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As part of WP2 objectives (map deep and open-ocean ecosystems at basin, regional and local scales), we gathered all records of deep-water corals in iAtlantic Region 11 (Vitória-Trindade Seamount Chain) and the adjacent continental slope available and known to us in the literature. A total of 68 stations from two research programs yielded deep-water corals, in depths up to 1,806 m. Deep-water coral taxa sampled were Stylasteridae (Class Hydrozoa), Scleractinia, Octocorallia and Antipatharia (Class Anthozoa). Most of these stations are in the adjacent continental slope and only 19 are on seamounts or off islands in the seamount chain. Additionally, only 5 of these 19 stations off islands and seamounts were deeper than 200 m. Region 11 thus remains a poorly sampled region for deep-water corals. Due to COVID-19 restrictions, it was not possible to sample this far. However, we gathered deep-water coral samples (particularly octocorals) collected in the outer shelf and slope of Campos Basin (Region 10) in two Petrobras cruises (December 2019 and January 2021), in depths up to 722 m. Preliminary results indicate three species of Paragorgia, two morphotypes of Corallidae, three genera in the subfamily Anthomastinae and morphotypes of Plexauridae (e.g., Paramuricea). Images and additional samples will be collected during the BR10 cruise to Region 10 and the BR11 cruise to Region 11, postponed due to the COVID-19 restrictions and rescheduled for 2022. These samples will also be used in the Taxonomy Workshop (WP6) and some will be selected and provided for geochemical analyses at USP (WP3).

Clytia elsaeoswaldae Stechow, 1914 (Figures 2 & 3; Table 2) Clytia elseae-oswaldae Stechow, 1914: 125 Clytia hemisphaerica: Migotto, 1996: 82 ���84 Clytia cf. gracilis sp. 2: Lindner, 2000: 46 Material examined. Syntypes: colony with gonangia, on alga. (Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands) [Zoologische Staatssamlung, M��nchen, microslides 20041517 (part of colony with six hydranths and one gonangium), 20041518 (part of colony with nine hydranths and six gonangia) and 20041519 (part of colony with 39 hydranths and ~ 25 gonangia)]. Collected by E. Stechow and E. Oswald, 18 March 1912. Additional material. (1) Colony with gonangia on posts of a pier, growing on sponges and barnacles (TEBAR, S��o Sebasti��o, SP, Brazil; coordinates: 23 �� 47.97 ���S; 45 �� 22.98 ���W; water depth: 5���20 m) [MZUSP 962, 963]; collected by A. Lindner and A.E. Migotto, 22 October 1999. (2) Colony with gonangia on iron structure, growing on sponge, Hypnea sp. and Eudendrium carneum Clarke, 1882 (Hydrozoa: Eudendridae) (Saco do Sombrio, Ilhabela, SP, Brazil; coordinates: 23 �� 53.77 ���S; 45 �� 14.74 ���W; water depth: ~ 5 m) [MZUSP 959, 960, 961]; collected by A. Lindner, 26 September 1999. (3) Colony with gonangia growing on Sargassum sp. and 39 one to 21 days-old medusae liberated from colony and reared in the laboratory (Saco Grande, S��o Sebasti��o, SP, Brazil; coordinates: 23 �� 49.72 ���S; 045�� 25.52 ���W; water depth: 1���3 m) [colony: MZUSP 937, 938, 940, 941, USNM 1078726; medusae: MZUSP 939, 942, 943, 945, 946, 947, 948, 949, 950, 951, 952, 953, 954, 955, 956, 957, 958]; colony collected by A. Lindner, 19 February 1999. (4) Colony with gonangia on Sargassum sp., Hypnea sp. and bryozoan (Praia de Bareque��aba, west shore, S��o Sebasti��o, SP, Brazil; water depth: ~ 0.5 m) [MZUSP 967, USNM 1078725]; collected by L.P. de Andrade, 0 5 April 2000. (5) Colony with gonangia on Sargassum sp. and ~ 100 newly liberated medusae (Praia de Bareque��aba, east shore, S��o Sebasti��o, SP, Brazil; water depth: ~1.0 m) [colony: MZUSP 965, USNM 1078727; medusae: MZUSP 966]; colony collected by L.P. de Andrade, 0 4 April 2000. (6) Colony with gonangia on Sargassum sp. and on dead hydrocaulus of Aglaophenia latecarinata (Hydrozoa: Aglaopheniidae) (Praia do Guaec��, west shore, S��o Sebasti��o, SP, Brazil; water depth: ~ 1 m) [MZUSP 964]; collected by L.P. de Andrade, 0 1 February 2000. (7) Colony on Sargassum sp. (S��o Sebasti��o, SP, Brazil) [USNM 1078728]; collected by O.M.P. de Oliveira. Diagnosis. Clytia elsaeoswaldae is distinguished from its congeners and other campanulariids by the combination of the following characters: polyp: stems monosiphonic or, less common, polysiphonic, branching dichotomously. Hydrothecal cusps usually inclined to one side. Gonothecae only on hydrorhiza, with smooth, slightly undulated walls. B-type microbasic mastigophores 15���18 ��m long in vivo and 13���16 ��m long in formalin. adult medusa: bell 3.6���5.5 mm in marginal diameter, up to 16 tentacles and at least 21 statocysts. A��� type microbasic mastigophores, ~ 11 ��m long, forming a row at the level of the circular canal (no character or combination of characters so far observed is diagnostic for young medusae). Description. Hydroid . Colonies stolonal or with erect stems branching dichotomously