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Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vad social interaktion är förförskollärare och förskollärarstudenter och hur de främjar social interaktionmellan flerspråkiga barn och vilka dilemman de har mött. Det här är enkvalitativ intervjustudie som använde sig av en narrativ ansats. Studien äruppdelad i två intervjuer, den första intervjun har identiska frågor, intervju tvåutgår efter skrivna narrativ som pedagogerna fick diskutera. I urvalet ingår tvåförskollärarstudenter och tre förskollärare. Resultatet på studien visade attsynen på vad social interaktion är kunde variera men det fanns begrepp somåterkom i fler intervjuer. Nyfikenhet och intresse är två av begreppen, alladeltagare berättade också att ett verbalt språk inte är ett måste för positiv socialinteraktion. Pedagogerna hade liknade strategier för att främja socialinteraktion, det inkluderade gemensamma intressen, estetiska ämnen,förebyggande teman osv. Det var svårare att få svar runt möjliga dilemman irelation till flerspråkighet och social interaktion., The purpose of this study is to investigate what social interaction is for pre-school teachers and pre-school teacher students and how they promote socialinteraction between multilingual children and what dilemmas they have faced.This is a qualitative interview study that used a narrative approach. The studyis divided into two interviews, the first interview has identical questions,interview two is based on written narratives that the educators were allowed todiscuss. The sample includes two preschool teacher students and threepreschool teachers. The results of the study showed that the view of what socialinteraction is could vary, but there were concepts that recurred in moreinterviews. Curiosity and interest are two of the concepts, all participants alsotold that a verbal language is not a must for positive social interaction. Theresults also showed that the educators had similar strategies to promote socialinteraction, it included common interests, aesthetic subjects, preventionthemes, etc. It was more difficult to get answers about possible dilemmas inrelation to multilingualism and social interaction.

The purpose of this study is to contribute with increased knowledge about preschool teachers' attitudes regarding digitization in children's play at preschool. I used a combination of both a qualitative and quantitative method in the study.To collect material for the survey, digital questionnaires were used in which preschool teachers from one and the same municipality had to answer. Based on that, I used a socio-cultural perspective as a starting point based on central key concepts such as artefacts, mediation and communication. The results showed that pre-school teachers' attitudes towards digitization are an important factor in how children can use digital technologies in their play at pre-school. It turned out that preschool teachers' view of digitization is very positive because it is a way for children to create meaning in their play. However, many preschool teachers experience difficulties in using digital tools in children's play because they must not be used in the wrong way. Key words: Play, digitization, preschool teachers, settings.

