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To explore the protective effect of Lindera aggregata on acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice and its possible mechanism.Forty C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into sham operation group, ARDS model group, low-dose Lindera aggregata (L-LA) group and high-dose Lindera aggregata (H-LA) group, with 10 mice in each group. ARDS model was established by injecting 5 mg/kg LPS through the trachea. The L-LA group and H-LA group were orally administrated 1 g/kg and 5 g/kg of the Lindera aggregate extract once a day, respectively, while the ARDS model group was given the same volume of normal saline, the sham group received no treatment. The Lindera aggregata was preadministered for 3 days before modeling, and continued for 2 days after modeling, then the animals were sacrificed, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissue were collected. The pathological changes of lung tissue in each group of mice were observed under the microscope and the wet/dry weight ratio (W/D) of the lung were measured. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to examine the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in mice serum and BALF, and flow cytometry was used to detect the expression rate of CD40 on the surface of BALF macrophages. The phosphorylation levels of p38 and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) proteins in lung tissue were measured by Western blotting.Lung histopathology under light microscope showed that the damage of alveolar structure, thickening of alveolar septum and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the H-LA group were less severe than those in the ARDS model group, while the pathological characteristics of ARDS in the L-LA group were not significantly different from those in the ARDS model group. Compared with the sham operation group, the lung W/D ratio, TNF-α and IL-6 protein contents in serum and BALF, BALF macrophage CD40 expression rate and lung tissue p38 and ERK1/2 protein phosphorylation levels were significantly increased in ARDS model group. The W/D ratio, the concentrations of TNF-α and IL-6 in serum and BALF, the expression rate of CD40 in BALF macrophages, and the phosphorylation levels of p38 and ERK1/2 protein in lung tissue in the L-LA group were not significantly different from those in the ARDS model group. The above indexes in the H-LA group were significantly lower than those in the ARDS model group and the L-LA group [W/D ratio: 5.70±0.19 vs. 6.20±0.31, 6.01±0.17; serum TNF-α (ng/L): 83.63±15.04 vs. 111.75±18.45, 108.12±13.98; serum IL-6 (ng/L): 111.38±8.75 vs. 244.13±26.85, 227.50±9.37; BALF TNF-α (ng/L): 36.25±2.82 vs. 51.13±5.44, 47.50±5.78; BALF IL-6 (ng/L): 35.63±2.20 vs. 49.63±4.90, 46.38±3.50; CD40 expression rate (%): 23.28±2.45 vs. 30.32±2.40, 28.17±1.98; p-p38/p38: 0.50±0.04 vs. 0.74±0.07, 0.69±0.04; p-ERK1/2/ERK1/2: 0.47±0.07 vs. 0.72±0.07, 0.68±0.05; all P0.01].Lindera aggregata can inhibit LPS-induced lung inflammation and alleviate lung injury in ARDS mice. The mechanism may be related to the inhibition of the activation of p38 mitogen activated protein kinase/ERK (p38MAPK/ERK) signaling pathway.

The present study explored the main active ingredients and the underlying mechanism of Linderae Radix the treatment of gastric cancer by network pharmacology, molecular docking, and in vitro cell experiments. TCMSP, OMIM and GeneCards database were used to obtain the active ingredients of Linderae Radix to predict the related targets of both Linderae Radix and gastric cancer. After screening the common potential action targets, the STRING database was used to construct the PPI network for protein interaction of the two common targets. Enrichment analysis of GO and KEGG by DAVID database. Based on STRING and DAVID platform data, Cytoscape software was used to construct anquot;active ingredient-targetquot; network and anquot;active ingredient-target-pathwayquot; network. Molecular docking was performed using the AutoDock Vina to predict the binding of the active components to the key action targets, and finally the key targets and pathways were verified in vitro. According to the prediction results, there were 9 active components, 179 related targets of Radix Linderae, 107 common targets of Linderae Radix and gastric cancer, 693 biological processes, 57 cell compositions, and 129 molecular functions involved in the targets, and 161 signaling pathways involved in tumor antigen p53, hypoxia-indu-cible factor 1, etc. Molecular docking results showed that the core component, jimadone, had high binding activity with TP53. Finally, in an in vitro experiment, the screened radix linderae active ingredient gemmadone is used for preliminarily verifying the core targets and pathways of the human gastric cancer cell SGC-7901, The results showed that germacrone could significantly inhibit the proliferation of gastric cancer cells and induce the apoptosis of SGC-7901 by regulating the expression of p53, Bax, Bcl-2 and other key proteins. In summary, Radix Linderae can control the occurrence and development of gastric cancer through multi-components, multi-targets and multi-pathways, which will provide theoretical basis for further clinical discussion on the mechanism of Radix Linderae in treating gastric cancer.

