have seasonal morphological dimorphism, with active adults being more colorful and with well-developed spines, and overwintering adults mostly castaneous with shorter and rounded lateral spines (Albuquerque 1993) (see Garbelotto & Campos 2014)., Published as part of Barros, Lurdiana D., Paim, Marcelo R., Krein, Verônica, Carabajal, Victor, Brandão, Marcela N., Bernardes, Paula De O. & Lindner, Mariana F., 2021, Illustrated guide to Pentatominae (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) species associated with the four main grain crops in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, pp. 430-478 in Zootaxa 4958 (1) on pages 464-465, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4958.1.27, http://zenodo.org/record/4692176, {"references":["De Geer, C. (1773) Memoires pour servir a l'histoire des Insectes. Tomo 3. L. L. Grefing, Stockholm, 696 pp.","Berg, C. (1878) Hemiptera Argentina enumeravit speciesque novas descripsit. Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina, 6, 23 - 311. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 36493","Kirkaldy, G. W. (1909) Catalogue of the Hemiptera (Heteroptera) 1 - Cimicidae. Felix L. Dames, Berlin, XL + 392 pp.","Pennington, M. S. (1920) Lista de los Hemipteros Heteropteros de la Republica Argentina. Buenos Aires, Quilmes, 47 pp.","Sailer, R. I. (1944) The genus Solubea (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 46, 105 - 127.","Quintanilla, R. H., Margheritis, A. E. & Rizzo, H. F. (1968) Catalogo de hemipteros hallados en la Provincia de Entre Rios. Revista de la Facultad de Agronomia y Veterinaria de Buenos Aires, 16, 29 - 38.","Campos, L. A., Bertolin, T. B. P. & Martins, F. S. (2009) Diversidade de Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera, Heteroptera) em tres fragmentos de Mata Atlantica no sul de Santa Catarina. Iheringia, Serie Zoologia, 99 (2), 165 - 171. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0073 - 47212009000200008","Grazia, J. (1977) Revisao dos Pentatomineos citados no Quarto Catalogo dos Insetos que Vivem nas Plantas do Brasil (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae, Pentatomini). Dusenia, 10 (3), 161 - 174.","Link, D. & Grazia, J. (1987) Pentatomideos da regiao central do Rio Grande do Sul (Heteroptera). Anais da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil, 16 (1), 115 - 129.","Del Vecchio, M. C. & Grazia, J. (1992) Obtencao de posturas de Oebalus ypsilongriseus (De Geer, 1773) em laboratorio (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Anais da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil, 21 (3), 367 - 372.","Ferreira, E., Barrigossi, J. A. F. & Vieira, N. R. A. (2001) Percevejos das Paniculas do Arroz: Fauna Heteroptera Associada ao Arroz. Embrapa Arroz e Feijao, Santo Antonio de Goias, 52 pp.","Hickel, E. R., Prando, H. F. & Eberhardt, D. S. (2016) Percevejos nas lavouras catarinenses de arroz irrigado: Ocorrencia, monitoramento e manejo integrado. Epagri, Florianopolis, 54 pp.","Albuquerque, G. S. (1993) Planting time as a tactic to manage the small rice stink bug, Oebalus poecilus (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae), in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Crop Protection, 12 (6), 627 - 630. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0261 - 2194 (93) 90128 - 6","Garbelotto, T. A. & Campos, L. A. (2014) Pentatominae do Sul de Santa Catarina. Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia, Curitiba, 80 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.7476 / 9788598203089.0001"]}

Loxa deducta Walker, 1867 (Figs 78–81) Loxa deducta Walker, 1867: 242. Material studied. Cachoeira do Sul: 1♀, Bairro Santo Antônio, 14.VI.2008, P. Albuquerque leg. (UFRG). Porto Alegre: 1♂, 23.XII.1999, (CMPA), J. Grazia leg. (UFRG); 1♀, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 26.III.1999, J. Grazia leg. (UFRG). Santa Maria: 1♂, 21.I.1972, D. Link leg., light trap, ZUEC–1558 (UFRG); 2♀, 19.XII.1971, D. Link leg., light trap, ZUEC–1555, 1556 (UFRG). Diagnostic features. Body dorsal and ventral surfaces green (Fig. 78). Outline of lateral margin of mandibular plates, anterolateral margins of pronotum and lateral margin of corium reddish (Fig. 80). Mandibular plates longer than clypeus and rounded apically, with dense red punctures on the mesial and lateral margins.Anterolateral margins of pronotum concave and with spaced denticles (Fig. 80). Humeral angles strongly developed, acute apically and directed laterally. Corium with impunctate pale callosities, irregularly distributed (Fig. 78). Body length: 13.00– 19.50 mm (Garbelotto & Campos 2014). Recorded host plants. Soybean (Costa & Link 1974; Lopes et al. 1974; Link & Grazia 1987; Grazia & Freyda-Silva 2001). Distribution in Rio Grande do Sul. Cachoeira do Sul, Porto Alegre, Santa Maria and São Sepé (Fig. 81)., Published as part of Barros, Lurdiana D., Paim, Marcelo R., Krein, Verônica, Carabajal, Victor, Brandão, Marcela N., Bernardes, Paula De O. & Lindner, Mariana F., 2021, Illustrated guide to Pentatominae (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) species associated with the four main grain crops in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, pp. 430-478 in Zootaxa 4958 (1) on page 458, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4958.1.27, http://zenodo.org/record/4692176, {"references":["Walker, F. (1867) Catalogue of the specimens of Hemiptera-Heteroptera in the collection of the British Museum. British Museum, London, 1655 pp. [Part 2: pp. 241 - 417]. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 118688","Garbelotto, T. A. & Campos, L. A. (2014) Pentatominae do Sul de Santa Catarina. Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia, Curitiba, 80 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.7476 / 9788598203089.0001","Costa, E. C. & Link, D. (1974) Incidencia de percevejos em soja. Revista do Centro de Ciencias Rurais, 4 (4), 397 - 400.","Lopes, O. J., Link, D. & Basso, L. V. (1974) Pentatomideos de Santa Maria - lista preliminar de plantas hospedeiras. Revista Centro de Ciencias Rurais, 4 (4), 317 - 322.","Link, D. & Grazia, J. (1987) Pentatomideos da regiao central do Rio Grande do Sul (Heteroptera). Anais da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil, 16 (1), 115 - 129."]}

Chinavia erythrocnemis (Berg, 1878) (Figs 30���33) Nezara erythrocnemis Berg, 1878: 27���28. Nezara (Acrosternum) erythrocnemis: Kirkaldy, 1909: 118. Acrosternum erythrocnemis: Pennington, 1920: 9. Acrosternum (Chinavia) erythrocnemis: Rolston, 1983: 161; Frey-da-Silva & Grazia, 2001: 112. Chinavia erythrocnemis: Matesco et al., 2006: 483���488; Schwertner & Grazia, 2007: 426; Genevcius & Schwertner, 2014: 43���44; F��rstenau et al. 2013: 74���78 (key); Bianchi et al. 2019; Servino & Schwertner, 2020 (electronic key). Material studied. Derrubadas: 1♀, Parque Estadual do Turvo, 1982, S. L. B. Bonatto leg. (UFRG). Rio Grande: 1♀, Esta����o Ecol��gica do Taim, 1982, J. Grazia leg. (UFRG); 1♂, Esta����o Ecol��gica do Taim, 1981. J. Grazia leg. (UFRG). Diagnostic features. Body dorsal surface light green to dark green. Lateral margin of mandibular plates with a largely reddish band (Fig. 31). Anterolateral margins of pronotum yellowish (Figs 30, 31). Cicatrices of pronotum darker (Fig. 31, red arrow). Basal angles of scutellum dark (Fig. 30). Connexivum yellowish, with a black spot at anterior and posterior margins (Fig. 30). Abdominal spine reaching metacoxae. Spiracles pale, abdominal suture and pseudo-suture dark (Fig. 32). Body length: 11.00���14.00 mm (Schwertner & Grazia 2007). Recorded host plants. Canola (Marsaro Jr. et al. 2017; Bianchi et al. 2019) and soybean (Schwertner & Grazia 2007). Distribution in Rio Grande do Sul. Barra do Quara��, Derrubadas, Planalto, Passo Fundo, Pelotas, Rio Grande and Uruguaiana (Fig. 33). Comments. Species easily recognized by the general color pattern of the body., Published as part of Barros, Lurdiana D., Paim, Marcelo R., Krein, Ver��nica, Carabajal, Victor, Brand��o, Marcela N., Bernardes, Paula De O. & Lindner, Mariana F., 2021, Illustrated guide to Pentatominae (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) species associated with the four main grain crops in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, pp. 430-478 in Zootaxa 4958 (1) on page 443, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4958.1.27, http://zenodo.org/record/4692176, {"references":["Berg, C. (1878) Hemiptera Argentina enumeravit speciesque novas descripsit. Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina, 6, 23 - 311. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 36493","Kirkaldy, G. W. (1909) Catalogue of the Hemiptera (Heteroptera) 1 - Cimicidae. Felix L. Dames, Berlin, XL + 392 pp.","Pennington, M. S. (1920) Lista de los Hemipteros Heteropteros de la Republica Argentina. Buenos Aires, Quilmes, 47 pp.","Rolston, L. H. (1983) A revision of the genus Acrosternum Fieber, subgenus Chinavia Orian in the Western Hemisphere (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae, Pentatomini). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 91, 97 - 176.","Frey-da-Silva, A. & Grazia, J. (2001) Novas especies de Acrosternum subgenero Chinavia (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae, Pentatomini). Iheringia, Serie Zoologia, 90, 107 - 126. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0073 - 47212001000100011","Matesco, V. C., Schwertner, C. F. & Grazia, J. (2006) Descricao dos estagios imaturos de Chinavia erythrocnemis (Berg) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Neotropical Entomology, 35 (4), 483 - 488. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1519 - 566 X 2006000400009","Schwertner, C. F. & Grazia, J. (2007) O genero Chinavia Orian (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae, Pentatominae) no Brasil, com chave pictorica para os adultos. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 51 (4), 416 - 435. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0085 - 56262007000400005","Genevcius, B. C. & Schwertner, C. F. (2014) Review and phylogeny of geniculata group, genus Chinavia (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), with notes on biogeography and morphological evolution. Zootaxa, 3447 (1), 33 - 56. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3847.1.2","Furstenau, B. B. R. J., Schwertner, C. F. & Grazia, J. (2013) Comparative morphology of immature stages of four species of Chinavia (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae), with a key to the species of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. ZooKeys, 319, 59 - 82. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 319.4310","Bianchi, F. M., Marsaro Jr., A. L., Grazia, J., Pereira, P. R. V. S. & Panizzi, A. R. (2019) Diversity of Stink Bugs (Pentatomidae) Associated with Canola: Looking for Potential Pests. Neotropical Entomology, 48, 219 - 224. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13744 - 018 - 0642 - 3"]}

Thyanta (Argosoma) humilis Bergroth, 1891 (Figs 104–106) Pentatoma patruelis Stål, 1859: 226. Preoccupied. Thyanta patruelis Berg, 1878: 23; Torre-Bueno 1915: 161. Thyanta (Argosoma) humilis Bergroth, 1891: 225. Thyanta (Argosoma) patruelis Rider & Chapin, 1991: 37. Material studied. Maquiné: 1♀, Garapiá-varredura, 21.XII. 2006, R. C. Bins-Neto & L. M. Weiler, LES–926; 1♀, Trilha 5, guarda-chuva, 03.IV.2006, J. L. C. Bernardes leg., LES –925, J. Grazia det. 2006 (UFRG); 1♀, Trilha 4, 02.IV.2006, J. L. C. Bernardes leg., LES–922, J. Grazia det. 2006 (UFRG). Santa Maria: 1♀, 26.IV.1987, D. Link leg., “Erva de bicho” (UFRG). Diagnostic features. Body dorsal and ventral surfaces green to castaneous. Red macule on dorsal median area of head and apex of scutellum (Fig. 104). Mandibular plates subequal to clypeus and rounded apically (Fig. 105). Pronotum with a red to purple transumeral band (Fig. 104). Anterolateral margins of pronotum straight to slightly concave (Figs 104–105). Humeral angles slightly developed, rounded apically (Fig. 105). Body length: 7.50–9.50 mm (Garbelotto & Campos 2014). Recorded host plants. Canola (Marsaro Jr. et al. 2017; Bianchi et al. 2019). Distribution in Rio Grande do Sul. Maquiné, Passo Fundo and Santa Maria (Fig. 106). New records. Maquiné and Santa Maria., Published as part of Barros, Lurdiana D., Paim, Marcelo R., Krein, Verônica, Carabajal, Victor, Brandão, Marcela N., Bernardes, Paula De O. & Lindner, Mariana F., 2021, Illustrated guide to Pentatominae (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) species associated with the four main grain crops in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, pp. 430-478 in Zootaxa 4958 (1) on pages 466-467, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4958.1.27, http://zenodo.org/record/4692176, {"references":["Bergroth, E. (1891) Contributions a l'etude des Pentatomides. Revue d'Entomologie, 10, 200 - 235.","Stal, C. (1859) Hemiptera, species novas descripsit. Konglika Svenska Fregattens Eugenies Resa Omkring Jorden. IV. Zoologi, Insekter, 219 - 298.","Berg, C. (1878) Hemiptera Argentina enumeravit speciesque novas descripsit. Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina, 6, 23 - 311. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 36493","Torre-Bueno, J. R. (1915) Nota sobre hemipteros del Chaco de Santiago del Estero (R. A). Anales del Museo Nacional, Buenos Aires, 26, 157 - 162.","Rider, D. A. & Chapin, J. B. (1991) Revision of the genus Thyanta Stal, 1862 (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) I. South America. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 99, 1 - 77.","Garbelotto, T. A. & Campos, L. A. (2014) Pentatominae do Sul de Santa Catarina. Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia, Curitiba, 80 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.7476 / 9788598203089.0001","Bianchi, F. M., Marsaro Jr., A. L., Grazia, J., Pereira, P. R. V. S. & Panizzi, A. R. (2019) Diversity of Stink Bugs (Pentatomidae) Associated with Canola: Looking for Potential Pests. Neotropical Entomology, 48, 219 - 224. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13744 - 018 - 0642 - 3"]}