up to 4 times (Figure 2). Erect stems up to 5.6 mm high. Hydrorhiza frequently growing on pedicels, sometimes forming incipient polysiphonic stems (Figure 2 F) or more developed polysiphonic stems up to 23 mm high and bearing up to 60 hydranths. Pedicels usually smooth, slightly curved, with 5���15 proximal and 2���16 distal annuli; median region of pedicels sometimes annulated. Distal end of pedicels bearing one hydrotheca. Internodes with a upward-curved apophysis supporting the next internode or the distal pedicel (Figure 2 A,B). Hydrothecae cylindrical, 368���753 ��m long and 255���408 ��m wide at margin, with thin perisarc and walls almost parallel in lateral view, except a basal rounded portion (Figure 2). Hydrothecal diaphragm thin, transverse, near base of hydrotheca; basal chamber 16���78 ��m long and 78���165 ��m wide at diaphragm. Hydrothecal margin with 9���14 cusps (39���86 ��m high); cusps usually inclined to right side when hydrotheca is seen in lateral view under microscope (Figure 2). Hydrotheca width:length ratio: 0.48���0.84 (Table 2). Gonothecae smooth, with undulated walls, 630���1019 ��m long and 255���463 ��m in maximum diameter, with a constriction (216���294 ��m in diameter) under the truncated distal margin (205���345 ��m in diameter). Gonothecae growing only from hydrorhiza (Figure 2); on Sargassum, small ���aggregations��� of gonothecae common (Figure 2 H). Gonothecal pedicels absent or having up to 4 annulli. Up to six medusae in each gonangium. Gonotheca width:length ratio: 0.38���0.50. Hydranth column, on average, 5 times as long as broad when extended [493 �� 83 ��m (252���600, N= 47) long and 103 �� 14 ��m (72���144, N= 47)] wide; hypostome pedunculated, 120���264 ��m wide, spherical in oral and lateral views (Figure 2 G); 20���34 filiform, amphicoronate tentacles, 420���1080 ��m long; rings of A-type nematocysts every 15���20 ��m along the tentacles. Coenosarc whitish. A- and B-type microbasic mastigophores on hydranths and along cenosarc, only A-type on tentacles. A-type microbasic mastigophores 8.1 �� 0.6 ��m [7.0��� 9.5, N= 46] long and 2.0 �� 0.1 ��m [2.0��� 2.5, N= 46] wide in vivo and 7.1 �� 0.2 ��m [6.5 ���8.0, N= 40] long and 2.0 �� 0.2 ��m [1.5���2.5, N= 40] wide in formalin. Discharged capsules 6.8 �� 0.4 ��m [6.0��� 7.5, N= 36] long and 2.0 �� 0.2 ��m [1.5���2.5, N= 20] wide in vivo, with a proximal armature 6.8 �� 0.4 ��m [6.0���8.0, N= 36] long. B-type microbasic mastigophores 16.4 �� 0.6 ��m [15.0���18.0, N= 40] long and 3.8 �� 0.3 ��m [3.0���4.0, N= 40] wide in vivo and 14.6 �� 0.5 ��m [13.0���16.0, N= 180] long and 3.2 �� 0.3 ��m [3.0���4.0, N= 150] wide in formalin. Discharged capsules 14.4 �� 0.5 ��m [14.0���15.0, N= 17] long and 3.2 �� 0.4 ��m [3.0��� 4.5, N= 16] wide in vivo, with a proximal armature 18.1 �� 1.4 ��m [15.0���20.0, N= 16] long. Newly released medusa. Umbrella hemispherical, with ring canal, four perradial canals; four perradial bulbs with tentacles; two to four interradial developing bulbs; D-type nematocysts on the exumbrella; 4���8 adradial statocysts, each with one statolith. Some medusae also liberated with two interradial tentacles developing in opposite quadrants, i.e., with six tentacles (four perradial and the two incipient interradial tentacles). Gonads on median region of radial canals, 31���39 ��m wide and 55���78 ��m long in newly liberated medusae. Manubrium quadrate, ca. 0.4���0.5 height of bell; lips smooth with A-type nematocysts. Velum broad. Tentacles hollow, with A- and C-type nematocysts and a terminal nematocyst cluster with only C-type nematocysts. Adult medusa. Umbrella saucer-shaped, 3.6���5.5 mm in diameter. Bell margin with up to 16 bulbs with tentacles and at least 21 statocysts (Table 1; Figure 3). Gonads oval when fully developed, on distal 1 / 3 of radial canals, approximately at the same level of velum margin in oral and aboral views (Figure 3 B). Manubrium short, cruciform, with four undulated lips in oral view; lips with A-type nematocysts. Marginal tentacles hollow, long, with Atype and atrichous isorhiza nematocysts. C-type, D-type, and terminal nematocyst cluster absent. A-type nematocysts, larger than those in the tentacles, forming a row at the level of the circular canal, perpendicular to the canal (Figure 3 C). Length of A-type nematocysts in a 21 day old medusa: on tentacles, 7.9 �� 0.3 ��m [7.0��� 8.5, N= 20]; on circular canal, 10.7 �� 0.5 ��m [10.0��� 11.5, N= 20]. Bell transparent; gonads, manubrium, bulbs and tentacles assuming the colour of food. Female medusae not seen. Distribution. Known from S��o Sebasti��o and Ilhabela, SP, Brazil (Migotto 1996) and the type-locality, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands (Stechow 1914), but reports of C. hemisphaerica and C. gracilis from other western Atlantic localities may also have been based on the species. Biological notes. Clytia elsaeoswaldae is one of the most abundant shallow-water hydroids occurring off the coast