Lindera aggregata (Sims) Kosterm. is a traditional Chinese herb, which has been proven to have excellent antibacterial activity. In this work, we firstly extracted the polysaccharides from the leaves of Lindera aggregata (Sims) Kosterm. (LLPs), and explored their antibacterial activity and related mechanisms. The experimental results show that LLPs are a good antibacterial agent, which can damage the cell structure of bacteria and lead to the leakage of intracellular lysates. Compared with Escherichia coli (E. coli), LLPs showed better inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Furthermore, the administration of LLPs not only led to the upregulation of the levels of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (F-1,6-P) and citric acid in the glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle pathways in bacteria, but also resulted in the down-regulation of the levels of oxaloacetate (OAA) and 1,3-diphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG). This study confirmed that LLPs have good antibacterial activity, and broaden the application of the leaves of Lindera aggregata (Sims) Kosterm. in the antibacterial field. It provides ideas for exploring the antibacterial mechanism of active ingredients of Chinese herbal medicine through metabolomics.

Osteoporosis (OP) is characterized by the flaccidity of bones or bone bi-disease caused by kidney deficiency.

Two novel sesterterpenoids linderasesterterpenoids A (

The genus Lindera consists of approximately 100 species that are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas throughout the world. Most Lindera plants, particularly Lindera aggregata is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine that has important medicinal value and health benefits. Contemporary chemical and pharmacological studies have shown that L. aggregata are a source of structurally diverse molecules having pharmacological potential. In an effort to promote research on L. aggregata and develop therapeutic and pharmacological products, this review describes the structural diversity of its components and pharmacological and biological significance of L. aggregata. This review is based on a literature analysis of scientific journals from electronic sources, such as Science Direct, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus and Web of Science. Thus, with the growing interest in traditional medicine and botanical drugs worldwide, L. aggregata will increasingly capture chemists’ and pharmacologists’ attention because they produce diverse and structurally novel compounds having pharmacological significance.

The pseudoguaianelactones A (1) and B (2), two novel sesquiterpene lactones with an unprecedented [5,7,7] ring system featuring an α-methylene-γ-lactone moiety, together with a new pseudoguaianelactone C (3) were isolated from the roots of Lindera glauca. Pseudoguaianelactones A-C (1-3) inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production, with IC50 values ranging from 1.38 to 4.00 μM. Moreover, all compounds significantly suppressed the production of pro-inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and PGE2) and the protein expression of the enzymes iNOS and COX-2.

Lindera gambleana C.K.Allen (1941: 27). Type:��� CHINA. Sichuan [Szechuan]: Mt. Emei, Xi Xiang Chi, elev. ca. 2400 m, 22 April 1932, T. T. Y�� 495 (holotype A00041605; isotypes CQNM0015720, CQNM0015721, IBSC0000192, PE 00281221, PE00281485, PE00699178). Paratypes in CQNM: CHINA. Sichuan: Mt. Emei, Xi Xiang Chi, elev. ca. 2400 m, 22 April 1932, T. T. Y�� 494 (?A, CQNM0015722, CQNM0017386, IBSC0000191, PE00281459); Mt. Emei, 2 July 1931, F. T. Wang 23152 (CQNM0004517, IBSC0000193, KUN0106435, NAS00070841, NAS00070851, PE00281343, WUK0043791, WUK0043794); 18 April 1932, T. T. Y�� 384 (CQNM0004514, PE00281460), 21 April 1932, T. T. Y�� 487 (CQNM0004513, IBSC0051079, PE00281458). = Lindera pulcherrima var. hemsleyana (Diels 1901: 352) H.P.Tsui in Yang et al. (1978: 67). Note: ��� In the protologue, Allen (1941) designated T . T. Y�� 495 at A as the type and simultaneously cited other Yu���s gatherings from Mt Emei and other four gatherings as the paratypes. The duplicated of all Yu���s collection are found at CQNM., Published as part of Chen, Feng & He, Hai, 2022, The historical relics in Chongqing Natural History Museum: An annotated checklist of original materials for 37 names of Chinese seed plants, pp. 38-52 in Phytotaxa 530 (1) on page 41, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.530.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/5823939, {"references":["Yang, Y. C., Huang, P. H., Tsui, H. P., Li, H. W. & Pai, P. Y. (1978) Materiae ad Floram Lauracearum Sinicarum (II). Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 16 (4): 38 - 69."]}