Adustonotus irroratus (Bunde, Grazia & Mendon��a, 2006) (Figs 13���15) Euschistus (Mitripus) irroratus Bunde, Grazia & Mendon��a, 2006: 289. Adustonotus irroratus: Bianchi et al. 2017: 408 (new comb. by Bianchi et al. 2017); Bianchi et al. 2019. Material studied. Cangu��u: 1♂, 1♀, Rinc��o da Ronda, 16.X.2003, Euschistus (Mitripus) irroratus Bunde, Grazia & Mendon��a PARATYPE (UFRG). Diagnostic features. Body dorsal and ventral surfaces castaneous to dark castaneous, antennae orange. Dorsal surface reticulate. Mandibular plates subequal to clypeus, rounded apically. Anterolateral margins of pronotum concave. Anterior half of pronotum dark. Humeral angles dark, strongly developed, quadrate apically and directed anterolaterally (Fig. 13). Legs castaneous with small dark castaneous spots irregularly distributed (Fig. 14). Veins of the membranous portion of the hemelytra reticulate (Fig. 13). Angles of connexivum with a dark spot. Body length: 9.00��� 9.50 mm. Recorded host plants. Canola (Marsaro Jr. et al. 2017; Bianchi et al. 2019). Distribution in Rio Grande do Sul. Cangu��u, Pelotas and Passo Fundo (Fig. 15)., Published as part of Barros, Lurdiana D., Paim, Marcelo R., Krein, Ver��nica, Carabajal, Victor, Brand��o, Marcela N., Bernardes, Paula De O. & Lindner, Mariana F., 2021, Illustrated guide to Pentatominae (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) species associated with the four main grain crops in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, pp. 430-478 in Zootaxa 4958 (1) on pages 437-438, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4958.1.27, http://zenodo.org/record/4692176, {"references":["Bunde, P. R. S., Grazia, J. & Mendonca Filho, M. (2006) Nova especie de Euschistus (Mitripus) da Argentina e sul do Brasil (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae, Pentatominae). Iheringia, Serie Zoologia, 96 (3), 289 - 291. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0073 - 47212006000300003","Bianchi, F. M., Depra, M., Ferrari, A., Grazia. J., Valente, V. L. S. & Campos, L. A. (2017) Total evidence phylogenetic analysis and reclassification of Euschistus Dallas within Carpocorini (Hemiptera; Pentatomidae: Pentatominae). Systematic Entomology, 42, 399 - 409. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12224","Bianchi, F. M., Marsaro Jr., A. L., Grazia, J., Pereira, P. R. V. S. & Panizzi, A. R. (2019) Diversity of Stink Bugs (Pentatomidae) Associated with Canola: Looking for Potential Pests. Neotropical Entomology, 48, 219 - 224. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13744 - 018 - 0642 - 3"]}

Tibraca exigua Fernandes & Grazia, 1998 (Figs 109–112) Tibraca exigua Fernandes & Grazia, 1998: 1057. Material studied. Camaquã: 1♂, 08.V.1991, H. Moreira leg. (UFRG). Pelotas: 1♀, VI.1991, Marcolin leg. (UFRG); 1♂, 10.VI.1990, M. N. Miranda leg. (UFRG); 1♂, 20.II.1991, P. Welzel leg. (UFRG); 1♂, V.1991, R. Zepra leg. (UFRG); 1♀, 28.IV.1991, R. Von Laer leg. (UFRG); 1♂, III.1991, Silveira leg. (UFRG); 1♂, 27.V.1994, J. T. Zanusso leg. (UFRG); VI.1990, 1♂, Costa leg. (UFRG); 27.IV.1993, 1♂, O. Maguelly leg. (MCNZ); 1♂, VI.1990, Marques leg. (UFRG); 1♂, V.1990, Schallens leg. (UFRG); 1♂, IV.1991, Monteiro leg. (UFRG); 1♂, 26.X.1994, I. M. Silva leg. (UFRG); 1♀, 17.III.1991, H. Gastal leg. (UFRG); 1♂, 17.V.1991, D. Chapon leg. (MECB). São Francisco de Paula: 1♀, 17–19.XII.2005, V. C. Matesco leg. (UFRG). Diagnostic features. Body dorsal and ventral surfaces dark castaneous (Fig. 109, 111). Head longer than wide. Mandibular plates shorter than clypeus, rounded apically (Fig. 110). Clypeus robust and raised above the mandibular plates. Antennomere 2 smaller than the first (Fig. 110, red arrow). Anterolateral margins of pronotum impunctate or rarely punctate at the lateral portion (Fig. 110). Internal angles of cicatrices of pronotum with pale yellow callosity. Humeral angles slightly developed (Fig. 110).Apex of radial vein of corium with pale yellow callosity. Connexivum castaneous with margin light castaneous and a small black spot at the apex (Fig. 109). Body length: 9.00–12.00 mm (Fernandes & Grazia 1998). Recorded host plants. Rice (Fernandes & Grazia 1998). Distribution in Rio Grande do Sul. Camaquã, Canguçu, Capão do Leão, Pelotas and São Francisco de Paula (Fig. 112). Comments. This species is similar to T. limbativentris, being differentiated by its darker color and smaller body size., Published as part of Barros, Lurdiana D., Paim, Marcelo R., Krein, Verônica, Carabajal, Victor, Brandão, Marcela N., Bernardes, Paula De O. & Lindner, Mariana F., 2021, Illustrated guide to Pentatominae (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) species associated with the four main grain crops in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, pp. 430-478 in Zootaxa 4958 (1) on pages 468-469, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4958.1.27, http://zenodo.org/record/4692176, {"references":["Fernandes, J. A. M. & Grazia, J. (1998) Revision of the genus Tibraca Stal (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae, Pentatominae). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 15 (4), 1049 - 1060. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0101 - 81751998000400022"]}

Euschistus (Lycipta) picticornis Stål, 1872 (Figs 59–62) Euschistus (Lycipta) picticornis Stål, 1872b: 23; Rolston, 1982: 291–293. Euschistus picticornis: Berg, 1879: 280; Berg, 1883: 206; Kirkaldy, 1909: 65; Pennington, 1920: 8; Pirán, 1948: 11. Material studied. Caçapava do sul: 1♀, mata ciliar, campo, 15.VI.2003, varredura, Bunde & Silva leg. (UFRG); Rio Grande: 1♂, 4♀, Estação Ecológica do Taim, BR 47 Km 96, 04–05.XII.2010, B. B. R. J, Fürstenau & R. J. Fürstenau leg. (UFRG). São Francisco de Paula: 1♀, Floresta Nacional de São Francisco de Paula, 13.I.2007, C. F., Schwertner leg. (UFRG). Diagnostic features. Body dorsal and ventral surfaces dark castaneous, with wrinkled appearance (Fig. 59). Mandibular plates subequal to clypeus, rounded apically (Fig. 61). Anterolateral margins of pronotum concave and with spaced denticles. Humeral angles dark castaneous to reddish castaneous, strongly developed, rounded apically and directed anterolaterally (Fig. 61). Pronotum, scutellum and corium with pale spots, impunctate. Apex of scutellum with a large pale yellow callosity (Fig. 59). Legs with dark castaneous spots. Veins of the membranous portion of hemelytra reticulate (Fig. 60, black arrow). Connexivum dark castaneous to greenish castaneous with dark spot on angles, posterior angle produced (Fig. 59). Body length: 10.00 mm. Recorded host plants. Canola (Marsaro Jr. et al. 2017; Bianchi et al. 2019), rice (Grazia 1977; Link & Grazia 1987) and soybean (Lopes et al. 1974; Link & Grazia 1987). Distribution in Rio Grande do Sul. Caçapava do Sul, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande, Santa Maria, São Francisco de Paula and Sobradinho (Fig. 62). New records. Caçapava do Sul., Published as part of Barros, Lurdiana D., Paim, Marcelo R., Krein, Verônica, Carabajal, Victor, Brandão, Marcela N., Bernardes, Paula De O. & Lindner, Mariana F., 2021, Illustrated guide to Pentatominae (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) species associated with the four main grain crops in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, pp. 430-478 in Zootaxa 4958 (1) on pages 452-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4958.1.27, http://zenodo.org/record/4692176, {"references":["Stal, C. (1872 b) Enumeratio Hemipterorum. II. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, 10 (4), 1 - 159.","Rolston, L. H. (1982) A revision of Euschistus Dallas subgenus Lycipta Stal (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 84, 281 - 296.","Berg, C. (1879) Hemiptera Argentina enumeravit speciesque novas. ex typographiae P. E. Coni, Bonariae, 316 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 36493","Berg, C. (1883) Addenda at emendanda ad Hemiptera Argentina. Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina, 16, 204 - 206.","Kirkaldy, G. W. (1909) Catalogue of the Hemiptera (Heteroptera) 1 - Cimicidae. Felix L. Dames, Berlin, XL + 392 pp.","Pennington, M. S. (1920) Lista de los Hemipteros Heteropteros de la Republica Argentina. Buenos Aires, Quilmes, 47 pp.","Piran, A. A. (1948) Contribucion al conocimiento de la dispersion geografica de los Hemipteros neotropicales. Acta Zoologica Lilloana, 5, 5 - 17.","Bianchi, F. M., Marsaro Jr., A. L., Grazia, J., Pereira, P. R. V. S. & Panizzi, A. R. (2019) Diversity of Stink Bugs (Pentatomidae) Associated with Canola: Looking for Potential Pests. Neotropical Entomology, 48, 219 - 224. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13744 - 018 - 0642 - 3","Grazia, J. (1977) Revisao dos Pentatomineos citados no Quarto Catalogo dos Insetos que Vivem nas Plantas do Brasil (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae, Pentatomini). Dusenia, 10 (3), 161 - 174.","Link, D. & Grazia, J. (1987) Pentatomideos da regiao central do Rio Grande do Sul (Heteroptera). Anais da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil, 16 (1), 115 - 129.","Lopes, O. J., Link, D. & Basso, L. V. (1974) Pentatomideos de Santa Maria - lista preliminar de plantas hospedeiras. Revista Centro de Ciencias Rurais, 4 (4), 317 - 322."]}

Glyphepomis pelotensis Campos & Grazia, 1998 (Figs 69–71) Glyphepomis pelotensis Campos & Grazia, 1998: 210–212; Bianchi et al., 2016: 444 (key), 446 (map). Material studied. Pelotas: 1♂, 25.IX.1975, Trebien leg., Glyphepomis pelotensis Campos & Grazia PARATYPE (UFRG); 1♀, 07.X.1975, Haglioni leg., Glyphepomis pelotensis Campos & Grazia PARATYPE (UFRG); 1♀, 17.II.1950, Biezanko leg., Glyphepomis pelotensis Campos & Grazia PARATYPE, col. MRCN 002788, Série: 20—N.º 067 (MCZN); 1♀, 05.IX.1994, Adriano leg., Glyphepomis pelotensis Campos & Grazia PARATYPE (MZUSP). Diagnostic features. Body dorsal and ventral surfaces dark castaneous. Head longer than wide. Mandibular plates shorter than clypeus, rounded apically. Clypeus robust and raised above the mandibular plates. Antennomere 4 conical and slightly grooved dorsally. Surface of pronotum convex, anterolateral margins of pronotum concave and reflexed (Fig. 69). Humeral angles slightly projected into small tubercles, directed laterally (Fig. 69). Basal angles of scutellum with one callosity each. Apex of radial vein of corium with inconspicuous callosity. Thoracic and abdominal disc black (Fig. 70). Body length: 7.00– 7.50 mm. Recorded host plants. Rice (Campos & Grazia 1998). Distribution in Rio Grande do Sul. Pelotas and Santa Maria (Fig. 71). Comments. External appearance very similar to G. adroguensis; both can be differentiated with certainty only by analyzing the morphology of external genitalia., Published as part of Barros, Lurdiana D., Paim, Marcelo R., Krein, Verônica, Carabajal, Victor, Brandão, Marcela N., Bernardes, Paula De O. & Lindner, Mariana F., 2021, Illustrated guide to Pentatominae (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) species associated with the four main grain crops in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, pp. 430-478 in Zootaxa 4958 (1) on pages 455-456, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4958.1.27, http://zenodo.org/record/4692176, {"references":["Campos, L. A. & Grazia, J. (1998) Revisao de Glyphepomis Berg, 1891 (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 41 (2 - 4), 203 - 212.","Bianchi, F. M., Goncalves, V. R., Souza, J. R. & Campos, L. A. (2016) Description of three new species of Glyphepomis Berg (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae: Pentatominae). Zootaxa, 4103 (5), 443 - 452. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4103.5.2"]}

