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Objetivo: Avaliar o conhecimento e as práticas sobre saúde bucal de professores de escolares com deficiência intelectual. Materiais e métodos: Participaram 67 professores de seis escolas de educação especializada à pessoa com deficiência intelectual. Os professores responderam um questionário semiestruturado que abordava os seguintes temas: perfil do profissional, práticas alimentares dos escolares, práticas de higiene bucal e infraestrutura da escola, e aspectos referentes ao desenvolvimento dos conteúdos de saúde bucal aos escolares. Resultados: Os participantes relataram falta de infraestrutura no ambiente escolar para a realização da higiene bucal, apesar de a dificuldade metodológica encontrada por eles na transmissão deste conteúdo para os escolares. Conclusões: Os professores de escolares com deficiência intelectual apresentaram falta do apoio de um cirurgião-dentista para orientar na elaboração das atividades sobre saúde bucal aos alunos, bem como descreveram uma infraestrutura deficitária na prática de higiene bucal.

Introduction: This study evaluated the physicochemical properties of four calcium silicate sealers after ultrasonic activation (UA), using an epoxy resin sealer as a control material. Methods: Ten groups were created: SP without UA in the control group and UA Sealer Plus (SP/UA); Sealer Plus BC (SPBC); SPBC/UA; Bio C Sealer (BCS); BCS/UA; EndoSequence BC Sealer (EBC); EBC/UA; BioRoot RCS (BR); BR/UA;. Sealer properties were evaluated using a pH meter and a colorimetric spectrophotometer for the measurement of pH and calcium release at 1, 24, 72 and 168 hours. Solubility and setting times were also evaluated, and Raman spectroscopy was used to evaluate structural changes. Data were analyzed statistically, and the level of significance was set at 5%. Results: All bioceramic sealers had higher pH values than SP and SP/AU (P < .05) from 24 hours onwards. BR and BR/AU had the highest pH at all time points. Intragroup analyses revealed that pH was stable in SP and SP/AU at all time points. UA sealers had higher pH values than sealers not activated, but there were no significant differences between them. SP and SP/UA had the lowest calcium release values at all time points (P < .05). Significant differences were found between UA and no activation only for the EBC group at 24 and 72 hours (P < .05). Setting times and solubility of all sealers were not affected by UA (P < .05), but the highest solubility values were found for BCS and BR (P < .05). Raman spectroscopy detected the peaks of UA and not activated sealer samples. Conclusion: UA did not affect the pH of all sealers tested, did not affect calcium release from SP, SPBC and BCS, did not affect setting time and did not change the chemical structure of the sealers tested.

Objetivo: O objetivo deste artigo foi relatar o caso de uma paciente com diagnóstico psiquiátrico de depressão e que apresentava múltiplas lesões de cárie dentária. Material e método: Paciente do sexo feminino, 40 anos de idade, procurou atendimento na Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul relatando descontentamento, tristeza e dificuldades alimentares devido a sua condição bucal. Ela foi diagnosticada com depressão e negligenciou o seu autocuidado por um longo período. Na primeira consulta, a paciente realizava acompanhamento psiquiátrico com uso de medicamentos antidepressivos. Em relação ao exame clínico, ela apresentava perda de vários elementos dentários, muitas lesões ativas de cárie e índice de placa visível e índice de sangramento gengival de 85% e 87%, respectivamente. Foram realizados os seguintes exames complementares: fotografias, radiografias periapicais, diário alimentar, exames salivares e microbiológicos. Resultados: O tratamento proposto para a paciente foi composto por instrução de higiene bucal, aplicações tópicas de flúor, realização de procedimentos odontológicos de reabilitação e orientação dietética (redução no consumo de sacarose). O presente relato de caso mostrou como a doença cárie pode se manifestar em um paciente com depressão. Conclusões: Os pacientes que apresentam o diagnóstico de depressão devem ser acompanhados também pelo cirurgião-dentista a fim de evitar o desenvolvimento de lesões extensas de cárie e perdas dentárias decorrentes de alterações comportamentais apresentadas neste período. Portanto, é importante a presença do cirurgião-dentista na equipe multidisciplinar que trata do paciente com depressão.