of S��o Sebasti��o and Ilhabela, southeastern Brazil (see Migotto 1996, as C. hemisphaerica). Some colonies growing on Sargassum have several hundred hydranths and gonangia, and a few hours after collecting even small fragments of such colonies were observed to release several hundred medusae in the laboratory. Only small size differences were observed among colonies of C. elsaeoswaldae from southeastern Brazil (Table 2), and all fertile colonies had gonangia growing exclusively on the hydrorhiza. Colonies from Brazil are also similar to the syntypes from off the U.S. Virgin Islands, which also have gonothecae exclusively on the hydrorhiza (as noticed by Stechow 1914: 125) but differ in having smaller gonothecae (Table 2). This difference, however, is only in size, and the shape of the gonothecae is similar, with a mean width:length ratio of 0.4 (Table 2). The specimens from Brazil and the Virgin Islands also differ slightly in that the hydrothecal cusps are less tilted and their tips more acute in the latter specimens, but otherwise all specimens are similar in both shape and size (Table 2). Because of permanent preservation in microslides, cnidome of syntypes could not be determined and DNA sequences could not be obtained, and we regard the specimens from southeastern Brazil conspecific to those from the Virgin Islands on the basis of perisarc morphology. Medusae of C. elsaeoswaldae are released with small gonads, eight statocysts, and either four or six tentacles. After 2 days of culture at 22���24 ��C, medusae attained up to 8 tentacles, and after six days additional statocysts started to develop between perradial and adradial marginal bulbs. D-type nematocysts on the exumbrella disappeared during medusa development, as well as C-types in the tentacles. Maximum diameter of the umbrella (i.e., 5.5 mm) was reached after 12 days, and no additional growth was observed until the culture ended 21 days after liberation [maximum diameter of the umbrella, on average: 4.8 mm (N= 5) on the 14 th day; 4.9 mm (N= 10) on the 16 th day; 4.6 mm (N= 10) on the 20 th]. New statocysts continue to develop after medusae reached their maximum size: up to 16 and 21 statocysts in 12 and 20 days old medusae, respectively. Maximum number of fully developed tentacles varied from 12 to 16. Phylogenetics. The combined maximum likelihood analysis indicates that Clytia elsaeoswaldae and other Clytia gracilis -like species do not form a monophyletic group (Figure 4). Similarly, none of the four genes support a monophyletic C. gracilis clade when analyzed individually or in mitochondrial (16 S and COI) and nuclear (18 S and calmodulin) partitions (results not shown). The phylogenetic results show that the here re-described C. elsaeoswaldae is most closely related to a clade including C. hemisphaerica and two C. gracilis -like species (species A and B in Figure 4)., Published as part of Lindner, Alberto, Govindarajan, Annette F. & Migotto, Alvaro E., 2011, Cryptic species, life cycles, and the phylogeny of Clytia (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Campanulariidae), pp. 23-36 in Zootaxa 2980 on pages 26-30, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.208048, {"references":["Stechow, E. (1914) Zur Kenntnis neuer oder seltener Hydroidpolypen, meist Campanulariden, aus Amerika und Norwegen. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 45, 120 - 136.","Migotto, A. E. (1996) Benthic shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) of the coast of Sao Sebastiao, Brazil, including a checklist of Brazilian hydroids. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 306, 1 - 125.","Lindner, A. (2000) Redescricao e ciclo de vida de Clytia gracilis e Clytia linearis (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Campanulariidae). M. S. thesis, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 82 pp.","Clarke, S. F. (1882) New and interesting hydroids from Chesapeake Bay. Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History, 3 (4), 135 - 142."]}

The stylasterid fauna of Alaska is revised, consisting of the description or redescription and illustration of 21 species, one additional subspecies, and a geographically adjacent species: Stylaster venustus. Six new species and one new subspecies are described: Errinopora fisheri, E. undulata, E. disticha, E. dichotoma, Stylaster crassiseptum, S. repandus, and Stylaster parageus columbiensis. Four subspecies are raised to species rank: Stylaster leptostylus, S. trachystomus, S. parageus, and Distichopora japonica, and five species and one subspecies were synonymized. A dichotomous key to the Errinopora species and tabular keys to the Errinopora and Alaskan Stylaster species are provided. The focus of the study was on the stylasterids from Alaska, primarily those from the rich Aleutian Islands, but also including records from British Columbia. This is the first revisionary work on this fauna since the seminal report by Fisher in 1938.