Hypatropis inermis (Stål, 1872) (Figs 75–77) Melpia inermis Stål, 1872: 31; Berg, 1879: 50; Lethierry & Severin, 1893: 146. Hypatropis inermis: Kirkaldy, 1909: 91. Oenopiella impicta Jensen-Haarup, 1928: 186; Fernandes & Grazia, 1996: 347–349. Material studied. Cachoeirinha: 2♀, 17.VII.1985, Albuquerque leg. (UFRG). Eldorado do Sul: 1♂, 16.VII.1983, V. Aner leg. (UFRG). Pelotas: 1♂, 10.X.1967 (UFRG); 1♀, 08.V.1978, Elói leg. (UFRG). Triunfo: 1♀, 25.V.1990, L. Moura leg. (MCNZ). Diagnostic features. Body elongate, convex ventrally. Body dorsal and ventral surfaces pale yellow to castaneous (Fig. 75). Mandibular plates subequal to clypeus, rounded apically. Antennomeres 1 and 2 subequal in length. Labium short, ending between mesocoxae (Fig. 76). Anterolateral margins of pronotum straight and crenulated. Humeral angles not developed. Apex of radial vein of corium with inconspicuous callosity (Fig. 75). Body length: 8.00–9.00 mm (Garbelotto & Campos 2014). Recorded host plants. Rice (Fernandes & Grazia 1996; Krinski et al. 2015). Distribution in Rio Grande do Sul. Cachoeirinha, Eldorado do Sul, Guaíba, Pelotas, Santo Antônio da Patrulha and Triunfo (Fig. 77)., Published as part of Barros, Lurdiana D., Paim, Marcelo R., Krein, Verônica, Carabajal, Victor, Brandão, Marcela N., Bernardes, Paula De O. & Lindner, Mariana F., 2021, Illustrated guide to Pentatominae (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) species associated with the four main grain crops in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, pp. 430-478 in Zootaxa 4958 (1) on pages 457-458, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4958.1.27, http://zenodo.org/record/4692176, {"references":["Berg, C. (1879) Hemiptera Argentina enumeravit speciesque novas. ex typographiae P. E. Coni, Bonariae, 316 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 36493","Lethierry, L. & Severin, G. (1893) Catalogue general des Hemipteres. Vol. 1. F. Hayez, Bruxelles and Berlin, x + 286 pp.","Kirkaldy, G. W. (1909) Catalogue of the Hemiptera (Heteroptera) 1 - Cimicidae. Felix L. Dames, Berlin, XL + 392 pp.","Jensen-Haarup, A. C. (1928) Hemipterological notes and descriptions V. Entomologiske Meddelelser, 16 (4), 185 - 202.","Fernandes, J. A. M. & Grazia, J. (1996) Revisao do genero Hypatropis Bergroth, 1891 (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 40 (3 - 4), 341 - 352.","Garbelotto, T. A. & Campos, L. A. (2014) Pentatominae do Sul de Santa Catarina. Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia, Curitiba, 80 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.7476 / 9788598203089.0001","Krinski, D., Foerster, L. A. & Grazia, J. (2015) Hypatropis inermis (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae): first record on rice crops. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 59 (1), 12 - 13. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. rbe. 2014.11.001"]}

Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood, 1837) (Figs 100–103) Rhaphigaster guildinii Westwood, 1837: 31. Piezodorus guildinii: Uhler, 1894. Material studied. Cruz Alta: 1♂, 14.X.1981, Link & Costa leg., Linho, J. Grazia det. 1986 (UFRG); 1♂, Fecotrigo, M. T. B. da Silva leg. (UFRG). Júlio de Castilhos: 1♀, 14.X.1981, Link & Costa leg., Tremoço, J. Grazia det. 1986 (UFRG). Santa Maria: 1♂, XI.1981, D. Link leg., Linho, J. Grazia det. 1986 (UFRG); 1♂, Tremoço Amarelo, J. Grazia det. 1986 (UFRG). Diagnostic features. Body dorsal and ventral surfaces green to yellow (Fig. 100). Mandibular plates subequal to clypeus and rounded apically. Pronotum with a red stripe at posterior third (Fig. 102). Anterolateral margins of pronotum straight. Humeral angles not developed (Fig. 102). Abdominal spine reaching the mesocoxae (Fig. 101, red arrow), sometimes extended to the head. Body length: 8.00–9.00 mm (Garbelotto & Campos 2014). Recorded host plants. Canola (Marsaro Jr. et al. 2017; Bianchi et al. 2019) and soybean (Costa & Link 1974; Link & Grazia 1987; Panizzi 2008b; Medeiros & Megier 2009). Distribution in Rio Grande do Sul. Cruz Alta, Júlio de Castilhos, Passo Fundo, Santa Maria and São Sepé (Fig. 103). New records. Cruz Alta and Júlio de Castilhos., Published as part of Barros, Lurdiana D., Paim, Marcelo R., Krein, Verônica, Carabajal, Victor, Brandão, Marcela N., Bernardes, Paula De O. & Lindner, Mariana F., 2021, Illustrated guide to Pentatominae (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) species associated with the four main grain crops in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, pp. 430-478 in Zootaxa 4958 (1) on pages 465-466, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4958.1.27, http://zenodo.org/record/4692176, {"references":["Westwood, J. O. (1837) A catalogue of Hemiptera in the collection of the Rev. F. W. Hope, with short latin descriptions of new species. Part 1. J. Bridgewater, London, 46 pp.","Uhler, P. R. (1894) On the Hemiptera-Heteroptera of the Island of Grenada, West Indies. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1894, 167 - 224.","Garbelotto, T. A. & Campos, L. A. (2014) Pentatominae do Sul de Santa Catarina. Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia, Curitiba, 80 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.7476 / 9788598203089.0001","Bianchi, F. M., Marsaro Jr., A. L., Grazia, J., Pereira, P. R. V. S. & Panizzi, A. R. (2019) Diversity of Stink Bugs (Pentatomidae) Associated with Canola: Looking for Potential Pests. Neotropical Entomology, 48, 219 - 224. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13744 - 018 - 0642 - 3","Costa, E. C. & Link, D. (1974) Incidencia de percevejos em soja. Revista do Centro de Ciencias Rurais, 4 (4), 397 - 400.","Link, D. & Grazia, J. (1987) Pentatomideos da regiao central do Rio Grande do Sul (Heteroptera). Anais da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil, 16 (1), 115 - 129.","Panizzi, A. R. (2008 b) Small Green Stink Bug, Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). In: Capinera J. L. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 2029 - 2030. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4020 - 6359 - 6 _ 4231","Medeiros, L. & Megier, G. A. (2009) Ocorrencia e desempenho de Euschistus heros (F.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) em Plantas Hospedeiras Alternativas no Rio Grande do Sul. Neotropical Entomology, 38 (4), 459 - 463. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1519 - 566 X 2009000400003"]}

Oebalus poecilus (Dallas, 1851) (Figs 96–97) Mormidea poecila Dallas, 1851: 55. Oebalus rufescens Haglund, 1868. Mormidea (Mormidea) exigua Berg, 1891: 239. Mormidea (Mormidea) poecila: Pennington, 1920: 7. Solubea poecila: Sailer, 1944: 121. Oebalus poecilus: Quintanilla et al., 1976: 125. Material studied. Eldorado do Sul: 1♂, Fazenda Minuano, 16.VIII.1989, Aner, U. leg. (UFRG). Guaíba: 2♂, Km 9, BR 116, 08.XI.1985, M. C. Del Vecchio leg., J. Grazia det. (UFRG). Tapes: 1♂, XI.1963, M. Becker det. 1967 (UFRG). Rio Grande: 2♂, Estação Ecológica do Taim, 17.III.1982, J. Grazia leg. (UFRG). Diagnostic features. Body elongate, dorsal surface ferruginous to dark castaneous, with one pair of pale yellow callosities on pronotum, three on scutellum and one at the apex of corium radial vein (Fig. 96). Mandibular plates subequal to clypeus and rounded apically. Pronotum sloping. Anterolateral margins of pronotum concave. Humeral angles with variable development, from weakly produced to forming an acute spine, directed laterally (Fig. 96). Body length: 7.00–10.00 mm. Recorded host plants. Canola (Bianchi et al. 2019), rice, soybean and wheat (Grazia 1977; Link & Grazia 1987; Kishino & Alves 1994; Panizzi 2008a). Distribution in Rio Grande do Sul. Eldorado do Sul, Guaíba, Passo Fundo, Pelotas, Rio Grande, Santa Maria and Tapes (Fig. 97). Comments. This species is known as the small rice stink bug. Comparisons between this species and O. ypsilongriseus are written in the latter’s comments section., Published as part of Barros, Lurdiana D., Paim, Marcelo R., Krein, Verônica, Carabajal, Victor, Brandão, Marcela N., Bernardes, Paula De O. & Lindner, Mariana F., 2021, Illustrated guide to Pentatominae (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) species associated with the four main grain crops in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, pp. 430-478 in Zootaxa 4958 (1) on pages 463-464, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4958.1.27, http://zenodo.org/record/4692176, {"references":["Dallas, W. S. (1851) List of the specimens of Hemipterous Insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part II. Taylor & Francis, London, 592 pp.","Haglund, C. J. E. (1868) Hemiptera nova. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 29, 150 - 163.","Berg, C. (1891) Nova Hemiptera Faunarum Argentinae et Uruguayensis. Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina, 32, 239 - 287.","Pennington, M. S. (1920) Lista de los Hemipteros Heteropteros de la Republica Argentina. Buenos Aires, Quilmes, 47 pp.","Sailer, R. I. (1944) The genus Solubea (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 46, 105 - 127.","Quintanilla, R. H., Margheritis, A. E., Rizzo, H. F. (1976) Catalogo de hemipteros hallados en la Provincia de Corrientes (Argentina). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 35, 115 - 133.","Bianchi, F. M., Marsaro Jr., A. L., Grazia, J., Pereira, P. R. V. S. & Panizzi, A. R. (2019) Diversity of Stink Bugs (Pentatomidae) Associated with Canola: Looking for Potential Pests. Neotropical Entomology, 48, 219 - 224. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13744 - 018 - 0642 - 3","Grazia, J. (1977) Revisao dos Pentatomineos citados no Quarto Catalogo dos Insetos que Vivem nas Plantas do Brasil (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae, Pentatomini). Dusenia, 10 (3), 161 - 174.","Link, D. & Grazia, J. (1987) Pentatomideos da regiao central do Rio Grande do Sul (Heteroptera). Anais da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil, 16 (1), 115 - 129.","Kishino, K. & Alves, R. T. (1994) Ecologia de percevejos que atacam o colmo e a panicula do arroz na regiao dos cerrados. In: EMBRAPA Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuaria dos Cerrados (Ed.), Relatorio tecnico do projeto nipo-brasileiro de cooperacao em pesquisa agricola nos cerrados 1987 / 1992. EMBRAPA-CPAC / JICA, Planaltina, pp. 156 - 179.","Panizzi, A. R. (2008 a) Small Rice Stink Bug, Oebalus poecilus (Dallas) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). In: Capinera, J. L. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer, Dordrecht. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4020 - 6359 - 6 _ 4234"]}

Euschistus (Euschistus) heros (Fabricius, 1798) (Figs 56–58) Cimex heros Fabricius, 1798: 532. Euschistus apicalis Dallas, 1851: 203. Euschistus heros: Stål, 1868: 26; Rolston, 1974: 46–49; Bianchi et al. 2019. Material studied. Cruz Alta: 2♂, 2♀, 24.V.2006, M. T. B. da Silva leg. (UFRG). Derrubadas: 1♀, 13.IV.1983, S. L. Bonatto leg. (UFRG); 2♂, 1♀, 26–30.IX.1983, S. L. Bonatto leg. (UFRG). Santa Maria: 1♂, 1♀, X. 1980, D. Link leg. (UFRG). Diagnostic features. Body dorsal and ventral surfaces castaneous. Mandibular plates subequal to clypeus, rounded apically (Fig. 57). Internal angles of cicatrices of pronotum dark castaneous. Anterolateral margins of pronotum concave and serrate (Fig. 57). Humeral angles dark, strongly developed, rounded apically and directed anterolaterally (Fig. 57). Scutellum with pale spots and apex with large pale callosity (Fig. 56). Connexivum dark castaneous with a pale macule, posterior angle produced. Posterior margin of abdominal sternite 7 acute. Body length: 10.00–11.00 mm. Recorded host plants. Canola (Marsaro Jr. et al. 2017; Bianchi et al. 2019), maize (Roza-Gomes et al. 2011) and soybean (Link & Grazia 1987; Medeiros & Megier 2009; Chevarria et al. 2013; Scopel et al. 2016). Also reported feeding in mature seeds of red-root amaranth (Amaranthus retroflexus), and mature fruits of S olanum megalochiton, S. mauritianum and Vassobia breviflora (Medeiros & Megier 2009). Distribution in Rio Grande do Sul. Augusto Pestana, Cruz Alta, Derrubadas, Passo Fundo, Santa Maria, Santa Rosa, and Três de Maio (Fig. 58). New records. Cruz Alta and Derrubadas. Comments. This species is known as the brown bug or soybean bug. The damage results from the suction of sap from the branches or stems and from pods, limiting production. They also inject toxins, causing “leaf retention”., Published as part of Barros, Lurdiana D., Paim, Marcelo R., Krein, Verônica, Carabajal, Victor, Brandão, Marcela N., Bernardes, Paula De O. & Lindner, Mariana F., 2021, Illustrated guide to Pentatominae (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) species associated with the four main grain crops in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, pp. 430-478 in Zootaxa 4958 (1) on pages 451-452, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4958.1.27, http://zenodo.org/record/4692176, {"references":["Fabricius, J. C. (1798) Supplementum Entomologiae Systematicae. Proft et Storch, Hafniae, (3) + 572 pp.","Dallas, W. S. (1851) List of the specimens of Hemipterous Insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part II. Taylor & Francis, London, 592 pp.","Stal, C. (1868) Hemiptera Fabriciana I. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps - Akademiens Handlingar, 7, 1 - 148.","Rolston, L. H. (1974) Revision of the genus Euschistus in Middle America (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae, Pentatomini). Entomologica Americana, 48, 1 - 102.","Bianchi, F. M., Marsaro Jr., A. L., Grazia, J., Pereira, P. R. V. S. & Panizzi, A. R. (2019) Diversity of Stink Bugs (Pentatomidae) Associated with Canola: Looking for Potential Pests. Neotropical Entomology, 48, 219 - 224. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13744 - 018 - 0642 - 3","Roza-Gomes, M. F., Salvadori, J. R., Pereira, P. R. V. S. & Panizzi, A. R. (2011) Injurias de quatro especies de percevejos pentatomideos em plantulas de milho. Ciencia Rural, 41 (7), 1115 - 1119. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0103 - 84782011005000081","Link, D. & Grazia, J. (1987) Pentatomideos da regiao central do Rio Grande do Sul (Heteroptera). Anais da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil, 16 (1), 115 - 129.","Medeiros, L. & Megier, G. A. (2009) Ocorrencia e desempenho de Euschistus heros (F.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) em Plantas Hospedeiras Alternativas no Rio Grande do Sul. Neotropical Entomology, 38 (4), 459 - 463. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1519 - 566 X 2009000400003","Chevarria, V. V., Del Ponte, E. M. & Jahnke, M. S. (2013) Numero de geracao de um percevejo e seu parasitoide e da severidade da ferrugem asiatica em soja, simulados em cenarios de clima e manejo no norte do RS. Ciencia Rural, 43 (4), 571 - 578. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0103 - 84782013000400002","Scopel, W., Salvadori, J. R., Panizzi, A. R. & Pereira, P. R. V. S. (2016) Danos de Euschistus heros (F.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) em soja infestada no estadio de grao cheio. Agropecuaria Catarinense, 29 (3), 81 - 84."]}