The aim of this study was to investigate the oral health status and quality of life (QOL) of the parental caregivers of individuals with Down syndrome (DS), and to evaluate whether there is an association between these variables. The sample of this cross-sectional study was composed by parental caregivers of children with DS (CCDS) and parental caregivers of children without DS (CNDSC). Oral examination was undertaken and a questionnaire was given to participants. QOL was evaluated by WHOQOL-Bref. CCDS presented a higher number of dental prosthesis users and higher gingival bleeding index compared to CNDSC. When oral health was associated with QOL, the use of dental prosthesis was associated with physical domain and the variables having chronic disease and family income were associated with the social domain for both caregivers. The results suggest that caregivers of children with DS have similar oral health and QOL compared to caregivers of children without DS. In both caregivers, oral health status is associated with QOL.

Introdução: Os substitutos ósseos são materiais que devem apresentar-se semelhantes ao osso humano, a fim de permitirem sua substituição. Objetivo: O objeti- vo do presente estudo foi avaliar a contaminação do produto comercial Bio-Oss® ao longo do tempo e após a abertura. Material e Métodos: Doze frascos de Bio-Oss® foram testados em diferentes momentos: imediatamente após a abertura, 24h, 48h, 72h, 7d, 14d e 21 dias após. Suspensões do produto comercial foram semeadas em diferentes meios de cultura para avaliar leveduras, Streptococcus e crescimento total de microrganismos da cavidade bucal. As placas foram incubadas a 37oC por 48 horas e o número de microrganismos totais foi avaliado. O efeito antimicrobiano do produto também foi avaliado por meio do teste de difusão em ágar. Resultados: Não foi observado crescimento de microrganismos totais, Streptococcus ou leveduras ao longo dos tempos predeterminados (p > 0,99). O produto não apresentou inibição de microrganismos totais da cavidade bucal no teste de difusão em ágar (p = 0,1). Conclusão: Pode-se concluir que o Bio-Oss® não apresenta contaminação microbiana em um intervalo de até 21 dias, quando manipulado e armazenado de maneira asséptica.

Aim: The consumption of foods rich in sugar is linked to several non-communicable diseases, including dental caries. Coconut sugar has systemic benefits due to its lower glycemic indexes (GI) than other table sugars. However, there is currently no data regarding its cariogenic potential. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of coconut sugar on acidogenicity and adhesion of Streptococcus mutans in vitro, compared to sugarcane products. Materials and methods: Aliquots of cultures of S. mutans UA159 were resuspended in a buffer solution enriched with coconut sugar, crystal sugar (refined sugar), and minimally processed sugarcane (demerara light brown sugar and maskavo dark brown sugar), as well as positive (sucrose) and negative controls. The decrease in pH and its corresponding area under the curve (AUC; cm2) were evaluated for the analysis of acidogenicity. S. mutans was incubated in BHI supplemented with each sugar and the percentages of microbial adhesion were calculated. After testing data normality, the one-way ANOVA test (Bonferroni post hoc) was used to compare the AUC and the proportion of adhesion of each group. Results: Regarding the acidogenic potential, statistical differences were found only between the negative control versus all other groups (p0.05). Discussion: Although the tested sugars are marketed as “healthy products,” their amount and frequency of usage should be controlled. Conclusion: Coconut sugar presents a similar cariogenic potential to that of sugarcane products when acidogenicity and adhesion are evaluated. Coconut sugar is not indicated as a substitute for sucrose in the control of cariogenic activity., Objetivo: O consumo de alimentos ricos em açúcar está associado a diversas doenças não transmissíveis, incluindo a doença cárie. O açúcar de coco tem benefícios sistêmicos devido aos seus índices glicêmicos (IG) mais baixos do que outros açúcares de mesa. No entanto, atualmente não há dados sobre seu potencial cariogênico. Esse estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do açúcar do coco na acidogenicidade e adesão de Streptococcus mutans in vitro, em comparação com produtos derivados da cana-de-açúcar. Materiais e métodos: alíquotas de culturas de S. mutans UA159 foram suspensas em solução tampão enriquecida com açúcar de coco, açúcar cristal (açúcar refinado) e cana-de-açúcar minimamente processada (açúcar mascavo demerara claro e açúcar mascavo), além de controles positivo (sacarose) e negativo. A diminuição do pH e correspondente área sob a curva (AUC; cm2) foram avaliadas na análise de acidogenicidade. S. mutans foi incubado em BHI suplementado com cada tipo de açúcar e as porcentagens de adesão microbiana foram calculadas. Após testar a normalidade dos dados, o teste ANOVA de uma via (Bonferroni post hoc) foi utilizado para comparar a AUC e a proporção de adesão de cada grupo. Resultados: Em relação ao potencial acidogênico, diferenças estatísticas foram encontradas apenas entre o controle negativo versus todos os outros grupos (p 0,05). Discussão: Apesar dos açúcares testados serem comercializados como “produtos saudáveis”, sua quantidade e frequência de consumo deve ser controlada. Conclusão: O açúcar do coco apresenta potencial cariogênico semelhante à dos produtos da cana-de-açúcar quanto a acidogenicidade e a adesão. O açúcar de coco não é indicado como substituto da sacarose no controle da atividade cariogênica.