Bakgrund Knäledsartros drabbar personer i alla åldrar, där både incidens och prevalens ökar med stigande ålder. Det är en kronisk och progressiv sjukdom där vävnaden i leden succesivt bryts ned samtidigt som återuppbyggnaden inte sker i samma takt. Huvudproblemet vid knäledsartros är smärta samt nedsatt rörelseförmåga vilket ofta leder till minskad aktivitet och fysisk rörelse. Riskfaktorer är ålder, kön, hereditet, övervikt, fetma, livsstil och tidigare ledskada. Generella riktlinjer för behandling av knäledsartros bör syfta till att förbättra funktionen, lindra smärta och begränsa funktionsnedsättningar genom icke-kirurgiska hälsofrämjande åtgärder. Syfte Syftet med denna litteraturöversikt var att belysa patienters upplevelser och erfarenheter av hälsofrämjande åtgärder vid knäledsartros. Metod En litteraturöversikt har genomförts där 15 vetenskapliga artiklar togs fram och har legat till grund för resultatet. Artiklarna har sökts fram i databaserna PubMed och Cinahl och därefter kvalitetsgranskats och slutligen analyserats enligt Kristenssons (2014) modell av integrerad dataanalys. Resultat Utifrån de valda artiklarna utkristalliserades fyra huvudkategorier. Smärtreducerande åtgärder handlade om smärtreducering relaterat till fysisk aktivitet, viktnedgång och smärtmodulerande verktyg. Ökad kunskap och förståelse lyfte ämnena information och utbildning samt kommunikation. Åtgärder för ökad följsamhet till hälsofrämjande åtgärder handlade om webbaserade verktyg, deltagande på plats tillsammans med instruktör, individuellt eller i grupp samt träning på egen hand. Påverkan på livskvalitet delades slutligen in i rörlighet och funktion i vardagen samt psykisk hälsa. Slutsats Hälsofrämjande åtgärder leder till positiva effekter hos personer med knäledsartros. Smärtreduktion kan ses som resultat vid ett flertal interventioner vilket leder till ökad livskvalitet i form av fysisk funktion, bättre psykisk hälsa samt en bättre fungerande vardag. Det finns ett samband mell, Background Knee osteoarthritis affects people of all ages, where both incidence and prevalence increase with age. It is a chronic and progressive disease, where the tissue in the joint gradually breaks down whilst the reconstruction unfolds slower. The main problem with knee osteoarthritis is pain and impaired mobility, which often leads to reduced activity and physical movement. Risk factors include age, gender, heredity, overweight, obesity, lifestyle and previous joint injury. General guidelines for treatment of knee osteoarthritis should aim to improve functionality, relieve pain, and limit disability through non-surgical measures. Purpose The aim of this literature review was to illuminate patients’ experiences of healthpromoting measures during knee osteoarthritis. Method A literature review has been carried out, where 15 scientific papers were selected, which have acted as the foundation for the result. The articles have been searched for through the databases PubMed and Cinahl, and thereafter quality checked and analyzed with Kristensson’s (2014) model of integrated data analysis. Results From the selected articles, four main categories were identified. Pain reducing measures dealt with pain reduction related to physical activity, weight loss and pain modulating tools. Increased knowledge and understanding raised the subjects of information, education, and communication. Measures for increased compliance with health-promoting measures was about web-based tools, on-site participation with an instructor, individually or in group, as well as on your own. Impact on life quality was finally divided into mobility and function in everyday life as well as psychological health. Conclusions Health-promoting measures leads to positive outcomes for people that suffer from knee osteoarthritis. Pain reduction can be viewed as a result of repeated interventions, which leads to improved life quality considering physical functionality, better psychological health, and a

Den fysiska lärmiljön inomhus lyfts fram som viktig i de styrdokument som förskollärare ska förhålla sig till. Det framkommer dock inte hur miljön ska organiseras för att på bästa sätt leda till utveckling och lärande hos barnen. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka förskollärares erfarenheter kring planering och utformande av den fysiska lärmiljön inomhus samt hur förskollärarna ser på lärmiljöer i förhållande till lärande och utveckling. Vi valde att göra en kvalitativ studie med semistrukturerade intervjuer som metod för att söka svar på vårt syfte. Studien utgick från det intra-aktiva perspektivet som Hillevi Lenz Taguchi (2012) har utvecklat och introducerat i Sverige. Resultatet av vår studie visar att barns intresse och förskollärares kunskapssyn påverkar utformningen av den fysiska lärmiljön inomhus. Utifrån detta är vår slutsats att den fysiska lärmiljön på förskolan är viktig men även komplex då flera olika faktorer påverkar hur den planeras och byggs upp.