In the course of reviewing publications on Lauraceae, several nomenclatural problems were found. Solving these problems led to the proposal of new names for Litsea pseudoelongata Kosterm. (L. siamensis van der Werff), Cryptocarya lancifolia Kosterm. (C. stenophylla van der Werff), and C. pauciflora Lauterb. & K. Schum. (C. oligantha van der Werff). Beilschmiedia velutinosa Kosterm. is a synonym of B. lanatella Kosterm., and Lindera spicata Kosterm. (1992) is a later homonym of L. spicata Kosterm. (1973). Nectandra roberto-andinoi (C. Nelson) C. Nelson is transferred to Damburneya Raf., and Ocotea ligulata van der Werff is transferred to Mespilodaphne Nees & Mart.

The volatile components of kuromoji oil (Lindera umbellata Thunb.) obtained in Shizuoka Pref. were analyzed by GC/MS. Linalool, α-pinene, limonene, camphene, cis- and trans-dihydrocarvone, 1,8-cineol, 4-terpinenol, α-terpineol, piperitone, geranyl acetate, geraniol, and trans-nerolidol were identified as major components. Using enantio-MDGC-MS, the enantiomeric ratio ((R)-(-) vs (S)-(+)) of linalool in this oil was determined to be 67.8/32.2. Touch care treatment while sniffing this oil was done on cancer patients. We found that the relaxation effect persisted longer after the treatment compared to treatment without aroma.

Six undescribed stilbene derivatives Reflexanbene DH (1-4, 6) and Reflexanbene J (5), as well as one known stilbene 3,5-dimethoxystilbene (7), were isolated from the dried roots of Lindera reflexa Hemsl. Their structures and absolute configurations were elucidated using spectroscopy and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) analysis. In cytotoxic assays, moderately inhibitory activities of Reflexanbene F (3) against MGC80-3 and A549 cell lines were observed, with IC

A portable short-wavelength infrared microscope hyperspectral imager (SMHI) combined with machine learning algorithms for the purpose of classifying geographical origins as well as root types of Lindera aggregata is developed. The spectral range of the SMHI system is 1090-1820 nm (5500-9100 cm-1) with spectral and spatial resolutions of 4 nm and 27.3 μm, respectively. Utilizing PCA-RF algorithms, the geographic origin of tuberous roots and leaves from five different origins were classified with accuracies of 97.5% and 97.8%, respectively. In addition, spatial identification of tuberous root and taproot tubers in a mixed sample was done with an accuracy of 98.98%. The accuracy of origin classification and spatial identification are high enough which indicate the significant potential of applying SMHI system into the non-invasive spatial mapping and rapid quality assessment of medicinal herbs.

In this study, a centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) separation was applied to identify antioxidant-responsive element (ARE) induction molecules from the crude extract of Lindera strychnifolia roots. CPC was operated with a two-phase solvent system composed of n-hexane-methanol-water (10:8.5:1.5, v/v/v) in dual mode (descending to ascending), which provided a high recovery rate (>95.5%) with high resolution. Then, ARE induction activity of obtained CPC fractions was examined in ARE-transfected HepG2 cells according to the weight ratios of the obtained fractions. The fraction exhibiting ARE-inducing activity was further purified by preparative HPLC that led to isolation of two eudesmane type sesquiterpenes as active compounds. The chemical structures were elucidated as linderolide U (1) and a new sesquiterpene named as linderolide V (2) by spectroscopic data. Further bioactivity test demonstrated that compounds 1 and 2 enhanced ARE activity by 22.4-fold and 7.6-fold, respectively, at 100 μM concentration while 5 μM of sulforaphane induced ARE activity 24.8-fold compared to the control.