A divulgação da ciência nas escolas contribui para aumentar o interesse e o senso crítico dos estudantes e professores em face do conhecimento científico. O objetivo deste projeto foi divulgar ciência nas escolas por meio do tema: cárie dentária. O público-alvo foi composto por estudantes e professores do ensino fundamental da rede pública de Porto Alegre, RS. O projeto promoveu atividades lúdico-educativas abordando temas relacionados à cárie dentária e associando-os aos conteúdos de disciplinas curriculares do segmento escolar. Foram realizadas também atividades de capacitação para os professores, visando a formação de multiplicadores dos conteúdos abordados com os estudantes. O projeto aumentou o interesse pelo conhecimento científico, promovendo saúde dentro do ambiente escolar. Os acadêmicos participantes vivenciaram diferentes realidades e exerceram seus papéis de divulgadores da ciência, fazendo a integração entre extensão, pesquisa e ensino.

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of ultrasonic activation (UA) on the physicochemical properties of hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealers. Nine experimental conditions were created based on the hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealers (Bio-C Sealer, Sealer Plus BC and Bio Root RCS) and the ultrasonic activation (no activation [NA], 10 seconds, and 20 seconds). Then the experimental groups were BC-NA, BC-10, BC-20, SPBC-NA, SPBC-10, SPBC-20, BR-NA, BR-10, and BR-20. Activation was performed with an ultrasonic insert 20/.01. The mold for the physicochemical analysis was filled and evaluated according to the ANSI/ADA specification nº. 57: initial and final setting time, flow, radiopacity and solubility. Tests were also performed to evaluate pH and calcium ion release with experimental periods of 1, 24, 72, and 168 hours with a pH meter and colorimetric spectrophotometer. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and post-hoc Tukey tests. The significance level was set at 5%. The time of UA progressively delayed the initial setting time for all hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealers (p < 0.05). Twenty seconds of UA increased the mean flow values of Sealer Plus BC and Bio-C Sealer compared to NA (p < 0.05). UA did not influence the radiopacity and solubility of the tested sealers (p > 0.05). UA for 20 seconds enhanced the pH levels and the calcium ion release of Sealer Plus BC and Bio-C Sealer at 168h (p < 0.05). UA for twenty seconds interferes with some physicochemical properties of hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealers. Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a influência da ativação ultrassônica (AU) nas propriedades físico-químicas de cimentos de silicato de cálcio. Nove condições experimentais foram criadas com base nos cimentos de silicato de cálcio (Bio-C Sealer, Sealer Plus BC e Bio Root RCS) e na ativação ultrassônica (sem ativação [SA], 10 segundos e 20 segundos). Os grupos experimentais foram BC-SA, BC-10, BC-20, SPBC-SA, SPBC-10, SPBC-20, BR-SA, BR-10 e BR-20. A ativação foi realizada com um inserto ultrassônico 20/.01. O molde para a análise físico-química foi preenchido e avaliado de acordo com a especificação ANSI/ADA nº. 57: tempo de presa inicial e final, escoamento, radiopacidade e solubilidade. Também foram realizados testes para avaliação de pH e liberação de íons cálcio com períodos experimentais de 1, 24, 72 e 168 horas com pHmetro e espectrofotômetro colorimétrico. Os dados foram analisados por análise de variância one-way e testes post-hoc de Tukey. O nível de significância foi estabelecido em 5%. O tempo de AU aumentou progressivamente o tempo de presa inicial para todos os cimentos de silicato de cálcio (p < 0,05). Vinte segundos de AU aumentaram os valores médios de escoamento de Sealer Plus BC e Bio-C Sealer em comparação com SA (P < 0,05). A AU não influenciou a radiopacidade e a solubilidade dos cimentos testados (P > 0,05). AU por 20 segundos aumentou os níveis de pH e a liberação de íons cálcio de Sealer Plus BC e Bio-C Sealer em 168h (P < 0,05). AU por vinte segundos interfere em algumas propriedades físico-químicas dos cimentos de silicato de cálcio.