Holopothrips permagnus Hood (Figs 212���217) Holopothrips permagnus Hood, 1938: 236. Diagnostic features. Body (except antenna) uniformly brown; head much longer than wide, about 400 ��m long, maxillary stylets parallel; one pair of long setae on epimeral region; mesonotal sculpture with internal markings; metanotal sculpture striate anteriorly and with elongate reticles posteriorly, with internal markings; pelta with lateral wings basally, reticulation without internal markings; males with pore plates on sternites VII���VIII, two anteroangular plates and a transverse posterior band on VIII; female spermatheca not enlarged. Comments. Described from Peru, collected from an unidentified plant. Holopothrips permagnus is one of the largest species of the genus, characterized by its dark brown colour, including all tibiae, very long head (observed specimen with head over 1.8 times longer than wide���Fig. 212). Pronotal am and aa setae are very reduced, while ml is long and dislocated closer to the anterior margin of pronotum (Fig. 214). This species is comparable to other species with elongate head, such as H. claritibialis, H. hambletoni (whose metanotal reticulation is equiangular and lack internal markings), H. inversus (a much smaller species), H. orites (whose metanotal sculpture is finely striate thoroughly) and H. oaxacensis (which was recorded only from Mexico). Material studied. 1 female paratype; Peru, Cajamarca, vicinity of Celendin, 1���3.vi.1936 (Woytkowski, F.), at NMNH. Slide with code ��� Hood No. 1187���., Published as part of Lindner, Mariana F., Ferrari, Augusto, Mound, Laurence A. & Cavalleri, Adriano, 2018, Holopothrips diversity-a Neotropical genus of gall-inducing insects (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae), pp. 1-99 in Zootaxa 4494 (1) on page 74, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4494.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1445182, {"references":["Hood, J. D. (1938) Studies in Neotropical Thysanoptera VII. Revista de Entomologia, 9 (1 - 2), 218 - 247."]}

Holopothrips acrioris sp. n. (Figs 16–21) Diagnostic features. Body (except antenna) uniformly brown; two pairs of long setae on epimeral region; metanotal sculpture formed by slightly elongate and weakly defined reticles, without internal markings; pelta with closely equiangular reticles, without internal markings; sternite II with transversely striate sculpture; males with a single transverse pore plate posterior to discal setae; female spermatheca not enlarged. Macropterous female: Body (Fig. 16) uniformly brown, fore tibia brownish yellow and all tarsi yellow, tergite X dark brown with extreme base and apex lighter. Antennal segments I–II concolourous with head, II yellow on extreme apex; III–IV yellow, V–VI yellow on basal half and shaded brown on apical half, VII–VIII brown. Fore wings pale to very weakly shaded, without median dark line, clavus shaded; major body setae yellow. Head (Fig. 17) about 1.2 times as long as width behind eyes, dorsal surface with transverse lines of sculpture, cheeks slightly curved. Eyes well-developed, dorsal length about 0.4 of head length; po with acute to blunt apex, about as long as the dorsal width of the eye. Maxillary stylets parallel, reaching close to posterior margin of eye and less than 0.2 of head width apart. Mouth cone with pointed tip, barely reaching the posterior margin of fore coxae. Antennal segment III with 3 sense cones and IV with 3 sense cones + 1 additional small sense cone. Pronotum (Fig. 17) trapezoidal, very faint reticulate sculpture medially and weak transverse lines near margins; epimeral sutures incomplete. Six major pairs of pronotal setae, two pairs of epimeral setae; am and aa small with acute to blunt tips, ml, ep and pa well-developed and with blunt tips; basantra faintly indicated; prosternal ferna well-developed, not touching medially. Mesonotum with irregular reticulation medially, which becomes elongated laterally; internal markings on sculpture absent. Metanotum (Fig. 19) with faint irregular reticles medially, elongated laterally, internal markings on sculpture absent; one or two pairs of anterior discal setae and one pair of median major setae present. Fore tarsal hamus not enlarged. Fore wings with 14 to 17 duplicated cilia. Pelta (Fig. 18) triangular with somewhat irregular margins, anterior margin acute ending in a straight tip, no lateral wings; paired campaniform sensilla present. Sculpture covering the whole pelta; almost equiangular reticles medially, slightly elongated reticles laterally, almost striate on posterior margin, internal markings on sculpture absent. Tergite II (Fig. 18) with well-defined transverse lines, enclosing some small reticles medially; sculpture less defined on further tergites. Tergites II–VII with three pairs of wing retaining setae. Tergite IX setae S1 with blunt to slightly capitate apex, S2 blunt and S3 finely acute. Tube about 0.85 of head length and about 2.3 times as long as greatest width near base, apical width about 0.5 of basal width. Spermatheca (Fig. 20) S-shaped, not thickened or swollen medially. Measurements (female holotype in microns): Length about 2390; head length 232, width behind eyes 202, po length 52, eye dorsal length 84; median length of pronotum 150, width across ep 315, am 17, aa 20, ml 50, ep 100, pa 65; width of mesonotum 340; fore wing length 900; tergite IX setae S1 170, S2 187, S3 145; tergite X length 217, basal width 97, apical width 45; length(width) of antennal segments III–VIII 75 (35), 65(35), 62(30), 57(27), 55(25), 30(12), respectively. Macropterous male: Similar to female in both colouration and structure, but slightly smaller. Pore plate (Fig. 21) with punctuate texture present on sternite VIII, a small transverse pore plate posterior to discal setae. Measurements (male paratype in microns): Length about 2212; head length 235, width behind eyes 185, po length 69, eye dorsal length 82; median length of pronotum 122, width across ep 287, am 12, aa 21, ml 50, ep 92, pa 50; width of mesonotum 302; fore wing length 830; tergite IX setae S1 165, S2 172, S3 130; tergite X length 187, basal width 85, apical width 42; length(width) of antennal segments III–VIII 64 (32), 60(32), 60(30), 50(25), 45(22), 30(12), respectively. Larvae: body pale with rings of red internal pigmentation on prothorax, metathorax and abdominal segments III–IV and VII; abdominal segments IX–X light brown. Material studied. Holotype female, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, Santana da Boa Vista, in Myrcia selloi gall, 23.ii.2013 (Cavalleri, A.), at UFRGS. Slide code UFRGS 3216. Paratypes: 12 males, 24 females and 1 larva collected with holotype, at UFRGS. 1 male, 1 female collected with Holotype, at ANIC. Non-type specimens: 21 males and 30 females, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, Santo Antônio das Missões, in Myrcia selloi gall, 03.ii.2013 (Cavalleri, A.), at UFRGS. Etymology. Junction of acri (acute) and oris (mouth), indicating the pointed mouth cone. Comments. This species is very similar to H. conducans, being distinguished only by the lack of elongate reticles with internal markings on the pelta, and having the sculpture on abdominal tergite II almost striate, in contrast to the irregular reticulation in H. conducans. Some other minute variations between both species were observed in coxal setae length, appearance of metanotal sculpture and width of male pore plates. It is also very similar to H. infestans sp. n., but H. acrioris has two pairs of epimeral setae (Fig. 17), third pair of WR on abdominal tergites II–VII, and pelta differently shaped (Fig. 18). Holopothrips acrioris has been collected inducing terminal rosette galls in Myrcia selloi (Myrtaceae) (Fig. 8) in Southern Brazil.

Holopothrips chaconi Zamora, Hanson & Mound (Figs 53���54) Holopothrips chaconi Zamora, Hanson & Mound, 2015: 1038. Diagnostic features. Body (except antenna) uniformly brown; maxillary stylets parallel; pronotal am and aa setae very small, two pairs of long setae on epimeral region; metanotal sculpture formed by slightly elongate reticles, some with faint internal markings; pelta apparently without campaniform sensilla, or with short stout setae instead of sensilla; males with pore plates on sternites VII���VIII; female spermatheca enlarged medially. Comments. This light brown species was recently described from Costa Rica, breeding in abandoned cecidomyiid galls in Piper spp. leaves. Males have irregular transverse pore plates on sternites VII���VIII, usually complete medially on VIII but broader laterally, always interrupted medially on VII. Larvae are pale yellow and lack red internal pigmentation. Material studied. Paratypes: 1 male, Costa Rica, San Jos�� Province, Zurqu�� de Moravia, in Piper bredenmey gall, 8.xi.2013 (Zamora, S.); 1 female, same locality, in Piper lanosibrae gall, 7.viii.2013 (Zamora, S.); both at BMNH., Published as part of Lindner, Mariana F., Ferrari, Augusto, Mound, Laurence A. & Cavalleri, Adriano, 2018, Holopothrips diversity-a Neotropical genus of gall-inducing insects (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae), pp. 1-99 in Zootaxa 4494 (1) on page 30, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4494.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1445182, {"references":["Zamora, S., Hanson, P. & Mound, L. A. (2015) On the biology of Holopothrips chaconi sp. n. (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripinae) from leaf-vein galls on Piper species in Costa Rica. Revista Biologia Tropical, 63 (4), 1035 - 1042. https: // doi. org / 10.15517 / rbt. v 63 i 4.16787"]}

Holopothrips infestans sp. n. (Figs 112–119) Diagnostic features. Body (except antenna) uniformly brown; maxillary stylets parallel; one pair of long pronotal setae on epimeral region; metanotal sculpture with weakly defined reticles, without internal markings; pelta somewhat constricted medially and with broad basal wings; third pair of abdominal WR mostly absent; male with single median pore plate on sternite VIII; female spermatheca not enlarged. Macropterous female: Body (Fig. 112) uniformly brown, with fore tibia and fore tarsi yellow, tergite X dark brown on basal half and lighter on apical half. Antennal segment I concolourous with head, II brown on basal half and yellow on apical half, III–IV yellow, V–VI yellow shaded light brown on apical half, VII light brown with base yellow, VIII light brown. Fore wings weakly shaded, without median dark line, clavus shaded; major body setae brownish yellow. Head (Fig. 113) length and width behind eyes subequal, sometimes very slightly longer, dorsal surface with transverse lines of sculpture, cheeks slightly curved. Eyes well-developed, dorsal length about 0.4 of head length; po with slightly expanded to capitate apex, slightly shorter than the dorsal width of the eye. Maxillary stylets parallel, reaching po level and about a fourth of head width apart. Mouth cone (Fig. 114) with pointed tip, reaching the posterior margin of fore coxae. Antennal segments III and IV with 3 sense cones each. Pronotum (Fig. 113) trapezoidal, surface smooth medially, with few lines enclosing irregular elongate reticles near posterior margin; epimeral sutures incomplete and short. Five major pairs of pronotal setae, one pair on epimeral region; am small or reduced with acute tip, aa, ml, ep and pa well-developed and with slightly expanded to capitate tips. Basantra absent; prosternal ferna well-developed, close medially but not touching, anterior margins weakly produced. Mesonotum (Fig. 115) with reticulation medially, some almost equiangular reticles surrounded by elongated reticles or transverse lines; internal markings on sculpture absent. Metanotum (Fig. 116) with faint irregular reticles, longitudinally elongated laterally, internal markings on sculpture absent; two to five anterior discal setae and one pair of median major setae present. Fore tarsal hamus not enlarged. Fore wings with 10 to 14 duplicated cilia. Pelta (Fig. 117) weakly bell-shaped, anterior margin rounded or with a projection ending in a straight margin, with wide lateral wings; paired campaniform sensilla present. Sculpture covering the whole pelta, sometimes weaker medially; almost equiangular reticles medially, elongated near anterior and posterior margins, internal markings on sculpture absent. Tergite II (Fig. 117) with small irregular reticles medially and elongated anterolaterally; sculpture less defined on further tergites. Third pair of wing retaining setae mostly absent, but sometimes a small and not curved lateral setae is close to the wing retaining pairs. Tergite IX setae S1, S2 and S3 with finely acute apexes. Tube about 0.85 of head length and about 2.0 times as long as greatest width near base, apical width about 0.5 of basal width. Spermatheca (Fig. 119) S-shaped, slightly thickened medially but not swollen. Measurements (female holotype in microns): Length about 2548, head length 240, width behind eyes 212, po length 62, eye dorsal length 97; median length of pronotum 157, width across ep 312, am 12, aa 46, ml 85, ep 107, pa 95; width of mesonotum 350; fore wing length 1020; tergite IX setae S1 192, S2 250, S3 237; tergite X length 205, basal width 100, apical width 45; length(width) of antennal segments III–VIII 72 (30), 65(32), 65(29), 69(27), 62(25), 30(14), respectively. Macropterous male: Similar to female in both colouration and structure, but slightly smaller. Pore plate (Fig. 118) with reticulate texture and present on sternite VIII, a thin transverse band posterior to discal setae. Measurements (male paratype in microns): Length about 2153; head length 212, width behind eyes 197, po length 57, eye dorsal length 87; median length of pronotum 147, width across ep 275, am 7, aa 25, ml 60, ep 97, pa 86; width of mesonotum 287; fore wing length 840; tergite IX setae S1 250, S2 265, S3 262; tergite X length 170, basal width 87, apical width 42; length(width) of antennal segments III–VIII 70 (30), 60(30), 65(27), 65(25), 60(22), 36(14), respectively. Larvae: Body largely yellow but with conspicuous rings of red internal pigmentation on thorax and abdomen. Material studied. Holotype female, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, São Francisco de Paula, in Acca sellowiana leaves, 28.ix.2013 (Cavalleri, A.), at UFRGS. Slide code UFRGS 3209. Paratypes: 4 males and 3 females collected with holotype, at UFRGS. Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, São Francisco de Paula (FLONA), 1 male, 2 females and 5 larvae in Acca sellowiana galls, 17.i.2014 (Cavalleri, A.), at UFRGS. 1 female in Acca sellowiana galls, 17.i.2014 (Cavalleri, A.), at ANIC. Non-type specimens: 3 males and 3 females, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Videira, in Acca sellowiana, 18.xii.1989 (Hickel, E. R.); 2 males, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, São Francisco de Paula, in Acca sellowiana leaves, 13.x.2006 (Cavalleri, A.); same locality, 1 male and 1 female, in Acca sellowiana galls, 1.i.2007 (Cavalleri, A.); same locality, 4 males and 3 females, in Acca sellowiana, 30.xii.2007 (Cavalleri, A.); 1 male and 1 female, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, Jaquirana, in Acca sp., 28.i.2013 (Cavalleri, A.); all at UFRGS. Etymology. Named in reference to the damage this species causes to leaves of Acca sellowiana (Fig. 11). Comments. Most specimens of this species lack the third pair of WR, similar to H. flavisetis and H. inconspicuus, but otherwise fit the diagnostic characters of the genus. It can be distinguished from these two species for having the head slightly longer than wide (Fig. 113) and female spermatheca not enlarged medially (Fig. 119). Holopothrips infestans is structurally very similar to H. acrioris and H. conducans, sharing with them the pattern of metanotal sculpture (Fig. 116) and the reduced pore plates of males (Fig. 118), but differs from both species in having only one pair of epimeral setae (Fig. 113) and pelta with a weak constriction near base (Fig. 117). Apparently, H. infestans feeds only on Acca sellowiana, on which it induces characteristic rolled leaf-margin galls (Fig. 11). This thrips is referred to as a pest of feijoa by Hickel & Ducroquet (1993) in Santa Catarina, South Brazil, and mentioned as ‘ Phrasterothrips sp.’ by these authors.

