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We employed a post-intentional phenomenological methodology to explore counselor educators’ experiences teaching counselors-in-training (CITs) to be present in practicum contexts. Eight participant...

The focus of this study was to better understand male clinicians-in-training’s perceptions of female clients, peers, and faculty and how those perceptions may impact their interactions. In this study, 10 male clinicians-in-training’s perceptions related to gender with respect to female clients, peers, and faculty were explored by engaging in semi-structured interviews, responding to journal prompts, and providing artifacts. The findings supported a need for a focus on gender, as well as increased sensitivity to gender and gender issues, and the importance of clinician self-awareness.

The quality of the therapeutic relationship and the personal characteristics of professional counselors are key determinants of positive counseling outcomes and decision making, and they are believed to be influenced by conscious and unconscious processes. Beliefs about the unconscious nature of altruism and self-interest among 25 mental health professionals were examined through a paradigmatic narrative analysis. Data from 19 semistructured individual interviews, one focus group, 19 artifacts and participant member checks were subjected to a secondary qualitative analysis. The results of the analysis generated three salient archetypes representative of the altruism-self-interest dynamic: exocentric altruist, endocentric altruist, and psychological egoist.Keywords: professional counselors, altruism, self-interest, archetype, qualitative, paradigmatic narrative analysisThe constructs altruism and self-interest have long been described in dichotomous terms and as the sole motivators of human behavior (Holmes, Miller, & Lemer, 2002; Simpson, Irwin, & Lawrence, 2006). In 1851, Comte defined the term altruism as "self-sacrifice for the benefit of others" (1875/2001, p. 565). More than a century later, Sober (1993) defined self-interest as "the sole fixation on gaining pleasure and avoiding pain." Because these two constructs typically have been associated with individuals' actions and viewed through a polarized lens, there is a dearth of research examining the unified and unconscious nature of both altruism and self-interest (Bishop, 2000). The heretofore dichotomous and superficial understanding of these constructs has enabled individuals to maintain an inaccurate view of altruistic and self-interest oriented behaviors (Flynn & Black, 2011; Holmes, Miller, & Lemer, 2002), resulting in a value-based perspective that perpetuates underinformed over-generalizations of the phenomenon (e.g., people who give to others are "good" and those who take for themselves are "bad").Professional literature presents mixed messages regarding altruism and self-interest. To date, the concept of self-interest has seldom been explicitly examined within the counseling profession. Current literature largely describes professional counselors' self-interest in terms of personal wellness, self-advocacy, positive beliefs, self-care and the development of self-regulatory systems (Hendricks, 2008; Hermon & Hazier, 1999; Myers & Sweeney, 2008; Myers, Sweeney, & White, 2002; Osborn, 2004). A smaller body of literature encourages professional counselors to maintain effective professional boundaries and to seek compensation commensurate with their level of training (Bernard, 2006; Myers et al., 2002). The literature on wellness, boundaries and monetary compensation sometimes conflicts with professional counseling's altruistic foundation and has garnered less attention than professional literature that focuses almost exclusively on meeting the needs of clients. Although recent efforts have been made to address counselor impairment and burnout (e.g., Ohrt & Cunningham, 2012; Parker & Henfield, 2012), very little attention has centered on understanding counselor self-interest. For example, professional counselors are called to advocate for the underserved, to provide a percentage of their services pro bono, and to secure referrals for clients unable to pay the professional counselor's rate (American Counseling Association, 2005; Osborn, West, Bubenzer, Duba, & Olson, 2003). Professional counseling is a service-oriented profession, yet the almost exclusive focus on altruistic acts (e.g., giving of oneself) without a concomitant discussion of professional counselor self-interest potentially creates a culture of professional self-sacrifice and martyrdom that places counselors at risk for burnout and clients at risk for negative outcomes.Although the negative consequences of an exclusive focus on altruism in professional counseling are evident, there has been limited scholarly dialogue on the unconscious nature of altruism and self-interest. …

Injuries to muscle in the elite athlete are common and may be responsible for prolonged periods of loss of competitive activity. The implications for the athlete, his/her coach and team may be catastrophic if the injury occurs at a critical time in the athlete's diary. Imaging now plays a crucial role in diagnosis, prognostication and management of athletes with muscle injuries. This article discusses the methods available to clinicians and radiologists that are used to assess skeletal muscle injury. The spectrum of muscle injuries sustained in the elite athlete population is both discussed and illustrated.