Parental caregivers of children with Down Syndrome (DS) have a greater burden of daily activities that may affect their health. The aim of this exploratory study was to evaluate the impact of caregiving of children with Down syndrome on parenting quality of life, stress, mental and oral health.Fifty-four parental caregivers of children with DS and 51 parents of children without physical or mental disabilities participated of this study. All participants were clinically examined to evaluate the presence of dental caries, gingival conditions and answered a sociodemographic questionnaire. Depression, anxiety, quality of life and coping strategies were assessed using specific instruments. Hair cortisol level was assessed as biological marker of chronic stress.Psychological and quality of life parameters were similar between the groups of caregivers (p .05). Caregivers of children with DS were older (48.6 vs. 41.5, p .001), had longer caregiving period ( 10 vs 10 years, p = .003), presented higher gingival bleeding index (6.1 vs. 4.7, p = .014) and higher cortisol levels (55.9 vs. 38.4, p = .07) as compared with parents of children without disabilities. Sociodemographic data has no influence on cortisol levels (p .05).These findings suggest that the caregiving of children with DS has an impact on parenting oral health and stress.

Objetivos: analisar o perfil sociodemográfico e avaliar a autopercepção em saúde bucal de cuidadores de indivíduos com deficiência intelectual. Métodos: foram entrevistados 103 cuidadores em instituições de apoio a pessoas com deficiência intelectual da Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre (RS) para se avaliar as variáveis estudadas. Resultados: a maior parte era composta por mulheres (93%) e mães (79%), a idade média foi de 47 anos ± 14.39 (DP) e grande parte possuía baixa escolaridade (51%). Quanto à renda familiar, o próprio cuidador era o provedor majoritário (40%), com renda total de até 2 salários mínimos (65%). Em relação à percepção de sua saúde bucal, 35% responderam que estavam insatisfeitos com seus dentes, e 84% dos cuidadores tiveram alguma dificuldade relacionada aos seus dentes nos últimos 6 meses. Dos entrevistados, 45% relataram não ter procurado atendimento odontológico por dificuldades financeiras. A maioria (45%) relatou ter procurado o dentista para tratamentos invasivos. Relacionando-se com a saúde do indivíduo cuidado, 75% dos entrevistados afirmaram que a saúde daqueles é mais importante do que a sua. Dentre os participantes da pesquisa, 47% acreditam que ser cuidador acarreta deixar a sua própria saúde em segundo plano. Conclusão: a maioria dos cuidadores de indivíduos com deficiência intelectual entrevistados no estudo era de mães cuidadoras em tempo integral, com poucos recursos financeiros e com baixa escolaridade. Muitas percebiam a necessidade de tratamento odontológico, entretanto, priorizavam o indivíduo sob cuidados em detrimento da sua saúde bucal.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the concentration of fluoride (F) in household salt marketed in Montevideo, Uruguay. Methods: Fourteen household salt brands marketed in Montevideo, Uruguay were analyzed to determine the F concentrations. Salt samples were prepared and F concentrations were determined using a fluoride-specific electrode connected to an ion analyzer.Results: Most of the salt brands showed values lower than 250 mgF/kg. Coarse salt samples showed higher F concentrations compared to the refined salt samples (p < 0.05). Salt brands contained sodium fluoride presented higher F concentrations than salt brands contained potassium fluoride (p < 0.05). Only two brands had F concentrations close to that informed in product packages. Conclusions: Household salt brands marketed in Montevideo (Uruguay) present a great variability in their F concentrations.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess dental caries and associated factors in children with Down syndrome (DS). Methods: The sample consisted of children between 6 and 12 years old being 67 with DS and 46 without DS. Caries experience and gingival bleeding index were recorded. Questionnaire with socio-demographic questions was applied to children’s caregivers. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios for caries in primary and permanent teeth were calculated by means of Poisson regression with robust variance. Results: Children with DS and without DS showed similar results for caries experience. Only age was associated with caries at permanent teeth. None of the variables were associated with caries at primary teeth in both groups of children. Conclusion: It can be concluded that social factors and access to dental services analyzed in this study were not associated with dental caries in children with DS syndrome. Furthermore, caries experience for children with DS and those without the syndrome were not different based on this study. RESUMO Objetivos: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a experiência de cárie dentária e os fatores associados em crianças com síndrome de Down (SD). Métodos: A amostra consistiu de crianças de 6 a 12 anos de idade, sendo 67 crianças com SD e em 46 sem SD. A experiência de cárie e o índice de sangramento gengival foram registrados. Um questionário sociodemográfico foi aplicado aos cuidadores das crianças. Os valores brutos e ajustados das razões de prevalência para cárie dentária foram calculados através das médias da regressão de Poisson com variável robusta. Resultados: As crianças com SD e sem SD mostraram resultados similares para experiência de cárie. Somente a idade foi associada com cárie em dentes permanentes, nenhuma das variáveis foi associada com cárie em dentes decíduos para ambos os grupos de crianças. Conclusão: Pode ser concluído que os fatores sociais e o acesso a serviços odontológicos analisados neste estudo não foram associados com cárie dentária em crianças com SD. Além disso, a experiência de cárie não diferiu entre as crianças com SD e sem SD neste estudo.