Holopothrips kaminskii sp. n. (Figs 145–150) Diagnostic features. Body (except antenna) uniformly brown; maxillary stylets V-shaped; one pair of long pronotal setae on epimeral region; metanotal sculpture longitudinally striate; pelta clearly bell-shaped; male without pore plates; female spermatheca not enlarged. Macropterous female: Body (Fig. 145) brown, with anterior half of abdomen slightly lighter, all tarsi yellow to light brown, tergite X brown basally and lighter on apical half. Antennal segment I concolourous with head, II yellow with extreme base brown, III–IV light yellow, V–VI yellow shaded light brown, VII yellowish to very light brown, VIII yellow lightly shaded with brown. Fore wings pale, without median dark line, clavus pale; major body setae yellow to very light brown. Head (Fig. 148) about 1.2–1.3 times as long as width behind eyes, dorsal surface with weak transverse lines of sculpture, cheeks straight to very slightly curved. Eyes well-developed, dorsal length about 0.4 of head length; po with expanded apex, about as long as the dorsal length of the eye, sometimes a third well-developed setae present. Maxillary stylets V-shaped, reaching close to po level, about a third to a half of head width apart. Mouth cone with rounded tip, not reaching the posterior margin of fore coxae. Antennal segment III with 2–3 sense cones and IV with 3 sense cones + 1 additional small sense cone. Pronotum (Fig. 148) trapezoidal, with few transverse lines near posterior margin, and faint indication of reticulation anteriorly; epimeral sutures incomplete, sometimes almost reaching the posterior margin of pronotum. Four or five major pairs of pronotal setae, one pair on epimeral region; am and aa reduced, sometimes absent; ml variable, either short with acute tip or long with capitate tip, ep and pa well-developed and with capitate tips. Basantra absent; prosternal ferna well-developed, not close medially. Mesonotum (Fig. 146) with irregular reticles medially; internal markings on sculpture present, but faint and restricted to few reticles. Metanotum (Fig. 147) with long longitudinal lines forming a striate pattern, few internal markings on sculpture present anteromedially; one or two anterior discal setae and one pair or median major setae present. Fore tarsal hamus not enlarged. Fore wings with 11 to 14 duplicated cilia. Pelta (Fig. 149) bell-shaped, anterior margin rounded, with very long lateral wings; paired campaniform sensilla present and one pair of short setae medially to the sensilla. Sculpture covering the whole pelta but might be weaker laterally; almost equiangular reticles medially, surrounded by elongated irregular reticles laterally, transverse striation near posterior margin, internal markings on sculpture absent. Tergite II with well-defined irregular reticles medially, transverse lines laterally; sculpture less defined on further tergites. Tergites II–VII with three pairs of wing retaining setae. Tergite IX setae S1, S2 and S3 with finely acute apexes. Tube about 0.75 of head length and about 2.0 times as long as greatest width near base, apical width about 0.5 of basal width. Spermatheca (Fig. 150) S-shaped, slightly thickened but not swollen medially. Measurements (female holotype in microns): Length about 2390; head length 260, width behind eyes 205, po length 87, eye dorsal length 95; median length of pronotum 162, width across ep 290, am 35, ml 50, ep 112, pa 102; width of mesonotum 317; fore wing length 980; tergite IX setae S1 305, S2 270, S3 212; tergite X length 197, basal width 97, apical width 50; length(width) of antennal segments III–VIII 72 (32), 54(32), 62(32), 57(27), 50(25), 36(12), respectively. Macropterous male: Similar to female in both colouration and structure, but slightly smaller; sternites without pore plates. Measurements (male paratype in microns): Length about 1777; head length 232, width behind eyes 197, po length 80, eye dorsal length 90; median length of pronotum 135, width across ep 275, am 7, ml 50, ep 95, pa 90; width of mesonotum 300; fore wing length 900; tergite IX setae S1 237, S2 237, S3 235; tergite X length 172, basal width 82, apical width 46; length(width) of antennal segments III–VIII 65 (27), 52(27), 57(30), 52(27), 45(25), 32(11), respectively. Larvae: Body largely yellow but with conspicuous rings of red internal pigmentation on thorax and abdomen. Material studied. Holotype female, Brazil, Bahia, Lençóis, in Vochysia cf. obovata gall, 6.ii.2007 (Kaminski, L.A.), at UFRGS. Slide code UFRGS 0 990. Paratypes: 1 male and 4 females collected with holotype, at UFRGS. Non-type specimens: 2 females collected with holotype, at UFRGS. Etymology. Named after Lucas Kaminski, for his frequent help with collecting thrips specimens. Comments. This species is unique within the genus in having a clearly bell-shaped pelta, with well-defined median constriction and long lateral wings (Fig. 149). Holopothrips kaminskii shares a few character states with H. affinis and H. omercooperi, in the V-shaped maxillary stylets, head longer than wide and striate metanotum, but is readily distinguished from both by the pelta shape and lack of male pore plates. This thrips was found inducing galls on leaves of Vochysia cf. obovata, which become folded along the midvein (Figs 12–13).

Holopothrips johanseni sp. n. (Figs 138–144) Diagnostic features. Body (except antenna) uniformly brown; second pair of shorter postocular setae sometimes present; maxillary stylets parallel; one pair of long pronotal setae on epimeral region; metanotal sculpture with thin elongate reticles, looking almost striate; metapleural sutures absent; reticulation on pelta not reaching posterior margin and without internal markings; male with three pore plates on sternites VI–VIII, posterior plate interrupted medially on VI–VII; female spermatheca enlarged medially. Macropterous female: Body (Fig. 138) uniformly brown, with fore tibiae, apex of mid and hind tibiae and all tarsi yellow. Antennal segments I–II concolourous with head, II yellow on extreme apex, III–VI yellow, VII yellow basally and lightly shaded brown apically, VIII very light brown. Fore wings shaded, median dark line present, clavus shaded; major body setae light brown. Head (Fig. 139) about 1.3 times longer than width behind eyes, dorsal surface with transverse lines of sculpture, sometimes enclosing few elongate reticles; cheeks slightly curved. Eyes well-developed, dorsal length about 0.4 of head length; two pairs of postocular setae present: internal pair of variable length, but usually shorter and with acute apexes; external pair longer and with capitate apexes, slightly shorter than the dorsal width of the compound eye. Maxillary stylets parallel, reaching po level and about a fourth to a third of head width apart. Mouth cone with rounded tip, not reaching the anterior margin of ferna. Antennal segments III and IV with 3 sense cones each. Pronotum (Fig. 139) trapezoidal, surface smooth medially, but with transversely elongate reticles near posterior margin and reticulation faintly indicated anteriorly; epimeral sutures incomplete. Five major pairs of pronotal setae, one pair on epimeral region; all pairs well-developed and with expanded to capitate tips. Basantra absent; prosternal ferna well-developed, close medially and touching in at least one observed specimen. Mesonotum (Fig. 140) with small irregular reticulation medially, elongate laterally; internal markings on sculpture present. Metanotum (Fig. 140) with strongly marked longitudinal lines, enclosing some irregular elongate reticles; internal markings faintly present in some anterior and median reticles. Three or four anterior discal setae and one pair of median major setae present. Fore tarsal hamus not enlarged. Fore wings with four to six duplicated cilia. Pelta (Fig. 143) triangular, anterior margin straight, without lateral wings; paired campaniform sensilla present. Sculpture covering the median area of pelta, weaker or absent near posterior margin and anterior region; few equiangular reticles medially, surrounded by elongate reticles; internal markings on sculpture absent. Tergite II apparently smooth medially, faint lines of sculpture laterally. Third pair of WR setae present on tergites II–VII. Tergite IX setae S1 with expanded to capitate apexes, S2 blunt to slightly expanded, S3 finely acute. Tube about 0.7 of head length and about 2.4 times as long as greatest width near base, apical width about half of basal width. Spermatheca (Fig. 142) swollen medially. Measurements (female holotype in microns): Length about 2212, head length 247, width behind compound eyes 181, po length 57, eye dorsal length 107; median length of pronotum 117, width across ep 260, am 50, aa 39, ml 62, ep 97, pa 85; width of mesonotum 287; fore wing length 900; tergite IX setae S1 135, S2 162, S3 150; tergite X length 200, basal width 82, apical width 42; length(width) of antennal segments III–VIII: 67(30), 55(29), 60(27), 55(22), 45(20), 35(12), respectively. Macropterous male: Similar to female in structure and colour, but slightly smaller. Pore plates (Fig. 141) with punctuate texture and present on sternites VI–VIII: two anteroangular plates and one transverse band posterior to discal setae; the posterior band is interrupted medially on VI–VII. Measurements (male paratype in microns): Length about 1906, head length 215, width behind compound eyes 167, po length 47, eye dorsal length 95; median length of pronotum 105, width across ep 237, am 40, aa 32, ml 55, ep 87, pa 72; width of mesonotum 260; fore wing length 790; tergite IX setae S1 117, S2 135, S3 157; tergite X length 162, basal width 75, apical width 40; length(width) of antennal segments III–VIII 60 (25), 45(27), 52(25), 52(20), 45(20), 30(10), respectively. Material studied. Holotype female, Costa Rica, Braulio Carrillo National Park, in Drymonia sp. twisted leaves, 13.iv.1992, at BMNH. Code LAM 2241. Paratypes: 7 males and 5 females collected with holotype, at BMNH. Etymology. Species named after Dr. Roberto Johansen, for his contributions to the studies of neotropical Thysanoptera. Comments. This species is unusual in having a second pair of postocular setae, internally to the usual major pair (Fig. 139); it is possible that these setae are actually one of the postocellar pair, dislocated from the usual position. These setae are variable in length, and in few observed specimens only one seta of the pair was longer than discal setae (Fig. 139). Another difference in relation to other Holopothrips species is the lack of metapleural sutures (Fig. 144). Teneral adults of both sexes are yellow with a dark marking anteromedially on the tergites. Holopothrips johanseni has some similarities with H. reticulatus sp. n., but the latter differs in the two characters mentioned above, plus having internal markings in the sculpture on pelta and female spermatheca not enlarged. This species has been mentioned by the code “ sp. n. CR2” in Mound & Marullo (1996). The specimens from BMNH we studied were labelled by R. M. Johansen with an unavailable manuscript name.