As part of WP2 objectives (map deep and open-ocean ecosystems at basin, regional and local scales), we gathered all records of deep-water corals in iAtlantic Region 11 (Vitória-Trindade Seamount Chain) and the adjacent continental slope available and known to us in the literature. A total of 68 stations from two research programs yielded deep-water corals, in depths up to 1,806 m. Deep-water coral taxa sampled were Stylasteridae (Class Hydrozoa), Scleractinia, Octocorallia and Antipatharia (Class Anthozoa). Most of these stations are in the adjacent continental slope and only 19 are on seamounts or off islands in the seamount chain. Additionally, only 5 of these 19 stations off islands and seamounts were deeper than 200 m. Region 11 thus remains a poorly sampled region for deep-water corals. Due to COVID-19 restrictions, it was not possible to sample this far. However, we gathered deep-water coral samples (particularly octocorals) collected in the outer shelf and slope of Campos Basin (Region 10) in two Petrobras cruises (December 2019 and January 2021), in depths up to 722 m. Preliminary results indicate three species of Paragorgia, two morphotypes of Corallidae, three genera in the subfamily Anthomastinae and morphotypes of Plexauridae (e.g., Paramuricea). Images and additional samples will be collected during the BR10 cruise to Region 10 and the BR11 cruise to Region 11, postponed due to the COVID-19 restrictions and rescheduled for 2022. These samples will also be used in the Taxonomy Workshop (WP6) and some will be selected and provided for geochemical analyses at USP (WP3).

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Florianópolis, 2016. As comunidades biológicas costumam se dispor de acordo com diferentes mecanismos que influenciam o estabelecimento das espécies em determinado local. Estes processos ocorrem em diferentes escalas e são responsáveis por variações em diferentes níveis hierárquicos. Neste estudo, buscamos identificar se existe um padrão de distribuição da comunidade bêntica em três escalas diferentes e testamos a influência que três variáveis ambientais atuando em diferentes escalas exercem sobre a comunidade bêntica em uma área de transição de ambientes marinhos subtropicais e temperados. Foram amostrados 10 costões rochosos rasos (até 2 metros de profundidade) ao longo de 208km da costa de Santa Catarina. Em cada um dos locais foram dispostos 6 transectos junto aos costões e fotografados 10 quadrats por transceto. Foram medidas três variáveis que podem influenciar na distribuição da comunidade ao longo dos níveis de replicação: temperatura, complexidade e inclinação do substrato. Ao longo do gradiente latitudinal há uma substituição dos grupos de espécies dominantes, sendo zoantídeos e macroalgas coriáceas mais abundantes nos sítios ao norte enquanto que macroalgas calcáreas articuladas, corticadas e filamentos são mais abundantes nos sítios de maior latitude. Para toda a comunidade, assim como para a maior parte das assembleias, a maior variação ocorreu na menor escala, quadrats. As três variáveis ambientais explicam 30.7% da variação total encontrada para a comunidade, sendo que temperatura foi a principal delas e aparentemente interfere na distribuição de zoantídeos, grupo dominante nos sítios mais ao norte. Algas coriáceas são mais abundantes em locais pouco complexos, provavelmente devido a estes locais abrigarem menor diversidade de herbívoros. Inclinação possui pouca influência sobre a composição da comunidade, possivelmente devido à profundidade em que o estudo foi conduzido, o que permite que a radiação solar, principal recurso aliado a diferentes inclinações, se dissipe de forma mais equitativa sobre as diferentes inclinações. Entretanto, outros processos podem estar associados as variações encontradas entre os sítios como diferenças nas concentrações de nutrientes e sedimentação. Abstract : Biological communities are distributed over different habitats according to different environmental mechanisms that act filtering species that will form the community. These processes take place in different scales and are responsible for species switches, leading to community dissimilarities over different hierarchical levels. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the distribution patterns of benthic communities at three hierarchical scales, ranging from few meters to hundreds of kilometers. We also tested the effect that sea surface temperature (SST), habitat complexity and susbstrate slope, operating in different scales, exert in shallow water benthic communities in a marine transition zone from subtropical to temperate habitats. Ten shallow rocky shores (up to two meters deep) were sampled along the Santa Catarina coast, southern Brazil. In each site, six transects were disposed parallel the rocky shore and 10 photoquadrats were taken per transect. Over the latitudinal gradient arises a distribution pattern of northern sites dominated by zoanthids and leathery macroalgae while in further south sites articulated calcareous, corticated and filamentous macroalgae were more abundants. The highest variation proportion was concentrated in the lower replication scale: quadrats, corresponding for 50.55% of total variance of the community structure. As well, quadrats aggregate the higher variance for most of species assemblages, possibly ocurring due to the patchy distribution and other microprocesses. Environmental variables assembled were able to jointly explain 30.7% of total community variation. Temperature appears to directly interfere in zoanthid distribution, the dominant group in northern sites, what possibly triggers the species replacement over the latitudinal gradient. Leathery macroalgae are more abundant in low complexity transects, which can be explained by the fact that these places houses lower diversity of vertebrates that feed on fleshy algae. Bottom slope has little effect over community composition; this result may be related to the shallow depth we sampled, which allows solar radiation to affect more equally all different inclination levels. Results shows that although these three variables explain much of total benthic community variation, other processes may be responsible for approximately 70% of the community change.