Purpose To evaluate the relationship between salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) concentration and dental caries in children with Down syndrome (DS) and compare it with findings in non-DS children. Methods The sample comprised 61 DS children and 52 non-DS children, aged 6 to 14 years. Caries experience, plaque index (PI), and gingival bleeding index (GBI) were recorded. Saliva samples were collected from all children. Total salivary sIgA concentrations were determined using an enzymatic assay method. Results Caries experience in primary and permanent dentitions were similar in DS and non-DS children. However, PI and GBI values were significantly lower in DS compared to non-DS children. DS children had higher salivary sIgA concentrations compared to non-DS children. No difference in sIgA concentration was observed between children with and without caries experience in either group. Conclusions DS children have higher salivary sIgA concentrations than non-DS children. However, this finding did not correlate with caries experience in the study population.

AIMS To evaluate the genotypic diversity and acidogenicity of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and the potential association of these factors with dental caries experience in children with DS compared to non-DS children (controls). METHODS AND RESULTS Seventeen children (age 6-12 years) with high salivary S. mutans counts (> 2.5 × 105 CFU/mL) were selected and divided into two groups: DS and non-DS. Five children in each group were caries-free, while the remainder had elevated caries experience. S. mutans isolates were obtained from each participant. The genotypic profile of the isolates was analyzed with the AP-PCR methodology. The acidogenicity of a representative strain from each genotype of S. mutans was also evaluated. DS children had 16 different S. mutans genotypes, while the control group had 21. Twelve genotypes were present in both groups and one of them was associated with caries-free status (P

Maltodextrin is a hydrolysate of cornstarch and has been widely used in the food industry associated with sucrose. The addition of starch can increase the cariogenic potential of sucrose; however, there are sparse data regarding the cariogenicity of sucrose associated with maltodextrin. Therefore, the aim of this study was to test in situ if maltodextrin could increase the cariogenic potential of sucrose. This was an in situ, randomized, crossover, split-mouth, and double-blind study. Volunteers wore palatal appliances containing bovine enamel blocks for 2 periods of 14 days. They dripped the following solutions on the enamel blocks 8 times per day: deionized distilled water (DDW), maltodextrin (M), sucrose + maltodextrin (S+M), or sucrose (S). At the end of each experimental period, biofilms were collected and analyzed for microbiological (mutans streptococci, lactobacilli, and total microorganisms counts) and biochemical (calcium, inorganic phosphate, fluoride, and insoluble extracellular polysaccharides concentrations) compositions. The enamel demineralization was assessed by microhardness. Treatments S and S+M resulted in a lower inorganic composition and higher concentration of insoluble extracellular polysaccharides in the biofilms, and higher enamel mineral loss compared to DDW and M. It can be concluded that the cariogenic potential of sucrose is not changed when this carbohydrate is associated with maltodextrin (dextrose equivalent 13-17).

Down syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic disorder in humans, but its incidence in monozygotic twins is extremely rare. The aim of this study was to determine the factors associated with dental caries in a pair of monozygotic twin girls with DS, where one had caries experience and the other did not. Clinical examination, salivary Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) levels and their genotypic diversity, the biochemical composition of the dental biofilm, the frequency of sucrose consumption, and toothbrushing habits were assessed from the twin girls. Twin with caries experience showed higher levels of S. mutans in the saliva and lower concentrations of calcium, phosphate, and fluoride and higher concentrations of extracellular polysaccharides in the biofilm compared to her sister. Genotypic diversity of S. mutans was also higher in the twin with caries experience. Dental biofilm composition showed different patterns of cariogenicity between the two sisters, which may also by itself explain the difference in the dental caries between them.