Holopothrips longihamus sp. n. (Figs 151���158) Diagnostic features. Body (except antenna) uniformly brown; maxillary stylets V-shaped; one pair of long pronotal setae on epimeral region; fore leg hamus greatly enlarged; metanotal sculpture with irregular and very elongate reticles, looking almost striate, without internal markings; pelta usually with four or five campaniform sensilla; male with weak and irregular pore plates, posterior to discal setae, on sternites VII���VIII; female spermatheca enlarged medially. Macropterous female: Body (Fig. 151) brown, with apex of fore femora, fore and mid tibiae, and all tarsi yellow, tergite X concolourous with body but lighter apically. Antennal segment I concolourous with head, II yellowish on apical half, III���IV yellow, V���VI yellow on basal half and shaded brown on apical half, VII yellow on basal half and brown on apical half, VIII brown (Fig. 153). Fore wings light yellow, without median dark line, clavus shaded; major body setae yellow. Head (Fig. 152) about 1.25 times as long as width behind eyes, but variation was observed among specimens from 1.15 to 1.37 times; dorsal surface with transverse lines of sculpture, cheeks straight. Eyes well-developed, dorsal length about 0.4 of head length; po with slightly expanded to capitate apex, about as long as the dorsal length of the eye. Maxillary stylets V-shaped and low on head, about a third to a half of head width apart. Mouth cone with pointed tip, almost reaching the posterior margin of fore coxae. Antennal segment III with 3 sense cones and IV with 3 sense cones + 1 additional small sense cone. Pronotum (Fig. 152) trapezoidal, surface mostly smooth, faint lines of sculpture present near anterior and posterior margins; epimeral sutures incomplete and short. Five major pairs of pronotal setae, one pair on epimeral region; am reduced or absent, aa, ml, ep and pa well-developed and with slightly expanded tips. Basantra absent; prosternal ferna well-developed, almost touching medially. Mesonotum (Fig. 154) with very faint reticulation medially, sometimes not visible or absent, elongate reticles or transverse lines laterally; internal markings on sculpture absent. Metanotum (Fig. 158) with few elongated reticles medially, irregular longitudinal lines laterally forming a striate pattern, internal markings on sculpture absent; one to three pairs of anterior discal setae and one pair of median major setae present. Fore tarsal hamus greatly enlarged, pointing sideways and extending beyond lateral margin of tarsus (Fig. 153). Fore wings with 3 to 7 duplicated cilia. Pelta (Fig. 155) triangular with somewhat irregular margins, anterior margin acute ending in a straight tip, with lateral wings; multiple campaniform sensilla present, usually 4���5. Sculpture present anteromedially but weaker or absent laterally and posteriorly; irregular reticles surrounded by elongated ones medially, weak irregular lines laterally, internal markings on sculpture absent. Tergite II with irregular reticulation, weaker posteriorly and elongate laterally; sculpture less defined on further tergites. Tergites II���VII with three pairs of wing retaining setae. Tergite IX setae S1, S2 and S3 with finely acute apexes. Tube about 0.7���0.9 of head length and about 2 times as long as greatest width near base, apical width about 0.5 of basal width. Spermatheca (Fig. 156) swollen medially. Measurements (female holotype in microns): Length about 2133; head length 230, width behind eyes 187, po length 85, eye dorsal length 95; median length of pronotum 162, width across ep 270, am 30, aa 57, ml 110, ep 125, pa 129; width of mesonotum 262; fore wing length 960; tergite IX setae S1 205, S2 250, S3 212; tergite X length 192, basal width 86, apical width 45; length(width) of antennal segments III���VIII 57 (32), 47(35), 52(35), 47(32), 47(26), 37(15), respectively. Macropterous male: Similar to female in both colouration and structure, but slightly smaller. Pore plates (Fig. 157) with punctuate texture and present on sternites VII���VIII: VII with irregular faint spots posterior to discal setae, VIII with an irregular transverse band posterior to discal setae. Measurements (male paratype in microns): Length about 1955; head length 216, width behind eyes 157, po length 75, eye dorsal length 82; median length of pronotum 155, width across ep 227, aa 45, ml 87, ep 100, pa 107; width of mesonotum 237; fore wing length 860; tergite IX setae S1 167, S2 195, S3 172; tergite X length 150, basal width 75, apical width 40; length(width) of antennal segments III���VIII 50 (32), 40(32), 45(32), 42(27), 42(22), 32(10), respectively. Larvae: body pale without red internal pigmentation, abdominal segments IX���X light brown. Material studied. Holotype female, Brazil, S��o Paulo, Paranapiacaba, in leaf galls of cf. Miconia sp., 21.x.2006 (Kaminski, L.A.), at UFRGS. Slide code UFRGS 0 962. Paratypes: 15 males, 34 females and 3 larvae collected with holotype, at UFRGS. 1 male and 2 females collected with holotype, at ANIC. Non-type specimens: 1 male, 6 females and 1 larva collected with holotype, at UFRGS. Etymology. Named in reference to the greatly enlarged fore tarsal hamus this species bears. Comments. Holopothrips longihamus is one of the three species within the genus with an enlarged fore tarsal hamus, and the only one where the hamus is both thickened and elongate, extending beyond the lateral margin of tarsus (Fig. 153). Another curious trait is the frequent presence of at least four or five campaniform sensilla irregularly placed on the pelta (Fig. 155), contrasting with the usual symmetrical pair seen in other Holopothrips. This species also has elongate pronotal setae, with ep and pa easily surpassing 100 ��m long, and somewhat stout fore femora (Fig. 152). Holopothrips longihamus induces marginal rolled-leaf galls in an undetermined Melastomataceae tree., Published as part of Lindner, Mariana F., Ferrari, Augusto, Mound, Laurence A. & Cavalleri, Adriano, 2018, Holopothrips diversity-a Neotropical genus of gall-inducing insects (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae), pp. 1-99 in Zootaxa 4494 (1) on pages 57-59, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4494.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1445182

Holopothrips hilaris Hood (Figs 102���106) Holopothrips hilaris Hood, 1938: 233. Diagnostic features. Body (except antenna) mostly brown, with abdominal segments I���V yellow; maxillary stylets parallel; one pair of long setae on epimeral region; basantra present; metanotal sculpture formed by thin and elongate reticles anteriorly, and broad reticles posteriorly, with internal markings; males with three pore plates on sternites VII���VIII; female spermatheca not enlarged. Comments. Another species described from Southeastern Brazil, H. hilaris is unique within the genus for having the body mostly brown, but pelta (Fig. 105) and abdominal segments II���V clear yellow; and is one of two species of Holopothrips with specimens having hind femora yellow but hind tibiae brown. The other species with this unusual colour pattern for the hind legs, H. signatus, has only abdominal segments II���III yellow. The host plant of this species is unknown, with the type series being collected from an unidentified herb. Material studied. 1 female paratype, Brazil, S��o Paulo, on leaves of an herb, ix.1935 (Hambleton, E.J.), at NMNH. Slide with note ���No. 9, his letter of June 9, 1936 ���., Published as part of Lindner, Mariana F., Ferrari, Augusto, Mound, Laurence A. & Cavalleri, Adriano, 2018, Holopothrips diversity-a Neotropical genus of gall-inducing insects (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae), pp. 1-99 in Zootaxa 4494 (1) on pages 43-44, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4494.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1445182, {"references":["Hood, J. D. (1938) Studies in Neotropical Thysanoptera VII. Revista de Entomologia, 9 (1 - 2), 218 - 247."]}

Holopothrips flavisetis sp. n. (Figs 88–94) Diagnostic features. Body (except antenna) uniformly brown; head slightly wider than long; maxillary stylets parallel, close medially and retracted beyond posterior margin of eyes; one pair of long pronotal setae on epimeral region; metanotal sculpture formed by elongate reticles, without internal markings; male with small median pore plate only on sternite VIII, interrupted medially; female spermatheca enlarged medially. Macropterous female: Body (Fig. 91) uniformly brown, with apical internal half of all femora lighter, fore femora light brown, fore tarsi brownish yellow, mid and hind tarsi light brown, tergite X dark brown basally and lighter on apical half. Antennal segments I–II light brown, II lighter on apical half, III yellow shaded light brown on apical half, IV very light brown, V–VIII light brown. Fore wings shaded, slightly darker near base, without median dark line, clavus shaded brown; major body setae yellow. Head (Fig. 88) about 0.8 times as long as width behind eyes, dorsal surface with transverse lines of sculpture, weaker medially, cheeks curved. Eyes well-developed but not as enlarged as in some Holopothrips species, dorsal length about 0.4 of head length; po with capitate apex, shorter than the dorsal length of the eye. Maxillary stylets parallel, reaching eyes, very close medially. Mouth cone with pointed tip, reaching the posterior margin of fore coxae. Antennal segment III with 2 sense cones and IV with 2 or 3 sense cones. Pronotum (Fig. 88) wide and trapezoidal, surface smooth, with few transverse lines near posterior margin; epimeral sutures incomplete. Five major pairs of pronotal setae, one pair on epimeral region; am reduced, aa, ml, ep and pa well-developed and with capitate tips. Basantra absent; prosternal ferna well-developed, touching medially. Mesonotum (Fig. 89) reticulate, almost equiangular medially and elongate laterally; internal markings on sculpture absent. Metanotum (Fig. 90) with faint longitudinally elongated reticles, internal markings on sculpture absent; four to six anterior discal setae and one pair of median major setae present. Fore tarsal hamus not enlarged. Fore wings with 7 to 9 duplicated cilia. Pelta (Fig. 92) triangular, anterior margin straight, with weak lateral wings in some specimens; paired campaniform sensilla present. Sculpture covering the whole pelta; irregular reticles surrounded by elongated ones medially, transversely elongated irregular reticles anteriorly, internal markings on sculpture absent. Tergite II with slightly elongated reticulation, which becomes closer to striate and less defined on further tergites. Third pair of wing retaining setae mostly absent, but sometimes a small and not curved lateral setae is close to the wing retaining pairs. Tergite IX setae S1, S2 and S3 with capitate apexes. Tube about 0.85 of head length and about 1.8 times as long as greatest width near base, apical width about 0.5 of basal width. Spermatheca (Fig. 94) swollen medially. Measurements (female holotype in microns): Length about 1906; head length 162, width behind eyes 200, po length 37, eye dorsal length 62; median length of pronotum 127, width across ep 270, am 6, aa 35, ml 35, ep 62, pa 35; width of mesonotum 287; fore wing length 720; tergite IX setae S1 82, S2 89, S3 87; tergite X length 140, basal width 75, apical width 37; length(width) of antennal segments III–VIII 60 (26), 52(29), 52(29), 55(27), 47(27), 27(12), respectively. Macropterous male: Similar to female in both colouration and structure, but slightly smaller. Pore plate (Fig. 93) with punctuate texture and present on sternite VIII, faint irregular median spots posterior to discal setae. Measurements (male paratype in microns): Length about 1659; head length 147, width behind eyes 182, po length 29, eye dorsal length 62; median length of pronotum 112, width across ep 247, am 5, aa 27, ml 32, ep 57, pa 32; width of mesonotum 250; fore wing length 680; tergite IX setae S1 87, S2 87, S3 82; tergite X length 117, basal width 67, apical width 32; length(width) of antennal segments III–VIII 57 (25), 45(27), 50(27), 47(25), 45(22), 25(10), respectively. Material studied. Holotype female, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, Jaquirana, in unidentified Myrtaceae, 28.i.2013 (Cavalleri, A.), at UFRGS. Slide code UFRGS 4115. Paratypes: 1 male, 1 female collected with holotype. Slide codes UFRGS 4116 and 4117, respectively. Etymology. Species named after its light-coloured major body setae. Comments. Holopothrips flavisetis has some uncommon characters, such as the slightly wider than long head with long maxillary stylets (Fig. 88), reaching the posterior margin of eyes, and absence of the third pair of WR in all tergites. The metanotal sculpture is formed by weak slightly elongate reticles (Fig. 90), similar to Holopothrips conducans (Priesner). Holopothrips infestans sp. n. shares with this species the lack of a third WR and a similar metanotal sculpture, but the shape of the head, pelta and female spermatheca are different between these two species. Holopothrips flavisetis was studied inducing galls in an unidentified Myrtaceae in South Brazil, where the terminal leaves became twisted and red pigmented (Fig. 10).

Holopothrips tillandsiae Mound & Marullo (Figs 270–271) Holopothrips tillandsiae Mound & Marullo, 1996: 303. Diagnostic features. Body (except antenna) uniformly brown; maxillary stylets parallel; two pairs of long setae on epimeral region; metanotal sculpture formed by weakly defined reticles, without internal markings; males without pore plates; female spermatheca not enlarged medially, but elongate and extending to abdominal segment VI. Comments. This brown species is a remarkable member of the genus. The head is as wide as long (Fig. 271) and some specimens exhibit a second pair of postocular setae about 0.5 times as long as the major pair. Pronotal setae are well-developed and capitate, including am and aa. Moreover, males of H. tillandsiae lack sternal pore plates and the female spermatheca is curiously long, extending forward into the sixth abdominal segment. It is known only from specimens collected on Tillandsia compressa (Bromeliaceae) in Costa Rica. Material studied. 1 male and 1 female paratypes; Costa Rica, San José, in Tillandsia compressa, 16.iii.1937 (Neverman), at BMNH.