Lindera umbellata (Lu) essential oil primarily contains linalool and has relaxation properties. We investigated the psychological and antibacterial effects of footbath with Lu essential oil. The participants included 20 women without medical history and received two intervention plans: footbath without any essential oil and footbath using Lu essential oil. Next, questionnaires regarding impressions and mood states were provided for them to answer. In addition, their autonomic nervous system activity was measured, and the aerobic viable of count on the feet was determined. The high-frequency value reflecting the parasympathetic nervous system activity significantly increased after footbath using Lu essential oil. In the questionnaire about the mood states, the subscale scores of tension–anxiety, depression, fatigue, and confusion after intervention were lower than those before intervention regardless of the use of the essential oil. Conversely, the anger–hostility score decreased only in the group using Lu essential oil. Furthermore, the decrease in aerobic viable count after intervention was not significantly different between the two groups. Footbath using Lu essential oil increased the parasympathetic nervous system activity and relieved anger. Taken together, we suggest that footbath using Lu essential oil has a relaxation effect.

Linderane (LDR) is a main furan-containing sesquiterpenoid of the common herbal medicine Lindera aggregata (Sims) Kosterm. Our early study indicated that LDR led to mechanism-based inactivation (MBI) of CYP2C9 in vitro, implying possible drug-drug interactions (DDIs) in clinic. In the present study, influence of LDR on the pharmacokinetics of the corresponding hydroxylated metabolites of CYP2C9 substrates in rats was investigated. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed that pretreatment with LDR at 20 mg/kg for 15 days inhibited the metabolism of both tolbutamide and warfarin catalyzed by CYP2C9. As for 4-hydroxytolbutamide, the Cmax was decreased, the t1/2z was prolonged, and the Vz/F was increased, all with significant difference. As for 7-hydroxywarfarin, the AUC0-t/AUC0-∞ and CLz/F were significantly decreased and increased, respectively. Furthermore, the underlying molecular mechanisms based on MBI of CYP2C9 by LDR were revealed. Two reactive metabolites of LDR, furanoepoxide and γ-ketoenal intermediates were identified in CYP2C9 recombinant enzyme incubation systems. Correspondingly, covalent modifications of lysine and cysteine residues of CYP2C9 protein were discovered in the CYP2C9 incubation system treated with LDR. The formation of protein adducts exhibited obvious time- and dose-dependence, which is consistent with the trend of enzyme inhibition caused by LDR in vitro. In addition to the apoprotein of CYP2C9, the heme content was significantly reduced after co-incubation with LDR. These data revealed that modification of both apoprotein and heme of CYP2C9 by reactive metabolites of LDR led to MBI of CYP2C9, therefore resulting in the inhibition of biotransformation of CYP2C9 substrates to their corresponding metabolites in vivo.

Two new sesquiterpenoid lactone derivatives, linderin A (

A novel 3,4-dihydroisocoumarin, lindermyrrhin (1), along with three known compounds, quercetin (2), northalifoline (3) and N-formyl-laurolitsine (4) were isolated from the roots of Lindera myrrha. The structure of compound 1 was identified by interpretation of their spectroscopic data as well as comparison with those reported in the literature. The novel compound 1 represents the first 3,4-dihydroisocoumarin bearing a 2-hydroxyisopropyl substituent at C-3.

The effects of particles on the photosynthesis of vegetation, which is a sink for fine particulate matter (PM2.5) deposition, are still not well understood. Here, we carried out indoor measurements to evaluate the variation dynamics of net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of four plant species with different leaf characteristics under different PM2.5 levels. Then tree leaves were sampled and the groove proportion, leaf trichome density, stomatal density and stomatal size were quantitatively studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The stomatal conductance of the 4 species had a close positive correlation with photosynthetic rate. Net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance declined over time at elevated PM2.5, and the rate of the decline became more rapid with higher concentration of PM2.5. The inhibiting effect might be caused by the closure of the stomata and the decrease of stomatal conductance, which was proved by the reduction of the stomatal size of under the condition of PM2.5 pollution. Leaf trichome and groove seemed to show a protective role for plants from PM2.5 exposure and be responsible for the difference of photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance under the condition of PM2.5 pollution. The higher groove proportion and the presence of trichomes on the leaf surface in Neolitsea aurata and Lindera kwangtungensis absorbed some particulate matters and buffered the effect of PM2.5 pollution on stomata.