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Florianópolis, 2016. Apesar da importância dos estudos filogeográficos e ecológicos para a compreensão de processos biogeográficos, poucos estudos avaliaram esses aspectos simultaneamente para peixes recifais no oceano Atlântico. Este estudo analisou a filogeografia e estrutura populacional do gênero de peixe recifal Ophioblennius no Atlântico e Pacífico Leste através da amplificação de DNA mitocondrial citocromo b de indivíduos coletados em três regiões do Brasil e o anexo dos dados aos de estudos anteriores. Além do estudo filogeográfico foram conduzidas análises de taxas de mordida de Ophioblennius em sete sites do Atlântico para avaliar a influência de variações ambientais e morfológicas na sua atividade alimentar. Análises de filogeografia e estrutura populacional confirmaram que indivíduos da Bahia e de Fernando de Noronha pertencem à espécie O. trinitatis, mas a população de Santa Catarina, no sul do Brasil, foi identificada como uma espécie africana, até agora não descrita, registrada nas ilhas de São Tomé e Príncipe, no Golfo da Guiné. Esse resultado indica uma dispersão a longa distância pelo Atlântico com ocupação subsequente de um nicho desocupado no sul do Brasil. Taxas de mordida apresentaram uma correlação positiva com temperatura e inversa com tamanho corporal total, o que sugere uma influência de condições morfológicas e ambientais no metabolismo. Indivíduos de Ophioblennius parecem ser filogeograficamente bem diversificados com alta similaridade entre suas espécies, o que sugere uma adaptabilidade ecológica frente a variações em temperatura e comprimento total, uma vantagem que provavelmente facilitou seu estabelecimento ao longo do oceano Atlântico. Abstract : Despite the importance of phylogeographic and ecological studies in understanding biogeographic processes, few have evaluated both these aspects simultaneously for reef fishes in the Atlantic Ocean. This study analyzed the phylogeography and population structure of the reef fish genus Ophioblennius in the Atlantic and East Pacific through the amplification of cyt-b mtDNA from individuals collected in three regions of Brazil and the appending of the new data to that collected in previous studies. Aside from the phylogeographic study, an analysis of Ophioblennius bite rates was conducted in seven sites of the Atlantic evaluating the influence of morphological and environmental variations on its feeding activity. Phylogeographic and population structure analyses confirmed that individuals from Bahia and Fernando de Noronha belong to the northeastern Brazil species O. trinitatis, but the Santa Catarina population in southern Brazil identified as the yet unnamed African species also found in the São Tomé and Príncipe islands in the Gulf of Guinea, a result that reveals long distance dispersal across the Atlantic with subsequent occupation of an empty niche in southern Brazil. Bite rates were positively related to temperature and inversely related to individuals? total body size, suggesting an influence of morphological and environmental conditions on metabolism. Ophioblennius individuals appear to be phylogeographically well diversified with high ecological similarity among its species, reflecting an adaptability to variations in temperature and body length, an advantage which likely facilitated its establishment throughout the Atlantic Ocean.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Florianópolis, 2014 Um padrão recorrente em comunidades bentônicas marinhas de água rasa é a transição entre comunidades com cnidários zooxantelados por outras dominadas por algas com o aumento da latitude. Pesquisas frequentemente usam fatores ambientais para explicar limites de distribuição e uso de habitat de espécies marinhas, entre eles a temperatura da água do mar ou outras variáveis influenciadas por ela estão geralmente relacionadas com esses limites. Compreender estes fatores nos limites de distribuição das espécies, e como comunidades bentônicas variam entre condições ambientais atuais, é um elemento chave para entendermos como estas comunidades serão afetadas com mudanças ambientais. No Brasil, muitas espécies marinhas associadas a substratos consolidados têm seu limite de distribuição no estado de Santa Catarina, com uma marcante transição entre 26°22' S e 27°51' S, o que confere uma grande importância biogeográfica a essa região. No presente trabalho avaliamos como mudanças em três variáveis ambientais, frequência de temperaturas baixas, inclinação do substrato e profundidade, influenciam a estrutura de comunidades de antozoários. Utilizamos um Modelo Linear Generalizado Misto (GLMM) para testar os efeitos dessas variáveis sobre as comunidades. As comunidades de antozoários foram influenciadas pela variação na frequência de temperatura (FT) abaixo de 16°C, profundidade e inclinação do substrato. Essas variáveis afetaram a comunidade alterando a composição de espécies, ou ainda, aumentando ou diminuindo a abundância de algumas espécies. O tempo de exposição a temperaturas frias teve a maior influência sobre as alterações da comunidade, com efeitos sinérgicos do estrato de profundidade e inclinação. Apesar de temperaturas mínimas serem largamente utilizadas para explicar mudanças em comunidades marinhas, nossos resultados indicam que o FT pode ser um melhor descritor para limites de tolerâncias termais, pois ele inclui a intensidade do stress termal e a frequência de exposição. No Atlântico Sul Ocidental, um FT em torno de 17% pode ser considerado como o limite da ocorrência de cnidários zooxantelados. Por fim, alterações nos valores de FT podem ser percebidos anteriormente a mudanças nas tradicionais variáveis de temperatura e por isso podem prever antecipadamente mudanças nas comunidades marinhas. Abstract: A frequent pattern in marine benthic communities of shallow waters is the transition between communities with zooxanthellate cnidarians to communities dominated by algae in higher latitudes. Researches often use environmental factors to explain limits of distribution and habitat use of marine species, from which water temperature and environmental correlates are generally important factors. Understand limiting factors on the