Holopothrips signatus Hood (Figs 222���225) Holopothrips signatus Hood, 1914: 50. Diagnostic features. Body (except antenna) mostly brown, with abdominal segments II���III yellow, hind femora frequently yellow as well; maxillary stylets parallel; one pair of long setae on epimeral region; metanotal sculpture formed by elongate reticles bearing internal markings; pelta reticulate and without internal markings; males with pore plates on sternites V���VIII; female spermatheca enlarged medially. Comments. This is the type species of the genus, and was described from Panama in Hura crepitans galls, together with H. tenuis. It is one of four Holopothrips species with the body mostly brown, but with a few abdominal segments pale. In H. signatus only segments II���III are yellow, and the hind femora are clear yellow in contrast to the brown tibiae (Fig. 222). However, this seems to be a variable characteristic, as the original description noted that some specimens had the hind femora almost as brown as the body, and at least one of the individuals studied in this work had the hind femora largely shaded brown. Males have pore plates in sternites V��� VIII, two anteroangular plates and two lateral plates posterior to the discal setae; however, the posterior plate in sternite VIII may be a complete band or interrupted medially (Fig. 225). Material studied. 1 male and 1 female paratypes; Panama, Taboga Island, under surface of Hura crepitans leaves, 18.x.1913 (Zetek, J.), at BMNH. 1 male topotype, same collection data, at NMNH., Published as part of Lindner, Mariana F., Ferrari, Augusto, Mound, Laurence A. & Cavalleri, Adriano, 2018, Holopothrips diversity-a Neotropical genus of gall-inducing insects (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae), pp. 1-99 in Zootaxa 4494 (1) on page 81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4494.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1445182, {"references":["Hood, J. D. (1914) Two new Thysanoptera from Panama. Insecutor inscitiae menstruus, 2, 49 - 53. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 9581"]}

Holopothrips tupi Hood (Figs 272���275) Holopothrips tupi Hood, 1955: 143. Diagnostic features. Body (except antenna) uniformly dark brown, including fore tibiae; maxillary stylets parallel, po setae somewhat short; one pair of long setae on epimeral region; metanotal sculpture formed elongate reticles, with internal markings; pelta with slightly elongate reticles bearing internal markings; males with three pore plates on sternite VIII only; female spermatheca not enlarged. Comments. Described from Southeastern Brazil without any identification of the host plant, this species shares some similarities with H. signatus, but the latter is bicoloured with po setae longer. The pronotal setae of H. tupi are dark and stout, somewhat short when compared to the setae of other Holopothrips species. The pelta reticles bear internal markings, but are not elongate and thin as in some other species with this characteristic (Fig. 275). Females have an s-shaped spermatheca (Fig. 274). Material studied. 2 female paratypes; Brazil, S��o Paulo, Serra da Cantareira, Franco da Rocha, leaves of unidentified shrub or tree, 11.vi.1948 (Hood, J.D., Lane, F. and Filho, L.T.), at BMNH and NMNH. Slides with code ��� Hood No. 1609���., Published as part of Lindner, Mariana F., Ferrari, Augusto, Mound, Laurence A. & Cavalleri, Adriano, 2018, Holopothrips diversity-a Neotropical genus of gall-inducing insects (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae), pp. 1-99 in Zootaxa 4494 (1) on page 89, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4494.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1445182, {"references":["Hood, J. D. (1955) Brasilian Thysanoptera VI. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 4, 51 - 160."]}

Holopothrips seini (Watson) Liothrips seini Watson 1927: 59. Originally described in the genus Liothrips from Dominican Republic. This species was not examined in this work, but the body setae of H. seini are described as mostly short and inconspicuous, with ep being the only elongate pronotal setae, and ml is apparently absent (Watson 1927)., Published as part of Lindner, Mariana F., Ferrari, Augusto, Mound, Laurence A. & Cavalleri, Adriano, 2018, Holopothrips diversity-a Neotropical genus of gall-inducing insects (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae), pp. 1-99 in Zootaxa 4494 (1) on page 81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4494.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1445182, {"references":["Watson, J. R. (1927) A new Liothrips from Santo Domingo. Florida Entomologist, 10, 59 - 60. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3492497"]}

Holopothrips singularis sp. n. (Figs 241–247) Diagnostic features. Body (except antenna) uniformly brown, fore wings shaded brown; head with maxillary stylets parallel, minute tubercles on sculpture dorsolaterally, and po setae absent; one pair of long setae on epimeral region; metanotal sculpture with longitudinally elongate reticles, with weak internal markings; sculpture on pelta weak to absent near posterior margin; male with reticulate pore plates on sternites V–VIII; female spermatheca not enlarged. Macropterous male: Body (Fig. 241) uniformly brown, with fore tibia, apical third of mid and hind tibiae and all tarsi yellow, tergite X light brown, lighter on apex. Antennal segments I–II concolourous with head, II lighter on extreme apex, III–VI clear yellow, VII–VIII yellow slightly shaded light brown. Fore wings shaded but lighter on tip, median dark line faintly indicated, clavus shaded; major body setae light brown. Head (Fig. 242) length subequal to width behind eyes, dorsal surface with clear reticulation; cheeks curved, bearing several minute tubercles on sculpture dorsolaterally. Eyes large, slightly kidney-shaped, dorsal length about 0.5 of head length; major po setae absent, but some small discal setae are present posterior to eyes. Maxillary stylets parallel, reaching posterior margin of eyes and about a third of head width apart. Mouth cone (Fig. 243) with rounded tip, close to but not reaching ferna. Antennal segment III with 3 sense cones and IV with 3 sense cones + 1 additional small sense cone. Pronotum (Fig. 242) rectangular, clear irregularly reticulate sculpture on its surface; epimeral sutures incomplete and short. Five major pairs of pronotal setae, one pair on epimeral region; am reduced and with acute to blunt tip, aa, ml, ep and pa well-developed and with capitate tips. Basantra (Fig. 243) weakly indicated; prosternal ferna well-developed, close medially but not touching; a chitinous islet seen above ferna in one specimen, absent in the others. Mesonotum (Fig. 247) with equiangular reticulation; faint internal markings on sculpture present. Metanotum (Fig. 247) with longitudinally elongated reticles, internal markings on sculpture present on lateral reticles; two or three pairs of anterior discal setae and one pair of median major setae present. Fore tarsal hamus not enlarged. Fore wings with 6 to 8 duplicated cilia. Pelta (Fig. 244) triangular, anterior margin straight, with weak lateral wings; paired campaniform sensilla present. Sculpture present medially but weaker or absent posteriorly and near margins; slightly elongated reticles medially, longer irregular reticles laterally, internal markings on sculpture observed in one specimen, but absent in others. Tergite II with irregular reticles on lateral thirds, sculpture weaker or absent medially; sculpture less defined on further tergites. Tergites II–VII with three pairs of wing retaining setae. Tergite IX setae S1 with blunt to slightly capitate apex, S2 and S3 acute. Tube about 0.7–0.85 of head length and about 2.3 times as long as greatest width near base, apical width about 0.5 of basal width. Sternites V–VIII (Fig. 246) with pore plates with reticulate texture: V–VII with two anterolateral plates and two lateral plates posterior to discal setae, VIII with two anterolateral plates and a transverse band posterior to discal setae. Measurements (male holotype in microns): Length about 1718; head length 197, width behind eyes 187, eye dorsal length 100; median length of pronotum 102, width across ep 235, am 14, aa 22, ml 25, ep 57, pa 35; width of mesonotum 245; fore wing length 690; tergite IX setae S1 65, S2 100, S3 85; tergite X length 145, basal width 62, apical width 35; length(width) of antennal segments III–VIII 60 (25), 52(25), 55(25), 50(20), 42(17), 30(9), respectively. Macropterous female: Similar to male in colour and structure, but slightly larger; spermatheca (Fig. 245) curled, slightly thickened medially but not swollen. Measurements (female paratype in microns): Length about 1916; head length 200, width behind eyes 220, eye dorsal length 110; median length of pronotum 114, width across ep 255, am 16, aa 37, ml 25, ep 72, pa 35; width of mesonotum 285; fore wing length 800; tergite IX setae S1 77, S2 135, S3 100; tergite X length 170, basal width 75, apical width 40; length(width) of antennal segments III–VIII 67 (27), 55(27), 60(30), 55(24), 47(20), 30(10), respectively. Material studied. Holotype male, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Paraty, Trindade beach, in a gall of an unidentified Myrtaceae, 29.xii.2010 (Cavalleri, A.), at UFRGS. Slide code UFRGS 1200. Paratypes: 1 male, 1 female collected with holotype, at UFRGS. Etymology. Species named after its unique combination of characters, which makes it easy to recognize among other Holopothrips species. Comments. This is a highly distinctive species with several remarkable traits, such as the head clearly reticulate with minute tubercles on the dorsolateral sculpture (Fig. 242), absence of defined postocular setae, and male pore plates present on sternites V–VIII (Fig. 246). Some of these traits are shared with H. reticulatus, which is distinguished from H. singularis by having the head reticulation longitudinally elongate and no male pore plates on sternite V.