Bakgrund: Kronisk obstruktiv lungsjukdom (KOL) är en folksjukdom och i Sverige lever flera hundra tusen personer med sjukdomen. För att personer med KOL ska uppnå en god livskvalité krävs ett personcentrerat förhållningssätt, vilket innebär att man ser människan bakom sjukdomen och inte endast sjukdomen. Vårdpersonal/sjuksköterskan bör därför inrikta sig på personens upplevelse av KOL för att på så vis kunna stödja behoven hos varje enskild individ. Syfte: Att beskriva personers upplevelse av att leva med KOL, kronisk obstruktiv lungsjukdom. Metod: Litteraturstudien utfördes i form av kvalitativ design och innehållsanalys med induktiv ansats som analysmetod. 12 vetenskapliga artiklar inkluderades och granskades. Resultat: Personers upplevelse av att leva med KOL är beskriven i fyra kategorier, “Att känna sig begränsad i sitt vardagliga liv”, “Att oförutsägbar andnöd påverkar aktiviteter”, “Att leva med ångest och rädsla”, “Att anpassa sig till ett liv med sjukdomen”. Slutsats: Att som sjuksköterska ha kunskap om vad sjukdomen KOL innebär för personer som drabbas, hur vardagen kan förändras, hur man kan hjälpa personerna till ett meningsfullt liv trots sjukdom är en viktig del i omvårdnaden.

Partner violence is a recognized phenomenon in Sweden. Unfortunately, sibling violence does not seem to be noticed at all. Thoughts regarding whether there is any reason to differentiate between violence between adults and violence between siblings arose, which is why the purpose of the study is to compare differences between sibling violence and violence between adults. In summary, the results show that both violence between adults and sibling violence is a normalized violence in society, even though sibling violence seems to be even more normalized. In addition, the results show as in previous research that all forms of violence, such as physical, psychological, material and latent violence, are found in both sibling violence and partner violence. Even though, there is some disagreement about how they should be named. Finally, the essay shows how violence arises as a result of powerlessness, which is why the importance of defining violence based on the function of the action has been identified as necessary.

Inledning: Stressrelaterad ohälsa är ett växande folkhälsoproblem som skapar lidande för individer och stora kostnader för samhället. Det finns behov av hälsofrämjande och förebyggande metoder för att motverka denna ohälsa. MBSR är en metod som visat lovande effekter på stressreducering och olika dimensioner av stressrelaterad ohälsa. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturöversikten var att beskriva effekter av Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) på ohälsosam stress i friska populationer. Metod: En litteraturöversikt med tio vetenskapliga artiklar som analyserades systematiskt för att identifiera teman i effekter av MBSR-program på stressrelaterad ohälsa. Resultat: Samtliga vetenskapliga studier visar hur MBSR-programmet ger positiva effekter på hälsan som ökad mindfulness, reducerad stress samt bättre psykisk och emotionell hälsa. Diskussion: MBSR har i tidigare studier visat sig vara effektiv för ökad livskvalitet och copingförmåga vid kroniska smärttillstånd samt olika fysiska och psykiska diagnoser. Mindre uppmärksamhet har riktats mot möjliga fördelar hos friska populationer. Resultatet av litteraturöversikten visar hur MBSR är en lovande metod för att främja hälsa och förebygga stressrelaterad ohälsa hos friska populationer i det korta perspektivet, vilket stöds av tidigare publicerade studier., Introduction: Stress-related illness is a growing public health concern which induces suffering for individuals and high costs for society. There is a need for health promotion and prevention methods to counteract this illness. MBSR is a method which demonstrates promising effects on stress reduction and different dimensions of stress-related illness. Aim: The aim of this literature review was to describe the effects of Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) on stress in healthy populations. Methods: A literature review of ten scientific articles were systematically analyzed to identify themes in effects of MBSR on stress-related ill health. Results: All scientific studies show how MBSR has positive health effects such as increased mindfulness, reduced stress as well as better mental and emotional health. Discussion: In previous studies MBSR has proven to be effective in enhancing quality of life as well as management of chronic pain conditions and various physical and mental disorders. Less attention has been paid to possible benefits in healthy population. The result of this literature review show how MBSR can be a promising method to promote health and prevent stress-related illness in healthy populations in the short perspective, as confirmed by previous studies.