edges of distributions, and how benthic communities vary in the present environmental conditions, is key to understanding how these communities will respond to environmental changes. In Brazil, many marine epilithic species have their limit of distribution between 26°22'S and 27°51'S, which gives a significant biogeographical importance to this region. Here, we evaluate how changes in environmental variables such as frequency of low temperatures, bottom slope and depth affect the structure of anthozoan community. We performed a Generalized Linear Mixed Model to test the effects of the variables. The anthozoan community changed among the frequency of temperatures (FT) below 16°C, depth and bottom slope. These three variables affect the community by changing the abundance of some species or the species composition. Time of exposure to cold temperatures had the greatest influence in the anthozoan community, with synergistic influences of depth strata and bottom slope. Although minimum temperatures are widely used to explain changes in marine communities, our data indicate FT could be a better descriptor for the thermal tolerance limits, since it includes the intensity of the thermal stress as a frequency of exposition. In the southwestern Atlantic, FT around 17% can be considered the limit of zooxanthelate cnidarians. Finally, changes in FT values can be perceived before changes in traditional thermal variables and therefore can predict early shifts in marine communities.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Florianópolis, 2014 Zoantídeos zooxantelados são organismos muito abundantes na costa brasileira. Esses organismos habitam recifes rasos e, devido a sua representatividade, desempenham um importante papel na comunidade bentônica. Palythoa caribaeorum, Palythoa variabilis e o gênero Zoanthus são os zoantídeos mais comumente observados. Dados sobre biologia e ecologia destes animais estão geralmente relacionados a P. caribaeorum, uma espécie que exibe altas taxas de crescimento e que chega a recobrir dezenas de metros em recifes rasos. Palythoa caribaeorum, Palythoa variabilis e o gênero Zoanthus também habitam costões rochosos na região Sudeste e Sul do Brasil, um local de transição entre ambientes tropicais e temperados e que representa o limite sul de distribuição desses animais. A TSM média é maior na região Sudeste que na região Sul. Essa condição poderia causar uma variação na abundância destes organismos. O ajuste de um modelo polinomial de segunda ordem indicou que temperatura é uma variável importante para determinar cobertura total de zoantídeos zooxantelados nessa escala de observação. Além disso, outros fatores também são importantes como complexidade e inclinação do substrato. Abstract: Zooxanthellate zoanthids are well represented along the Brazilian coast. These organisms inhabit shallow-water reefs and, due to their conspicuous presence in these environments, they play an important role amongst benthic community processes. Palythoa caribaeorum, Palythoa variabilis and the genus Zoanthus are the most conspicuous zoanthids in Brazil. Data on biology and ecology about these animals frequently relates to P. caribaeorum, a species that exhibits high growth rates and that can reach tens of meters of benthic cover on shallow-water reefs. Palythoa caribaeorum, Palythoa variabilis and the genus Zoanthus also inhabit rocky shores in southeastern and southern Brazil. The region is a transition between tropical and temperate environments and also configures the southern limit of distribution of these animals. The average TSM were higher in southeastern than in southern Brazil. This condition could lead to a variation in the abundance of zoanthids. The fit of a second order polynomial model indicated that temperature was an important factor to determine the total coverage of zooxanthellate zoanthids on this scale of observation. In addition, other factors were also important, such as substrate complexity and slope.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Florianópolis, 2013. Conhecer o grau de conectividade e de diversidade genética pode auxiliar a elucidar quais são as populações em vias evolutivas de especiação ou que estão mais vulneráveis às mudanças ambientais. Tendo em vista a importância ecológica de mileporídeos no Oceano Atlântico, este estudo objetivou investigar os padrões de conectividade e de diversidade genética de corais-de-fogo do Atlântico tropical, e combinou dados moleculares e morfológicos para melhor distinguir as espécies endêmicas simpátricas. A análise filogenética, baseada na sequência de DNA mitocondrial (DNAmt) 16S DNAr, corroborou a existência de quatro clados monofiléticos no Atlântico Sul: Millepora alcicornis, M. braziliensis, M. nitida e M. laboreli. A morfometria revelou o diâmetro dos gastróporos e dactilóporos como sendo as principais variáveis que distinguiram o morfotipo M. nitida incrustante dos outros dois morfotipos, M. nitida ramificada e M. braziliensis. Entre as regiões do Caribe, Brasil e Atlântico Oriental observou-se alta estruturação genética das populações de M. alcicornis (Fst = 0,596?0.680, P < 0,05). No Brasil, as populações das espécies endêmicas M. braziliensis (Fst = 0,689, P < 0,05) e M. nitida (Fst = 0,828, P < 0,05) mostraram-se altamente estruturadas, ao passo que alta conectividade predominou nas populações de M. alcicornis (Fst < 0,106), com exceção particularmente do Arquipélago de Fernando de Noronha. A diversidade genética decresceu em direção às margens da distribuição de M. alcicornis (h = 0?0,982), M. braziliensis (h = 0,286?0,702) e M. nitida (h = 0,255?0,667). Os resultados de análises de estruturação genética sugerem que a pluma dos rios Amazonas-Orinoco (do inglês ?Amazon-Orinoco Plume?, AOP) e a extensão de oceano aberto dividindo o Atlântico Oriental e Ocidental, também conhecida como Barreira do Atlântico Central (do inglês ?Mid-Atlantic Barrier?, MAB) são as principais barreiras ao fluxo gênico em M. alcicornis ao longo do Caribe, Brasil e Atlântico Oriental. O deságue do rio São Francisco parece restringir a dispersão das espécies endêmicas de forma a evitar a sobreposição de suas áreas, mas ao mesmo tempo é permeável a M. alcicornis, espécie de ampla distribuição. A