The person of the counselor is at the center of counseling identity. Ethically, counselors are not to allow their needs or self-interests to impede the client’s growth (Corey, Corey, & Callanan, 2007). If counselors allowed their self-interests to emerge unchecked, it could create situations in which the counselors’ needs took precedence over their client’s, thus creating a potentially harmful situation for the client. Client protection and welfare are critical to successful therapeutic outcomes; however, the manner in which the ethical standards for counselors are proffered may lead some counselors to conclude that they are required or expected to deny, diminish, or acknowledge any professional or personal gains (American Counseling Association [ACA], 2005). The counseling profession, through its ethical standards, may be sending a contradictory message (i.e., counselor wellness is important, yet clients’ needs are superior to counselors’ needs). These ethical codes and values may inadvertently communicate that the work of counselors is primarily steeped in self-sacrifice, which may lead to counselor burnout. Ignoring appropriate self-interest holds a variety of negative consequences for counselors, particularly those who work in community mental health settings (Bernard, 2006; Hill, 2004; Lambie, 2007; Myers, 2003; Myers, Sweeney, & White, 2002). Examples of these consequences include overriding unselfish concern, ignoring one’s stress level, frustration, job dissatisfaction, stress-related health problems, lowered work productivity, inability to cope with occupational stress, interpersonal conflict

The Multicultural Supervision Scale (MSS) was administered to 304 counselor educators and clinical supervisors across the United States. A three factor model comprising 39 items seemed to define th...

International students face many challenges as counselors-in-training. This study sought to identify, through a phenomenological examination, the supervisory needs, experiences, attitudes, and perc...

Multiple and dual relationships between client and counselor have been the topic of much discussion in our field. In 2005, the American Counseling Association revised and updated the code of ethics that further delineated the guidelines around these types of relationships. The impact of the code is addressed via a case study to demonstrate the issues surrounding multiple relationships in a personal, nonromantic relationship that had been established, prior to the therapeutic relationship. Implications of the previous relationship and the ethical decision-making process are addressed as well as recommendations for practitioners.

Privilege and oppression have an impact on society in numerous ways. Although studied in many disciplines, few empirical measures of these social constructs exist for educators or researchers. The ...

This article is the 3rd in a series that has been focused on the experiences of assistant professors of counselor education who were at the conclusion of their 3rd year in the profession. Thirty-six participants provided information about their experiences, sources of pleasure and displeasure, professional contributions, areas of change, and expectations for tenure and promotion. Prominent themes that emerged from the data included mentoring, balance and family focus, and scholarship. Recommendations are presented for counselor educators-in-training, candidates, new counselor educators (CEs), and veteran CEs.

Examinations of privilege have historically focused on gender and race. By placing privilege within the context of oppression, the authors offer an expanded view of the domains of privilege that include sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, age, differing degrees of ableness, and religious affiliation. Los examenes del privilegio se han enfocado historicamente en el genero y la raza. Colocando el privilegio dentro del contexto de la opresion, los autores ofrecen una vista ensanchada de los dominios del privilegio que incluye la orientacion sexual, la posicion socioeconomica, la edad, difiriendo los grados de habilidad, y de la afiliacion religiosa.