Denna studie hade som syfte att undersöka olika individers föreställningar och uppfattningar om terrorism. För att undersöka detta ämne har semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts med sex olika individer. Studiens första huvudresultat och även den viktigaste slutsatsen var att olika individer har olika uppfattning om vad terrorism är och hur det ska definieras, men att den gemensamma idén är att målet eller syftet är det som avgör om det rör sig om terrorism. De flesta intervjupersonerna ansåg att både fysiskt och psykiskt skadade människor kan vara offer för terrorism. Huvudresultatet gällande terrorister handlade om föreställningar kring terroristers utseende, till exempel “stort skägg” och “muslimer”. Vad gäller medias framställning av terrorism upplevde de flesta intervjupersoner att media vinklar och utelämnar information, samt har en viss påverkan på deras uppfattning om terrorism. Intervjupersonerna nämnde också en ökad rädsla och oro för terrorism, något som dock inte påverkade deras vardagliga rutiner och handlingar., This study has exanimated different individuals’ conceptions and perceptions of terrorism. To examine this issue we have done semi-structured interviews with six different individuals. The first main result of the study and the most important conclusion was that different individuals had different perceptions about what terrorism is and how it should be defined. Most of the interviewees counted both physically and psychologically harmed people as victims of terrorism. The main result when it comes to conceptions about terrorists looks was that terrorists have “big beard” and were “Muslims”. When it comes to medias representation of terrorism most of the interviewees believed that media angle and leave out information, and that this had some influence on their perception of terrorism. The interviewees also mentioned an increased fear and concern about terrorism, something that did not affect their daily routines and activities.

Introduction: Additive manufacturing (AM) techniques, such as drug printing, represent a new engineering approach that can implement the concept of personalized medicine via on-demand manufacturing of dosage forms with individually adjusted doses. Implementation of AM principles, such as pharmacoprinting, will challenge the entire drug distribution chain and affect the society at different levels. Areas covered: This work summarizes the concept of personalized medicine and gives an overview of possibilities for monitoring patients’ health. The most recent activities in the field of printing technologies for fabrication of dosage forms and ‘polypills’ with flexible doses and tailored release profiles are reviewed. Different scenarios for the drug distribution chain with the required adjustments in drug logistics, quality systems and environmental safety are discussed, as well as whether AM will be used for production of on-demand medicine. The impact of such changes in the distribution chain on regulation, healthcare professionals and patients are highlighted. Expert opinion: Drug manufacturing by traditional methods is well-established, but it lacks the possibility for on-demand personalized drug production. With the recent approval of the first printed medicine, society should be prepared for the changes that will follow the introduction of printed pharmaceuticals., INTRODUCTION: Additive manufacturing (AM) techniques, such as drug printing, represent a new engineering approach that can implement the concept of personalized medicine via on-demand manufacturing of dosage forms with individually adjusted doses. Implementation of AM principles, such as pharmacoprinting, will challenge the entire drug distribution chain and affect the society at different levels. Areas covered: This work summarizes the concept of personalized medicine and gives an overview of possibilities for monitoring patients' health. The most recent activities in the field of printing technologies for fabrication of dosage forms and 'polypills' with flexible doses and tailored release profiles are reviewed. Different scenarios for the drug distribution chain with the required adjustments in drug logistics, quality systems and environmental safety are discussed, as well as whether AM will be used for production of on-demand medicine. The impact of such changes in the distribution chain on regulation, healthcare professionals and patients are highlighted. Expert opinion: Drug manufacturing by traditional methods is well-established, but it lacks the possibility for on-demand personalized drug production. With the recent approval of the first printed medicine, society should be prepared for the changes that will follow the introduction of printed pharmaceuticals.

BACKGROUND: The number of non-prescription medicines (NPMs) available for self-medication is increasing within the European Union (EU). This can enhance the autonomy of individuals but is also connected with risks. Under an existing EU Directive, Sweden has only recently deregulated and made NPMs available in non-pharmacy outlets; The United Kingdom (UK) is a more established NPM market; both are guided by the same EU directives.OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare specific requirements under the legislation, rationales and outcomes regarding the sale of NPMs through non-pharmacy outlets between Sweden and the UK.METHOD: The main method was analysis of legislative text and policy documents, conducted in 2012.RESULTS: Both countries had specified medicines available to the public in non-pharmacy outlets, but with restrictions on different factors, e.g. placement and package size of the NPMs. The main rationales for legislation were quality and patient safety. NPMs for 51 ailments were available in the UK, compared to 35 in Sweden.CONCLUSION: Sweden had more extensive requirements, probably due to the market being more recently deregulated, while the UK represented a more mature market. There is a difference in the balance between confidence and control, as well as availability and safety when it comes to NPMs in non-pharmacy settings that needs to be further discussed.