perda de diversidade em direção às margens da distribuição pode ser responsável pela perda da capacidade de resiliência das populações periféricas frente a distúrbios ambientais. Sendo assim, as populações periféricas da espécie de mais ampla distribuição (M. alcicornis) e as populações mais centrais das espécies endêmicas (M. braziliensis e M. nitida) merecem atenção especial dos esforços conservacionistas. Abstract : Knowledge on the degree of connectivity and genetic diversity of corals may help to elucidate which populations are under evolutionary trajectories of speciation or are more vulnerable to environmental changes. Given the ecological importance of milleporids in the Atlantic Ocean, this study aimed to investigate patterns of connectivity and genetic diversity in fire corals from the tropical Atlantic, and combined molecular and morphological data to better distinguish the endemic species. Phylogenetic analyses, based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) 16S rDNA, corroborated the existence of four reciprocally monophyletic clades in the South Atlantic: Millepora alcicornis, M. braziliensis, M. nitida and M. laboreli. Morphologically, gastropore?s and dactylopore?s diameters were the main variables that distinguished encrusting morph from the other two morphs, the ramified colonies of M. nitida and M. braziliensis. Among Caribbean, Brazil and Eastern Atlantic high levels of genetic structure are observed (Fst = 0.596?0.680, P < 0.05). Within Brazil, populations of the endemic species M. braziliensis (Fst = 0.689, P < 0.05) and M. nitida (Fst = 0.828, P < 0.05) are highly structured, while high connectivity predominates in populations of M. alcicornis (Fst < 0.106), with the exception of Fernando de Noronha Archipelago. Genetic diversity decreases towards the edges of the distribution of M. alcicornis (h = 0?0.982), M. braziliensis (h = 0.286?0.702) and M. nitida (h = 0.255?0.667). The results of genetic structure analyses suggest that the plume of the Amazon-Orinoco Rivers (AOP) and the stretch of open ocean dividing eastern and western Atlantic, also known as Mid-Atlantic Barrier (MAB), impose major barriers to gene flow of M. alcicornis across the Caribbean, Brazil and Eastern Atlantic. The São Francisco River plume (SFP) seems to restrict the dispersal of the endemic species, whereas it is permeable for the widespread species M. alcicornis. The loss of diversity towards the edges of the distribution may be responsible for the loss of resilience capacity in peripheral populations when facing environmental disturbances. Thus, peripheral populations of the widespread species (M. alcicornis) and central populations of the endemic species (M. braziliensis and M. nitida) deserve a special attention from conservation efforts.

Introdução: O consumo de drogas é um problema de saúde pública e o combate ao crack coloca em evidência uma das atuais fragilidades do Sistema de Saúde no Brasil. Os níveis de atenção não se encontram integrados e há falta de conhecimento sistematizado para a Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS). Objetivo: Buscar, por meio de Revisão Sistemática, abordagens efetivas no manejo de adultos usuários de crack no contexto da APS. Metodologia: Revisão sistemática realizada nas principais bases de dados eletrônicos e estudos adicionais, no período de 2003 a 2013, com adultos maiores de 19 anos de idade, usuários de crack, sem distinção inicial de estudos por delineamentos e com Língua Portuguesa, Espanhola ou Inglesa. Foram usados dois instrumentos de avaliação da qualidade das evidências científicas – o Health Evidence Bulletin Wales, 2004, e o Grade Working Group (2008). Resultados: De 2017 estudos encontrados nas buscas bibliográficas, e após duas etapas de seleção, foram eleitos 31 estudos e incluídos 16 artigos, 6 com delineamentos observacionais e 10 de intervenção. Dos estudos observacionais, 2 foram avaliados com boa qualidade, e, dos 10 estudos de intervenção, 1 estudo foi classificado com qualidade de evidência moderada, 5 com baixa qualidade de evidência e 4 com muito baixa qualidade de evidência. Conclusões: A Revisão Sistemática não obteve artigos que apresentassem evidências de alta qualidade para serem orientadas ao contexto da APS. O limite estipulado para busca de estudos nos últimos dez anos limitou o aporte de referências com evidências, e permanecem as orientações anteriores a este período. Contudo, foi possível traçar uma proposta para este contexto que pode ser detalhada e merece ser avaliada pelos pares, especialistas em APS. Introduction: Drug use is a public health problem and combating crack highlights one of the weaknesses of the current health system in Brazil. The levels of care are not integrated and there is a lack of systematic knowledge for dealing with this problem in Primary Health Care. Objective: Search through Systematic Review, effective approaches in the management of adult crack users in the context of the Primary Health. Methodology: A Systematic Review performed in major electronic databases and additional studies in the period 2003-2013, in adults older than 19 years old, crack users, irrespective of study design and including for Portuguese, Spanish or English . We used two evaluation instruments to grade scientific evidence - the Health Evidence Bulletin Wales, 2004 and the Grade Working Group (2008). Results: Of 2017 studies found from literature searches, and after two selection steps 31 studies were elected and 16 articles included, 6 with observational and 10 intervention designs. Two observational studies were evaluated with good quality and among the ten intervention studies, one study was classified with moderate quality of evidence, five with low quality of evidence and four with very low quality of evidence. Conclusions: This Systematic Review did not obtain articles with evidence of high quality to be oriented to the context of Primary Health Care. The limit set for search of studies over the past decade, limited the supply of references with evidence, and the guidelines prior to this period remain. However, it was possible to outline a proposal for this context which can be detailed and should be evaluated by peers, experts in Primary Health Care.