Carbohydrates are largely present in our diet. Sucrose the most commonly consumed carbohydrat and presents a high cariogenic potential. Starch has low cariogenic potential but this effect may be increased if it is consumed in combination with a sucrose-rich diet due to a prolonged retention on tooth surfaces. Maltodextrin is derived from the acid hydrolysis and/or enzymatic hydrolysis of corn starch and it is increasingly present in a variety of industrialized foods such as infant formulas, sports drinks and energy supplements. Yet, its role in the development of dental caries is not clear. The objective of this study was to conduct a literature review of the association between maltodextrin and dental caries. Based on the studies included in this review it can be concluded that maltodextrin has an acidogenic potential lower than sucrose, and that there is a lack of studies about the association between maltodextrin and sucrose and it may not be possible to assess the relationship to dental caries. RESUMO Os carboidratos são amplamente presentes em nossa dieta. A sacarose é o carboidrato mais comumente consumido e apresenta um alto potencial cariogênico. O amido apresenta um baixo potencial cariogênico, mas este efeito pode ser aumentado se for consumido em combinação com uma dieta rica em sacarose, devido a uma retenção prolongada nas superfícies dos dentes. A maltodextrina é derivada a partir da hidrólise ácida e/ou enzimática do amido de milho e está cada vez mais presente em uma variedade de alimentos industrializados, como fórmulas infantis, bebidas esportivas e suplementos energéticos. Contudo, o seu papel no desenvolvimento da cárie dentária ainda não está esclarecido. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão da literatura sobre a associação entre a maltodextrina e a cárie dentária. Com base nos estudos incluídos nesta revisão, pode-se concluir que a maltodextrina apresenta um potencial acidogênico menor do que a sacarose, e que estudos sobre a associação entre maltodextrina e sacarose são escassos não podendo ser possível avaliar sua relação com cárie dentária.

Maltodextrins, derived from corn starch, have been added to industrialized food combined with sucrose. However it is not clear the diffusion properties of the dental biofilm matrix and the tridimensional structure of multispecies biofilms formed in the presence of these carbohydrates. Therefore, the aim of study was to investigate by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) the structural organization of the multispecies dental biofilm formed in situ under exposure to sucrose associated to maltodextrin. Adult volunteers wore an intraoral palatal appliance containing bovine enamel blocks. They were instructed to remove the appliance 8 times per day and drop the following solutions on the enamel blocks: deionized distilled water (DDW), maltodextrin, sucrose + maltodextrin or sucrose. Biofilms formed were stained and the percentage of extracellular polysaccharide (%EPS) and thickness were determined by CLSM. Biofilm formed in the presence of sucrose and sucrose + maltodextrin presented similar %EPS and higher than DDW and maltodextrin. Regarding to the biofilm thickness, sucrose and sucrose + maltodextrin treatments were thicker than DDW and maltodextrin and similar between them. The structural organization of the multispecies dental biofilm formed in situ in the presence of sucrose does not change when this carbohydrate is associated to maltodextrin. Resumo Maltodextrinas, derivadas do amido de milho, tem sido adicionadas a alimentos industrializados combinadas à sacarose. Entretanto não estão esclarecidas as propriedades de difusão na matriz do biofilme dental e a estrutura tridimensional de biofilmes multiespécies formados na presença destes carboidratos. Portanto o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, através da microscopia confocal de escaneamento a laser (MCEL), a organização estrutural do biofilme dentário multiespécie formado in situ exposto à sacarose associada a maltodextrina. Voluntários adultos utilizaram dispositivos intraorais palatinos contendo blocos de esmalte bovino. Eles foram instruídos a remover os dispositivos 8 vezes por dia e gotejar as seguintes soluções sobre os blocos de esmalte: água destilada e deionizada (ADD), maltodextrina, sacarose+maltodextrina ou sacarose. Os biofilmes formados foram corados e o percentual de polissacarídeos extracelulares (%PEC) e suas espessuras foram determinados através da MCEL. Os biofilmes formados na presença de sacarose e sacarose+maltodextrina apresentaram os %PEC similares entre si, entretanto maiores do que os grupos submetidos a ADD e maltodextrina. Em relação à espessura do biofilme formado, os tratamentos sacarose e sacarose+maltodextrina apresentaram espessuras similares entre si, e maiores quando comparados aos grupos ADD e maltodextrina. A organização estrutural do biofilme dentário multiespécie formado in situ na presença de sacarose não é alterado quando este carbiodrato é associado a maltodextrina.