Lindera reflexa Hemsl. (LR) has been used for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. The present study was carried out to investigate the gastroprotective effect of an active ingredients group of Lindera reflexa Hemsl. (LRG) on ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats and its possible mechanisms. The ulcer area was measured, and samples of gastric tissue were taken for histochemical, pathological, and biochemical analyses. Pretreatment with LRG protected the gastric mucosa as seen by reduction the GUI and gastric juice volume, regulated gastric acid secretion. LRG counteracted the ethanol-induced oxidative stress by increasing the levels of depleted SOD and CAT as well as significantly attenuating the lipid peroxidation by reducing the levels of MDA and MPO. LRG also reduced release of inflammatory mediator TNF-α, increased the content of PGE

Lindera obtusiloba Blume (family, Lauraceae), native to Northeast Asia, has been used traditionally in the treatment of trauma and neuralgia. In this study, we investigated the neuroinflammatory effect of methanol extract of L. obtusiloba stem (LOS-ME) in a scopolamine-induced amnesia model and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV2 microglia cells. LOS-ME downregulated the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, inflammatory cytokines, and inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-ĸB) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells. Male C57/BL6 mice were orally administered 20 and 200 mg/kg of LOS-ME for one week, and 2 mg/kg of scopolamine was administered intraperitoneally on the 8th day. In vivo behavioral experiments (Y-maze and Morris water maze test) confirmed that LOS-ME alleviated cognitive impairments induced by scopolamine and the amount of iNOS expression decreased in the hippocampus of the mouse brain. Microglial hyper-activation was also reduced by LOS-ME pretreatment. These findings suggest that LOS-ME might have potential in the treatment for cognitive improvement by regulating neuroinflammation.

The current pandemic has caused chaos throughout the world. While there are few vaccines available now, there is the need for better treatment alternatives in line with preventive measures against COVID-19. Along with synthetic chemical compounds, phytochemicals cannot be overlooked as candidates for drugs against severe respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The important role of secondary metabolites or phytochemical compounds against coronaviruses has been confirmed by studies that reported the anti-coronavirus role of glycyrrhizin from the roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra. The study demonstrated that glycyrrhizin is a very promising phytochemical against SARS-CoV, which caused an outbreak in 2002–2003. Similarly, many phytochemical compounds (apigenin, betulonic acid, reserpine, emodin, etc.) were isolated from different plants such as Isatis indigotica, Lindera aggregate, and Artemisia annua and were employed against SARS-CoV. However, owing to the geographical and seasonal variation, the quality of standard medicinal compounds isolated from plants varies. Furthermore, many of the important medicinal plants are either threatened or on the verge of endangerment because of overharvesting for medicinal purposes. Therefore, plant biotechnology provides a better alternative in the form of in vitro culture technology, including plant cell cultures, adventitious roots cultures, and organ and tissue cultures. In vitro cultures can serve as factories of secondary metabolites/phytochemicals that can be produced in bulk and of uniform quality in the fight against COVID-19, once tested. Similarly, environmental and molecular manipulation of these in vitro cultures could provide engineered drug candidates for testing against COVID-19. The in vitro culture-based phytochemicals have an additional benefit of consistency in terms of yield as well as quality. Nonetheless, as the traditional plant-based compounds might prove toxic in some cases, engineered production of promising phytochemicals can bypass this barrier. Our article focuses on reviewing the potential of the different in vitro plant cultures to produce medicinally important secondary metabolites that could ultimately be helpful in the fight against COVID-19.

In this study, we sequenced the complete chloroplast genome of Lindera aggregate (Sims) Kosterm., an important Chinese herbal medicine. The complete chloroplast genome with a size of 152,714 bp in length, contained two inverted repeats (IRa and IRb) regions of 20,090 bp each, which were separated by a large single copy (LSC, 93,743 bp) regions and a small single copy (SSC, 18,791 bp) regions, the overall GC content was 42.84%. The chloroplast genome contained 122 genes, 77 protein-coding, 37 tRNA, and 8 rRNA genes. The phylogenetic tree showed that Lindera aggregate (Sims) Kosterm. has a close relationship with Lindera chuni.