Submitted by Boris Flegr (boris@uerj.br) on 2020-11-08T19:04:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Marcelo.pdf: 3742551 bytes, checksum: ebe7013ff25ef2e4943fc086ebe1944d (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2020-11-08T19:04:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Marcelo.pdf: 3742551 bytes, checksum: ebe7013ff25ef2e4943fc086ebe1944d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-15 Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. The invasive coral species, Tubastraea tagusensis and T. coccinea were accidentally introduced into Brazil by oil platforms. The rapid growth and reproductive stage, competition against native species, chemical defenses against natural predators and competitors and ample use of different substrates contribute to the success and expansion of Tubastraea spp. on the Brazilian coast. This study had two aims: 1) investigate a methodology that results in more efficient and cost-effective monitoring of the Tubastraea spp. invaders on the Brazilian coast, 2) map the geographical distribution, characterize the populations and study the effect of corals insertion in the community on the northern coast of São Paulo (LNSP). The first aim evaluated four methods by comparing the visual census method and three other methods that use photography and filming. The visual census method proved to be more efficient in achieving the results compared with other methods, primarily to identification of smaller organisms; however, time in the field and costs were higher. The second aim used the visual method to study the effect of insertion of coral invaders into the community. Also, a semi-quantitative monitoring of spatial scale to characterize the spatial distribution of coral invaders was carried out; transects with squares were used to estimate the density of Tubastraea spp. along the depth gradient, and transects and graduated arcs employed to estimate the occurrence of colonies at different inclinations of the substrate, in LNSP. The invader corals are increasing their distribution, causing several impacts on native communities and species. T. tagusensis is actually found dominating several rocky shores, with a higher density deeper and in a vertical and negative substrates slopes in LNSP. Eradication and/or control of the invasive corals are recommended on the Brazilian coast, especially where populations are isolated or are still small. As espécies de corais invasores, Tubastraea tagusensis e T. coccinea foram acidentalmente introduzidos no Brasil através de plataformas de petróleo. O rápido crescimento e estágio reprodutivo, competição contra espécies nativas, defesas químicas contra predadores e competidores naturais e uso amplo em diferentes substratos utilizados contribuem para o sucesso e expansão de Tubastraea spp. na costa brasileira. O presente estudo teve dois objetivos principais: 1) investigar uma metodologia que resulte em uma maior eficiência e custo-benefício nos processsos de monitoramento dos corais invasores Tubastraea spp. no litoral brasileiro; 2) mapear a distribuição geográfica, caracterizar as populações e estudar o efeito da inserção dos corais na comunidade bêntica de costões rochosos do litoral norte do estado de São Paulo (LNSP). O primeiro avaliou quatro metodologias, comparando o método do censo visual, e outras três metodologias que utilizam fotografia e filmagem. O método do censo visual mostrou ser mais eficiente na obtenção dos resultados quando comparado com os outros métodos, principalmente para identificar pequenos organismos. Contudo, seu tempo em campo e seus custos foram maiores. O segundo utilizou o método visual para estudar o efeito da inserção dos corais invasores na comunidade local do LNSP. Ainda, foi realizado um monitoramento espacial semi-quantitativo em larga escala para caracterizar a distribuição espacial dos corais invasores; transectos com quadrados amostrais foram usados para estimar a densidade de Tubastraea ao longo da profundidade, e transectos e arcos graduados empregados para estimar a ocorrência de colônias em diferentes inclinações do substrato, no LNSP. Os corais invasores estão aumentado sua distribuição, causando diversos impactos nas comunidades e nos organismos nativos. T. tagusensis é comumente encontrado dominando diversos costões rochosos, com uma densidade maior em ambientes mais profundos e com maior ocorência em substratos de inclinções verticais e negativas no LNSP. A erradicação e/ou controle do coral invasor é recomendado no litoral brasileiro, principalmente onde as populações estão isoladas ou ainda são pequenas.

Correction to Evans, N.M., Lindner, A., Raikova, E.V., Collins, A.G. and Cartwright, P. Phylogenetic placement of the enigmatic parasite, Polypodium hydriforme, within the phylum Cnidaria. BMC Evol Biol, 2008, 8:139.