Key to Holopothrips species (Excluding H. seini (Watson)). 1. Abdomen sharply bicoloured, with at least segment II clear yellow and at least tube brown (Figs 51, 95, 222)............. 2 - Abdomen uniformly coloured, yellowish, light or dark brown; sometimes anterior segments slightly lighter, but not sharply different from subsequent segments (Figs 39, 107, 211)...................................................... 13 2. Head and thorax brown; at least abdominal segment II yellow but segments VI–X always brown (Fig. 222).............. 3 - Head brown or bicoloured, thorax and abdominal segments I–VII yellow (Figs 32, 210).............................. 6 3. Abdominal segments I–V yellow; hind femora yellow.................................................... hilaris - Abdominal segments IV–V brown; hind femora usually brown................................................. 4 4. Postocular setae with acute to blunt apex, shorter than 45 µm; hind femora sometimes yellow (Figs 222–225)...... signatus - Postocular setae with capitate apex, longer than 50 µm; hind femora always brown.................................. 5 5. Postocellar setae length subequal or slightly longer than the diameter of an ocellus; metanotal sculpture with equiangular reticulation between the median major setae; abdominal segments I–II clear yellow and III–VII darker............... balteatus - Postocellar setae shorter than the diameter of an ocellus; metanotum sculptured with longitudinally elongate reticles between the median major setae; abdominal segments I–III clear yellow (Figs 218–220)................................ pictus 6. Abdominal segment VIII mostly yellow, in some females the posterior margin might be light brown (Figs 78, 95)......... 7 - Abdominal segment VIII mostly brown, sometimes lighter near anteromedian margin (Figs 32, 210, 221)................ 9 7. Abdominal segment IX clear yellow; head mostly brown, yellow only near posterior margin; antennal segments III–IV with two sense cones each; fore wings without duplicated cilia (Figs 51–52).................................... carolinae - Abdominal segment IX brown; head brown anteriorly and medially, and yellow laterally and near posterior margin; antennal segments III–IV usually with three sense cones each; fore wings with duplicated cilia............................... 8 8. Head length and width subequal with curved cheeks; postocular setae reduced or absent; fore wing clavus shaded light brown; female spermatheca enlarged medially; male with pore plates only on sternite VIII (Figs 78–82)................... fulvus - Head clearly longer than wide with straight cheeks; postocular setae well-developed; fore wing clavus yellowish; female spermatheca not enlarged; male with pore plates on sternites VII–VIII (Figs 95–98).......................... graziae sp. n. 9. Head sharply bicoloured, brown anteriorly and medially, yellow elsewhere; fore wing with a brown longitudinal strip on basal half, clavus shaded brown; epimera with two pairs of major setae (Figs 120–121)............................ inquilinus - Head uniformly brown, sometimes slightly lighter on posterior margin, but never strongly bicoloured; fore wing and clavus pale; epimera with one pair of major setae................................................................. 10 10. Postocular setae short, about as long as the diameter of an ocellus or smaller; female spermatheca enlarged medially; male with pore plates on sternites VI–VIII (Figs 32–38)..................................................... bicolor sp. n. - Postocular setae well-developed, usually longer than the diameter of an ocellus; female spermatheca S-shaped, thin or thickened but never enlarged medially; male never with pore plates on sternite VI..................................... 11 11. Head light brown; antennal segment III clear yellow; metanotal sculpture with longitudinally elongated reticles, almost forming a striate pattern anteriorly (Figs 262–265)......................................................... tabebuia - Head dark brown, slightly lighter near posterior margin; antennal segment III dark brown on basal half, yellow on apical half; metanotal sculpture reticulate, equiangular to slightly elongate, but never looking striate............................ 12 12. Abdominal segment VIII fully brown; postocular setae with capitate apex; pronotal aa setae capitate; male with pore plates on sternites VII–VIII, on VIII with two anteroangular plates and also one transverse band, which extends toward tergite VIII (Fig. 210)............................................................................................ paulus - Abdominal segment VIII light yellow on anterior half and brown on posterior half; postocular setae with acute apex; pronotal aa setae acute to blunt; male with only a transverse pore plate on sternite VIII, which does not extend toward tergite VIII (Fig. 221)......................................................................................... porrosati 13. Pronotum with two pairs of long setae on epimeral region..................................................... 14 - Pronotum with one pair of long setae on epimeral region; sometimes with a second pair of much shorter setae, of which one may be absent....................................................................................... 25 14. Maxillary stylets not retracted to postocular setae level, V-shaped (Figs 169, 192).................................. 15 - Maxillary stylets retracted at least to postocular setae level, sinuous or parallel-sided (Figs 17, 61, 199)................ 19 15. Antennal segments III–IV with two sense cones each, IV sometimes with a third, smaller sense cone (about half to less than two thirds of the length of the other sense cones); male sternites without pore plates................................ 16 - Antennal segments III–IV with three sense cones each, IV sometimes with a fourth, smaller sense cone (about half to less than two thirds of the length of the other sense cones); male with pore plate at least on sternite VIII....................... 17 16. Major pronotal setae very short except for epimerals, not reaching 30 µm long; po setae very short, about as long as the diameter of an ocellus; sculpture on metanotum reaching close to the posterior margin of metanotal craspedum; fore tarsal hamus not enlarged (Figs 188–190).......................................................................... molzi - Major pronotal setae (except am in few specimens) elongate, 50 µm or longer; po setae longer than the dorsal length of the eye; sculpture on metanotum waning before the posterior margin of metanotal craspedum; fore tarsal hamus thickened, almost reaching beyond the lateral margin of tarsus (Figs 159–167)........................................ longisetus sp. n. 17. Body brown to light brown, fore tibiae yellow, sometimes shaded light brown basally; postocular setae shorter than the dorsal length of an eye, at most 70 µm long; male with a single pore plate on sternite VIII, a thin transverse band posterior to discal setae (Figs 168–175)......................................................................... magnus sp. n. - Body dark brown, fore tibia usually also brown; postocular setae about as long as the dorsal length of an eye, more than 80 µm long; male with three pore plates on sternite VIII, two anteroangular bands and a transverse band posterior to discal setae....................................................................................................... 18 18. Pronotal am and coxal setae well-developed, more than 18 µm long, comparable to aa or longer; lateral margins of pelta not irregular and without lateral wings; male pore plates only on sternite VIII, with regular margins (Figs 26–31)...................................................................................................... atlanticus sp. n. - Pronotal am and coxal setae thin and short, less than 15 µm long, shorter than aa in size; pelta with very irregular lateral margins and lateral wings; male pore plates with irregular margins on sternites VII–VIII (Figs 191–197)........ nigrisetis sp. n. 19. Fore wings with basal area darker than the rest of the wing, sometimes only around the bases of the three sub-basal setae (Figs 45, 54)............................................................................................. 20 - Basal area of fore wings not clearly darker than the rest of the fore wing (Fig. 16).................................. 23 20. Head and metanotal sculpture weak to absent medially; mouth cone not reaching posterior margin of fore coxae; third pair of WR absent at least on tergites V–VI; female spermatheca long, extending all the way to abdominal segment VII; male without pore plates (Figs 270–271)...................................................................... tillandsiae - Head and metanotum with well-defined sculpture; mouth cone reaching posterior margin of fore coxae; third pair of WR present on tergites II–VII; female spermatheca shorter, not extending to segment VII; male with pore plates at least on sternite VIII................................................................................................... 21 21. Body light brown, head and posterior segments of abdomen darkest; female spermatheca enlarged medially; male sternite VIII with two small anteroangular pore plates and one transverse plate posterior to discal setae; epimeral suture usually complete (Figs 53–54).................................................................................... chaconi - Body uniformly brown to dark brown; female spermatheca not enlarged; male sternite VIII with a single pore plate posterior to discal setae; epimeral suture usually incomplete............................................................ 22 22. Metanotal sculpture longitudinally striate; pelta with anterior margin acute, sculpture bearing internal markings; male with a single pore plate on sternite VIII only (Figs 198–203)............................................... nigrum sp. n. - Metanotal sculpture formed by weak and slightly elongate reticles; pelta with anterior margin straight to slightly curved, sculpture without internal markings; male with pore plates on sternites VII–VIII (Figs 45–50).................. cardosoi sp. n. 23. Head with clearly reticulate sculpture on dorsal surface; metanotal sculpture formed by clearly defined equiangular reticles medially; female spermatheca enlarged medially; male sternites VII–VIII with pore plates, on VIII with two small anteroangular plates and one transverse pore plate posterior to discal setae (Figs 22–25)................................. ananasi - Head with transverse lines of sculpture on head, sometimes enclosing elongate irregular reticles; metanotal sculpture formed by weak slightly elongate reticles medially; female spermatheca not enlarged medially; male with only one small median pore plate posterior to discal setae on sternite VIII.............................................................. 24 24. Median reticles on pelta longitudinally elongate and with weak internal markings; tergite II with irregular transversely elongated reticles; fore wing shaded light brown; basantra absent; inducing galls in Myrcia splendens (Figs 61–65)... conducans - Median reticles on pelta small and closely equiangular, without internal markings; tergite II with sculpture transversely striate; fore wing pale to yellowish; basantra faintly indicated; inducing galls in Myrcia selloi (Figs 16–21)......... acrioris sp. n. 25. Head exceptionally long, more than 2.0 times longer than wide; pronotal am setae well-developed, aa and ml setae reduced to the size of discals............................................................................... elongatus - Head less than 1.9 times longer than wide; pronotal am and aa setae variable, but ml setae always well-developed........ 26 26. Fore tarsal hamus elongate, projecting beyond the lateral margin of tarsus (Fig. 153)............................... 27 - Fore tarsal hamus not projecting beyond the lateral margin of tarsus............................................. 28 27. Pronotal aa setae less than 25 µm long; pelta without lateral wings and with two or less campaniform sensilla; male with welldefined pore plates on sternites IV–VIII (Figs 39–44)......................................... brevicapitatum sp. n. - Pronotal aa setae more than 40 µm long; pelta with small lateral wings and 4 or 5 campaniform sensilla; male with faintly indicated pore plates on sternites VII–VIII (Figs 151–158).......................................... longihamus sp. n. 28. At least abdominal tergites II and III without a third pair of well-developed and sigmoid WR setae (Fig. 124)............ 29 - Third pair of WR setae usually present on tergites II–VII (Fig. 60); sometimes absent on II, but always present on III–VII.. 33 29. Maxillary stylets V-shaped, more than half of head width apart, not reaching the base of postocular setae............... 30 - Maxillary stylets parallel, one third or less of head width apart, retracted at least to base of postocular setae............. 31 30. Sculpture on mesonotum, metanotum and pelta weak to absent medially; head about as long as width behind eyes (Figs 107– 111)................................................................................. inconspicuus sp. n. - Sculpture on mesonotum and metanotum well-defined; head about 1.2 times longer than width behind eyes (Figs 122–124)............................................................................................. jaboticabae 31. Maxillary stylets about one third of head width apart; female spermatheca not enlarged medially; metanotal sculpture formed by weakly defined equiangular reticles (Figs 112–119)............................................. infestans sp. n. - Maxillary stylets a fourth of head width apart or less; female spermatheca enlarged medially; metanotal sculpture formed by elongate or irregular reticles............................................................................ 32 32. Pronotal am setae reduced (less than 7 µm long) with acute apex; head clearly constricted posteriorly (Fig. 88); male with a single and reduced pore plate on sternite VIII (Figs 88–94).......................................... flavisetis sp. n. - Pronotal am setae developed (10 µm or longer), with capitate apex; head not constricted posteriorly (Fig. 277); male with pore plates on sternites V–VIII, sternite VIII with two anteroangular and one posterior plates (Figs 276–283)..... varicolor sp. n. 33. Fore tibiae uniformly brown, concolourous with fore femora; head about 1.4 times as long as head width behind eyes; with Vshaped maxillary stylets, retracted halfway to po setae (Figs 69–74)................................... curiosus sp. n. - Not this combination of characters; if fore tibiae brown then head proportion is different, or maxillary stylets are curved or parallel-shaped, never V-shaped............................................................................ 34 34. Head about or more than 1.5 times as long as head width behind eyes; maxillary stylets usually parallel, sometimes distanced from each other but never V-shaped...................................................................... 35 - Head less than 1.4 times as long as head width behind eyes; maxillary stylets may be parallel, curved or V-shaped........ 43 35. All tibiae and tarsi fully yellow (Figs 55–60)....................................................... claritibialis - Fore tibiae variable, mid and hind tibiae brown or bicoloured.................................................. 36 36. Metanotal sculpture formed by equiangular reticles anteriorly, without internal markings (Figs 99–101)......... hambletoni - Metanotal sculpture either striate or formed by elongate reticles with internal markings............................. 37 37. Metanotal sculpture finely striate throughout, not forming any reticles posteriorly (Figs 208, 260)..................... 38 - Metanotal sculpture with elongate reticles or striate only on anterior half; if striate anteriorly, then with reticulate sculpture on posterior half (Figs 128, 269)........................................................................... 39 38. Body longer than 3200 µm when distended; mesonotal sculpture with internal markings; female spermatheca enlarged medially (Figs 204–208)................................................................................ orites - Body length less than 2800 µm when distended; mesonotal sculpture without internal markings; female spermatheca not enlarged medially (Figs 257–261).................................................................... striatus 39. Maxillary stylets about 1/3 of head width apart; pronotal am setae long, aa setae reduced or absent (Figs 266–269).... tenuis - Maxillary stylets closer to each other, sometimes almost touching medially; pronotal am setae reduced, about the size of discal setae, aa usually well-developed........................................................................ 40 40. Body length above 3500 µm when distended; antennal segments IV–V shaded with light brown or bicoloured (Figs 212–217)............................................................................................ permagnus - Body length below 3000 µm when distended; antennal segments IV–V yellow.................................... 41 41. Pronotal am setae conspicuous, longer than discal setae (around 15 µm long); pelta with anterior margin acute at tip, with sculpture weak or absent laterally and anteriorly, bearing elongate reticles medially, with internal markings (Figs 125–130)................................................................................................ inversus - Pronotal am setae either absent or not longer than discal setae; pelta with anterior margin rounded or with a straight tip, fully reticulated, with equiangular reticles medially, without internal markings........................................ 42 42. Head about 1.5 times as long as head width behind eyes (Figs 75–77)........................................ ferrisi - Head about 1.8 times as long as head width behind eyes...............................................

Holopothrips punctatus sp. n. (Figs 226–233) Diagnostic features. Body (except antenna) uniformly light brown; head with sharply straight margins, maxillary stylets V-shaped, and minute tubercles on sculpture dorsolaterally; one pair of long pronotal setae on epimeral region; metanotal sculpture with equiangular reticles, without internal markings; sculpture on pelta weak to absent near posterior margin; male with pore plates on sternites VI–VIII, posterior plate on VIII extending slightly towards tergite; female spermatheca enlarged medially. Macropterous female: Body (Fig. 226) light brown, with head and tergite X slightly darker, fore tibia and all tarsi yellow, mid tibia yellow on apical half and hind tibia yellow on apex. Antennal segment I concolourous with head, II light brown basally and yellow apically, III–VIII clear yellow. Fore wings pale but very light brown on area around sub-basal setae, without median dark line, clavus shaded; major body setae yellow. Head (Fig. 227) about 1.3 times as long as width behind eyes, dorsal surface with transverse lines of sculpture, sometimes enclosing elongated reticles; cheeks straight, bearing several minute tubercles on sculpture dorsolaterally. Eyes large, dorsal length about 0.4 of head length; po with weakly capitate apex, about as long as the dorsal width of the eye. Maxillary stylets V-shaped, not reaching po level and more than half of head width apart. Mouth cone with rounded tip, not reaching ferna. Antennal segment III with 3 sense cones and IV with 3 sense cones + 1 additional small sense cone. Pronotum (Fig. 227) trapezoidal, with weak lines of sculpture near posterior margin but smooth medially; epimeral sutures incomplete and short, in some specimens apparently bifurcating around pa setae (Fig. 228). Five major pairs of pronotal setae, one pair on epimeral region; am small, aa, ml, ep and pa well-developed and with weakly capitate tips. Basantra absent; prosternal ferna well-developed, close medially but not touching, anterior margins weakly produced in some specimens. Mesonotum (Fig. 229) with equiangular reticulation medially, which becomes transversely elongated anterolaterally; internal markings on sculpture absent. Metanotum (Fig. 233) with equiangular reticles, slightly elongated near margins, internal markings on sculpture absent; one or two pairs of anterior discal setae and one pair of median major setae present. Fore tarsal hamus not enlarged. Fore wings with 4 to 8 duplicated cilia. Pelta (Fig. 230) triangular, wider basally than long medially, anterior margin straight to slightly curved, no lateral wings but with weak projections near base; paired campaniform sensilla present. Sculpture present medially but weaker or absent posteriorly and near margins; elongated reticles surrounded by irregular ones medially, weak irregular lines laterally, internal markings on sculpture absent. Tergite II without visible sculpture; tergites II–VII with three pairs of wing retaining setae. Tergite IX setae S1 with blunt to slightly expanded apex, S2 and S3 finely acute. Tube about 0.8 of head length and about 2.5 times as long as greatest width near base, apical width about 0.6 of basal width. Spermatheca (Fig. 231) swollen medially. Measurements (female holotype in microns): Length about 2646; head length 287, width behind eyes 224, po length 77, eye dorsal length 107; median length of pronotum 140, width across ep 305, am 17, aa 40, ml 62, ep 105, pa 80; width of mesonotum 325; fore wing length 980; tergite IX setae S1 225, S2 235, S3 187; tergite X length 242, basal width 87, apical width 54; length(width) of antennal segments III–VIII 82 (30), 62(30), 72(27), 70(25), 72(25), 27(12), respectively. Macropterous male: Similar to female in both colouration and structure, but smaller. Pore plates (Fig. 232) with punctuated texture and present on sternites VI–VIII: VIII with a transverse band posterior to discal setae and two anteroangular plates, VII with only the transverse band, VI with irregular spots posterior to discal setae. Posterior plate on VIII extending towards tergite, slightly past spiracles. Measurements (male paratype in microns): Length about 2093; head length 237, width across cheeks 182, po length 60, eye dorsal length 97; median length of pronotum 120, width across ep 255, am 15, aa 37, ml 55, ep 80, pa 57; width of mesonotum 277; fore wing length 830; tergite IX setae S1 182, S2 205, S3 197; tergite X length 195, basal width 79, apical width 45; length(width) of antennal segments III–VIII 77 (27), 60(25), 65(25), 62(22), 62(21), 40(10), respectively. Material studied. Holotype female, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, Antônio Prado, Gruta Natural, in Mollinedia leaf galls, 18.ii.2010 (Cavalleri, A.), at UFRGS. Slide with code UFRGS 1083. Paratypes: 2 males and 17 females collected with holotype, at UFRGS. 1 male and 1 female collected with holotype, at ANIC. Etymology. Species named after the distinct punctuate appearance of the dorsolateral area of its head, due to the presence of minute tubercles in the sculpture. Comments. This species also has the curious trait of the posterior pore plate on sternite VIII extending onto the tergite, which is found in a few other species, such as H. hambletoni and H. paulus. Holopothrips punctatus is very similar in appearance and structure to H. hambletoni, but differs in having the maxillary stylets wider apart (Fig. 227), minute tubercles on dorsolateral sculpture of head, and the posterior pore plate on sternite VIII only barely extending onto the tergite, while in H. hambletoni it extends for about a third of the tergite width. Holopothrips pennatus also shares some similarities with this species, but is distinguished by having all legs fully yellow (except for coxae). Holopothrips punctatus was found co-existing with H. claritibialis on Mollinedia leaves in South Brazil.