Teas and various herbal teas are well-known beverages and are commonly consumed around the world. In this study, we focused on kuromoji tea. Kuromoji is a deciduous shrub of the Lauraceae family, and the plucked leaves and branches have been drunk as a tea in production areas for a long time. However, no studies have investigated the subjective and physiological effects of kuromoji tea. In this study, the effects of kuromoji tea were examined on the basis of the measurements of heart rate variability and cerebral blood flow, core body temperature and subjective assessments. Moreover, the results of this study showed that a pleasant subjective feeling could be obtained by sniffing the aroma of kuromoji teas, especially tea leaves. It was also found that the aroma of kuromoji teas has the potential to stimulate saliva secretion and increase subjective and physiological excitements in the oral cavity. 1,8-Cineole, linalool, terpinen-4-ol, carvone and geraniol were determined in both kuromoji leaves and branches. In this study, the beneficial effects of kuromoji teas when drunk conventionally were investigated.

Lindera obtusiloba (LO) BLUME from the genus Lindera (Lauraceae) is a medicinal herb traditionally used in Southeast Asian countries. Indigenously, extracts of different parts of the plant have been used to improve blood circulation and treat allergy, inflammation, rheumatism, and liver diseases. LO is a rich source of therapeutically beneficial antioxidative phytochemicals, such as flavonoids, butenolides, lignans and neolignans. Moreover, recent studies have unravelled the pharmacological properties of several newly found active constituents of LO, such as anti-inflammatory antioxidants (+)-syringaresinol, linderin A, anti-atherosclerotic antioxidant (+)-episesamin, anti-melanogenic antioxidants quercitrin and afzelin, cytotoxic 2-(1-methoxy-11-dodecenyl)-penta-2,4-dien-4-olide, (2Z,3S,4S)-2-(11-dodecenylidene)-3-hydroxy-4-methyl butanolide, anti-allergic koaburaside, (6-hydroxyphenyl)-1-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside and 2,6-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl-1-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside and the antiplatelet-activity compound Secolincomolide A. These findings demonstrate that LO can be a potential source of antioxidants and other prospective therapeutically active constituents that can lead to the development of oxidative stress-mediated diseases, such as cardiovascular disorders, neurodegenerative disorders, allergies, inflammation, hepatotoxicity, and cancer. Here, the antioxidant properties of different species of Lindera genus are discussed briefly. The traditional use, phytochemistry, antioxidative and pharmacological properties of LO are also considered to help researchers screen potential lead compounds and design and develop future therapeutic agents to treat oxidative stress-mediated disorders.

The root of Lindera reflexa Hemsl. (LR) is a folk Chinses herbal medicine that has been used to treat gastritis and peptic ulcers. In this study, three new stilbenes (1–3) and two known flavonoids (4 and 5) were isolated from the antiulcer purified fractions of LR. The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were characterized comprehensively based on the basis of extensive spectroscopic data. Absolute configurations of compounds 1, 2, and 3 were determined by ECD calculations. The cytotoxic activities of compounds 1–5 were evaluated by MTT assay. Compound 4 showed the strongest inhibitory effect on the proliferation of tumor cells lines MGC803 and SMMC-7721, with IC50 values of 2.65 and 4.13 μM, respectively. The quantitative analysis of 12 compounds of the antiulcer purified fractions of LR were carried out by using the reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Within the test range, all calibration curves showed good linearity (R2 > 0.9993). The LOD, LOQ, specificity, precision, and accuracy of the method were verified. Therefore, the present study may provide a valuable method for quality control the antiulcer purified fractions of LR.

A new sesquiterpene, namely linderolide U (

Lindera aggregata(L. aggregata) is a wild shrub growing in the forests of Southeast Asia, whose main bioactive constituents are isoquinoline alkaloids. They are widely used in food and pharmaceutical industries. The studies on the metabolites and biosynthesis pathways inL. aggregata remain poorly understood. Nine isoquinoline alkaloid compounds were identified by UPLC Triple TOF-MS/MS in this study. Except for N-methyllaurotetanine, most isoquinoline alkaloid compounds were widely distributed in various parts ofL. aggregata and accumulated preferentially in roots than in leaves. Transcriptome data showed that several isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthetic genes, such as TyrAT, PPO, TDC, and SOMT, were identified to play important roles in generating differential metabolites in roots and leaves ofL. aggregata. Concentration-dependent analgesic effects and toxic effects of them were demonstrated in zebrafish experiments, and the overall ranking was JRAL > TRAL > LAL. The results of this study would provide useful information for the synthesis mechanisms of isoquinoline alkaloids inL. aggregata, and provide valuable information for the application of traditional non-medicinal parts ofL. aggregata in food and pharmaceutical industries.