Background: The number of non-prescription medicines (NPMs) available for self-medication is increasing within the European Union (EU). This can enhance the autonomy of individuals but is also connected with risks. Under an existing EU Directive, Sweden has only recently deregulated and made NPMs available in non-pharmacy outlets; The United Kingdom (UK) is a more established NPM market; both are guided by the same EU directives. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare specific requirements under the legislation, rationales and outcomes regarding the sale of NPMs through non-pharmacy outlets between Sweden and the UK. Method: The main method was analysis of legislative text and policy documents, conducted in 2012. Results: Both countries had specified medicines available to the public in non-pharmacy outlets, but with restrictions on different factors, e.g. placement and package size of the NPMs. The main rationales for legislation were quality and patient safety. NPMs for 51 ailments were available in the UK, compared to 35 in Sweden. Conclusion: Sweden had more extensive requirements, probably due to the market being more recently deregulated, while the UK represented a more mature market. There is a difference in the balance between confidence and control, as well as availability and safety when it comes to NPMs in non-pharmacy settings that needs to be further discussed.

Telomere length shortens with cellular division, and leukocyte telomere length is used as a marker for systemic telomere length. The hippocampus hosts adult neurogenesis and is an important structure for episodic memory, and carriers of the apolipoprotein E ε4 allele exhibit higher hippocampal atrophy rates and differing telomere dynamics compared with non-carriers. The authors investigated whether leukocyte telomere length was associated with hippocampal volume in 57 cognitively intact subjects (29 ε3/ε3 carriers; 28 ε4 carriers) aged 49-79 yr. Leukocyte telomere length correlated inversely with left (r(s) = -0.465; p = 0.011), right (r(s) = -0.414; p = 0.025), and total hippocampus volume (r(s) = -0.519; p = 0.004) among APOE ε3/ε3 carriers, but not among ε4 carriers. However, the ε4 carriers fit with the general correlation pattern exhibited by the ε3/ε3 carriers, as ε4 carriers on average had longer telomeres and smaller hippocampi compared with ε3/ε3 carriers. The relationship observed can be interpreted as long telomeres representing a history of relatively low cellular proliferation, reflected in smaller hippocampal volumes. The results support the potential of leukocyte telomere length being used as a biomarker for tapping functional and structural processes of the aging brain.

Alzheimer´s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. An important goal for current AD research is to find preclinical markers of impending disease. Apolipoprotein E sigma4 (APOE epsilon4) is the chief known genetic risk factor for AD. A number of neuroimaging studies have reported structural and functional brain alterations in non-demented APOE epsilon4-carriers. Such results have tentatively been interpreted as early signs of impending dementia, but the findings have been inconsistent across studies. To further address this issue, the overall aim of this thesis was to examine asymptomatic cognitively well-functioning APOE epsilon4-carriers with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques, together with longitudinal neuropsychological testing. Study I revealed that carriers of APOE epsilon4 expressed reduced functional brain activity during incidental episodic encoding. In the parietal cortex, a genetic dose-effect was seen such that the activity reduction was more pronounced for homozygous than heterozygous APOE epsilon4-carriers. In addition, it was found that APOE epsilon4-carriers had structural changes in white-matter tracts in the hippocampus and the posterior corpus callosum (Study II), and grey matter reductions in the hippocampus (Study III). Study IV demonstrated that the degree of functional activity in the parietal cortex predicted subsequent episodic memory decline within the group of APOE epsilon4-carriers. Collectively, the results suggest that a combination of genetic, neuropsychological, and neuroimaging strategies is beneficial in predicting AD development.