Background The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that treatment with orthodontic appliances evokes significant functional limitations and emotional stress, which can be detected by salivary biomarkers. Methods Twenty subjects (10 men and 10 women) who underwent orthodontic treatment were included in this prospective study. Saliva was sampled for detection of alpha-amylase activity and cortisol levels at three different times: before bracket placement (T0), 24 hours after archwire placement (T1), and 30 days after archwire placement (T2). The saliva electrolytes concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium and potassium were also evaluated. Moreover, the possible functional limitations of the appliances were evaluated by a masticatory performance test and pain experience registration. All variables were compared with those in a control group with normal occlusion. Results The orthodontic patients exhibited a significant increase in emotional stress as detected by the alpha-amylase activity at T1, the period in which patients reported the higher values of pain and exhibited the lower masticatory performance indices. The basal salivary cortisol was not affect by the treatment and the main change detected in electrolyte concentration was a sodium reduction, when these patients were compared to controls. Conclusions The present data indicate that orthodontic patients are under emotional stress only during the period of higher pain experience, which could also disrupt the masticatory performance. However, these alterations were not correlated with a single measurement of stress-related biomarkers in saliva, suggesting that these solitary endocrine measurements are not adequate to predict the temporary pain and masticatory limitation experimented by patients undergoing orthodontic treatment.

Background Many studies have shown a lower experience of caries in people with Down syndrome compared to individuals without Down syndrome, but this issue has not been critically evaluated. Aim To conduct a systematic review of the international literature on dental caries experience in people with Down syndrome. Design Three online databases (PubMed, LILACS, and Cochrane) were used to identify relevant studies on caries experience in people with Down syndrome published until May 2015. PICO (Patient/Population, Intervention, Comparison group, and Outcome) criteria were used to screen studies by title and abstract. An assessment of the methodological study quality was performed according to the modified Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Results The search resulted in 226 studies. Thirteen publications were included in the systematic review. Ten studies reported results of lower caries experience in individuals with Down syndrome in at least one age group studied. Three studies reported no differences in caries experience among the groups. All studies, however, included in this systematic review had limitations that increased the likelihood of bias in the study results. Conclusion There is no scientific evidence to support the hypothesis that people with Down syndrome have a lower experience of caries than non-syndromic individuals.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of different low-cost disinfectant solutions on Candida albicans (C. albicans) adhered to acrylic resin used in dental prosthesis. Methods: Sixty acrylic resin specimens were divided into four experimental groups according to the disinfecting agent tested (2% chlorhexidine, 1% sodium hypochlorite, vinegar and 10v hydrogen peroxide) and two control groups. Fifty specimens were incubated with C. albicans and after immersed in the disinfecting solutions or saline (negative control). Specimens without contamination constituted the positive control group. After disinfection procedures, all specimens were immersed in a culture medium and incubated for 24 hours at 37°C. Culture media turbidity was evaluated. Results: The disinfectants 2% chlorhexidine and 1% sodium hypochlorite performed a maximal reduction of C. albicans. Vinegar showed intermediate antifungal effect and 10v hydrogen peroxide showed a lower effect. Conclusions: Among the disinfecting solutions tested in the present study, 2% chlorhexidine and 1% sodium hypochlorite are the most effective in the reduction of C. albicans adhered to acrylic resin. However, vinegar may represent a viable and low-cost alternative to prosthesis disinfection. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito de diferentes soluções desinfetantes de baixo custo sobre Candida albicans (C. albicans) aderida a resina acrílica usada em prótese dentária. Métodos: Sessenta espécimes de resina acrílica foram divididos em 4 grupos experimentais de acordo com o agente desinfetante testado (clorexidina a 2%, hipoclorito de sódio a 1%, vinagre e peróxido de hidrogênio 10v) e 2 grupos controle. Cinquenta espécimes foram incubados com C. albicans e após imersos nas soluções desinfetantes ou salina (controle negativo). Espécimes sem contaminação constituíram o grupo controle positivo. Após os procedimentos de desinfecção, todos os espécimes foram imersos em um meio de cultura e incubados por 24 horas a 37°C. A turbidez do meio de cultura foi avaliada. Resultados: Os desinfetantes clorexidina a 2% e hipoclorito de sódio a 1% apresentaram a redução máxima de C. albicans. O vinagre mostrou efeito antifúngico intermediário e o peróxido de hidrogênio 10v apresentou o menor efeito dentre eles. Conclusões: Baseado nos resultados do presente estudo, clorexidina a 2% e hipoclorito de sódio a 1% são mais efetivas em reduzir C. albicans aderida à resina acrílica. Entretanto, o vinagre pode representar uma alternativa viável e de baixo custo para a desinfecção de próteses.