The counseling literature documents the profession's inception and growth in a variety of ways. Current examples include Counseling Today's "ACA Turns 50" feature series and "Passing the Tradition: ACES Presidents 1940-97" (Sheeley, 1997). Professional counselors often identify the late 1940s and early 1950s as the time of the profession's beginning. The Association for Counselor Education and Supervision (ACES) was founded in 1952, and the American Counseling Association (ACA) was founded in 1951. Thus, these organizations emerged prior to the women's movement of the 1960s and 1970s, yet there remains no formal documentation of the roles that women, and in particular female leaders, have played in these professional organizations. Leadership has historically been defined by the nature of the position held within a hierarchical system. An examination of one dimension of leadership, presidential terms, revealed that women had limited formal or recognized involvement during the early years of the counseling profession. In fact, the first 34 presidents of ACES were men. Although Mary Corre was the fourth president of ACA (Simmons, 2002), she was one of only five female presidents who served prior to 1980. Although women were not prominent in presidential roles, they most likely offered leadership through informal means. In this study, we considered a broader description of leadership that extended beyond the constraints of position. We used the framework of positional and nonpositional leaders described by Astin and Leland (1991) in their study of leadership within the women's movement. Positional leaders (i.e., leaders of people) were described as individuals who "head an organization or institution" (p. 8), and nonpositional leaders were identified as university professors and other researchers (i.e., leaders of ideas) who "create knowledge central to social change" (p. 9). This article features an initial effort to document and draw on the experiences of 10 women who have been leaders in the counseling profession. Our goal in conducting this inquiry was to explore their professional lives and interactions in order to identify the common threads from which the rich tapestry of leadership was woven. Relevant Literature What makes an individual a leader? Is it style, position, behaviors, or some combination thereof? Scholars have routinely sought answers to this question through an examination of the differences in roles, styles, or traits of male and female leaders (Eagly & Johnson, 1990). Many of these studies emanated from the "great man" theory of leadership (Kellerman, 1986). Proponents of this theory posited that leadership was a masculine phenomenon because great leaders (e.g., politicians, kings, philosophers, heroes) were male. Thus, because great leaders were male, leadership, by definition, must be characterized by male traits (e.g., decisiveness, authority, power). Not surprisingly, these lines of inquiry led to a period of gender stereotyping regarding the expected behaviors and styles of leaders. Men were viewed as natural leaders, whereas women experienced a double bind. In order to lead, an individual must exhibit competitiveness, dominance, and decisiveness; these characteristics are typically at odds with the cultural expectations of women (e.g., cooperation, submissiveness, and hesitancy). Women who attempted to adopt the "expected" leader behaviors were evaluated as "bitchy," "manly," or "difficult" (Eagly, Makhijani, & Klonsky, 1992) because they belied the expected gender role expectations. The characteristics customarily ascribed to women were in direct conflict with the characteristics associated with leadership. Since the mid-1980s, researchers have reported a range of findings. Large-scale studies indicated that effective female leaders were thought to be empathetic, supportive, nurturing, focused on relationship building, and willing to share (Eagly, Karau, & Makhijani, 1995; Wagensteen, 1997; Wajcman, 1998). …

This article features a review of selected resources related to supervision of school counselors and school counselors-in-training during their internship. These resources are grouped by profession...

Mentoring has long been heralded as a method of training and socializing the next generation of professional counselors and counselor educators. Yet, there appears to be a disparity between the promotion and the practice of mentoring in counselor education. The authors attempted to reconcile this disparity by suggesting a set of strategies that mentors and apprentices may use as they establish and maintain successful mentoring relationships. Implications for counselors and counselor educators are discussed.

A sexually violent act or rape is committed every 1.9 minutes in the United States (USDJ, 2009, p.1). Blaming the rape victim for their perceived complicity is one component of the construct known as rape myth, a term identified by Burt (1980). This study explored and examined the perceptions, and understanding of sexual violence, rape, and rape myths by master’s level counselors-in-training (n=5). Phenomenology and naturalistic inquiry guided the qualitative design and implementation. Suggestions for implementing rape education and training into counseling curriculums and clinical supervision are provided.

Autologous adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell (AD-MSC) therapy involves harvesting fat from the patient, isolating the stem and regenerative cells, and administering the cells back to the patient. Autologous AD-MSC therapy in veterinary regenerative medicine has been commercially available since 2003. Previously reported results from a blinded, controlled trial in dogs with chronic osteoarthritis of the coxofemoral (hip) joint demonstrated efficacy of a single intraarticular injection of autologous AD-MSC therapy. The primary objective of the current study was to evaluate the effectiveness of this therapy in dogs with chronic osteoarthritis of the humeroradial (elbow) joints and to determine the duration of effect. Fourteen dogs were recruited. Veterinarians assessed each dog for lameness, pain on manipulation, range of motion, and functional disability using a numeric rating scale at baseline and specified intervals up to 180 days after treatment. Statistically significant improvement in outcome measures was demonstrated.

Autologous stem cell therapy in the field of regenerative veterinary medicine involves harvesting tissue, such as fat, from the patient, isolating the stem and regenerative cells, and administering the cells back to the patient. Autologous adipose-derived stem cell therapy has been commercially available since 2003, and the current study evaluated such therapy in dogs with chronic osteoarthritis of the hip. Dogs treated with adipose-derived stem cell therapy had significantly improved scores for lameness and the compiled scores for lameness, pain, and range of motion compared with control dogs. This is the first randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial reporting on the effectiveness of stem cell therapy in dogs.