Apolipoprotein E-[varepsilon]4 is the main known genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. Functional abnormalities in the parietal cortex have been reported for Alzheimer's disease patients and also for those at risk. Hence, a critical question is whether measurements of parietal cortex integrity may predict negative outcome among at-risk persons. We studied nondementedapolipoprotein E-[varepsilon]4 carriers and found a significant relationship between parietal blood-oxygen-level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging response during a word categorization task and subsequent episodic memory performance. Thus, the results show that parietal cortex alterations predict memory decline in nondemented apolipoprotein E-[varepsilon]4 carriers, and hence likely progression to Alzheimer's disease.

Apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE ε4) is the main known genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Some previous studies have reported structural brain changes as well as cognitive deficits in non-demented APOE ε4 carriers, but the pattern of results is inconsistent and studies with larger sample sizes have been called for. Here we compared hippocampal volume and recognition–memory performance between AD-symptom-free carriers (N = 30) and non-carriers (N = 30) of the APOE ε4 (age range: 49–79 years). We observed reduced right hippocampal volume in APOE ε4 carriers, and found that the difference was most pronounced before the age of 65. Further, the APOE ε4 carriers made significantly more false alarms in the recognition–memory test, and the number of false alarms correlated significantly with right hippocampus volume. These results indicate that relatively young individuals at genetic risk for AD have smaller hippocampal volume and lower performance on hippocampal-dependent cognitive tasks. A question for the future is whether smaller hippocampal volume represents early-onset hippocampal volume reduction or an inherent trait.

The apolipoprotein E epsilon4 (APOE epsilon4) is the main known genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. Genetic assessments in combination with other diagnostic tools, such as neuroimaging, have the potential to facilitate early diagnosis. In this large-scale functional MRI (fMRI) study, we have contrasted 30 APOE epsilon4 carriers (age range: 49-74 years; 19 females), of which 10 were homozygous for the epsilon4 allele, and 30 non-carriers with regard to brain activity during a semantic categorization task. Test groups were closely matched for sex, age and education. Critically, both groups were cognitively intact and thus symptom-free of Alzheimer's disease. APOE epsilon4 carriers showed reduced task-related responses in the left inferior parietal cortex, and bilaterally in the anterior cingulate region. A dose-related response was observed in the parietal area such that diminution was most pronounced in homozygous compared with heterozygous carriers. In addition, contrasts of processing novel versus familiar items revealed an abnormal response in the right hippocampus in the APOE epsilon4 group, mainly expressed as diminished sensitivity to the relative novelty of stimuli. Collectively, these findings indicate that genetic risk translates into reduced functional brain activity, in regions pertinent to Alzheimer's disease, well before alterations can be detected at the behavioural level.

BACKGROUND: Previous research has shown that polymorphisms of apolipoprotein E (APOE) represent genetic risk factors for dementia and for cognitive impairment in the elderly. The neural mechanisms by which these genetic variations influence behavioral performance or clinical severity are not well understood. METHODS: The authors used diffusion tensor imaging to investigate ultrastructural properties in brain white matter to detect pathologic processes that modify tissue integrity. Sixty participants were included in the study of which 30 were homozygous for the APOE epsilon3 allele, 10 were homozygous for the APOE epsilon4 allele, and 20 had the APOE epsilon34 allele combination. All individuals were non-demented, and the groups were matched on demographic variables and cognitive performance. RESULTS: The results showed a decline in fractional anisotropy, a marker for white matter integrity, in the posterior corpus callosum of epsilon4 carriers compared to non-carriers. Additional sites of altered white matter integrity included the medial temporal lobe. CONCLUSIONS: Although the mechanism underlying vulnerability of white matter tracts in APOE epsilon4 carriers is still unknown, these findings suggest that increased genetic risk for developing Alzheimer disease is associated with changes in microscopic white matter integrity well before the onset of dementia.