Background The biochemical composition of the saliva and biofilm of children with Down syndrome (DS) may be associated with the incidence of caries in this population. Aim To evaluate the biochemical composition of the saliva and dental biofilm of children with DS in the city of Porto Alegre, RS. Design The sample comprised 144 children between 6 and 14 years of age, of whom 61 had DS and 83 did not. Stimulated saliva samples were collected from all participants, as were samples of 48-h biofilm. Fluoride (F), calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (Pi) concentrations in saliva and biofilm were determined by colorimetric method (Ca and Pi) or selective electrode (F). The level of insoluble extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) in dental biofilm was measured using sulphuric acid method. Results Salivary concentration of F, Ca, and Pi did not differ between children with and without DS. The dental biofilm of children with DS, however, showed higher Pi and EPS levels than that of children without the syndrome (P

This study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical properties of a calcium silicate-based sealer (Sealer Plus BC; MK Life, Porto Alegre, Brazil) compared with an epoxy-resin sealer (AH Plus; Dentsply DeTrey GmbH, Konstanz, Germany). Initial and final setting time was assessed based on ISO 6876:2012 and ASTM C266:03. Calcium ion release and pH were evaluated by filling polyethylene tubes with sealers and then immersing them in 10 mL of deionized water. Following experimental periods of 1, 24, 72 and 168 hours, the samples were measured regarding pH and calcium ion release with a pH meter and a colorimetric spectrophotometer, respectively. The flow was examined based on ISO 6876:2012. Rings of 10 mm in diameter with 1 mm thickness were prepared to analyze the radiopacity (ISO 6876:2012 and ADA n.57) and solubility (ISO 6876:2012). The data were analyzed by variance analysis, Student-T and Tukey tests (p

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the availability and stability of fluoride in children's toothpastes in Uruguay.Six commercial brands of children's toothpaste available in Uruguay were tested. Analyses were made when the dentifrices were purchased (fresh samples) and after one year of storage (aged samples). Total fluoride (TF) and total soluble fluoride (TSF) concentrations were determined using an ion specific electrode.Four of the children's dentifrices showed TF concentration similar to that specified on the package. Three products showed similar concentrations of TF and TSF with no variations after the one-year storage period. Two dentifrices showed an initial insoluble fluoride concentration greater than 50 percent, which increased with toothpaste aging.Most tested toothpastes showed a decrease in the soluble fluoride content with aging. The high quantity of insoluble fluoride found in two tested dentifrices may compromise their anti-caries efficacy.

Early childhood caries (ECC) affects children all over the world and has high prevalence and severity in preschool children. Different social, biological and behavioral factors compose a network of causal factors for ECC. The aim was to evaluate the association between socioeconomic variables and caries at baseline, and the presence of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus spp. microorganisms with the progression of caries lesions after two years of follow-up in a group of children. At baseline, 163 children (3-4 years old) living in the areas of 12 primary care services of the Hospital Group Conceição (GHC, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil) were evaluated. After two years, 119 children were re-evaluated. Clinical examinations were conducted by calibrated examiners using the ICDAS criteria. A sociodemographic questionnaire was applied to the children’s parents and saliva samples were collected from the children for microbiological analysis. Descriptive statistics and multivariate Poisson regression analysis were performed in the statistical analysis. The factors associated with the caries progression were marital status of mothers (p=0.040), higher S. mutans counts (p=0.031) and the presence of cavitated lesions at baseline (p

The aim of this study was to evaluate the concentrations of calcium (Ca), inorganic phosphate (P i ) and fluoride (F) in carious dentin and in different layers of sound dentin. The samples examined were 52 permanent teeth (26 sound and 26 carious), which were subjected to two experiments to assess the mineral content of: 1) two layers (internal and external) of sound dentin and 2) sound and carious dentin. Ca and P i were analyzed using a colorimetric method with arsenazo III (C22H18As2N4O14S2) and molybdate reagents, and F was analyzed using a specific electrode. A non-parametric test, the Mann- Whitney test, was used to verify differences between groups. Sound dentin showed a higher concentration of fluoride in the internal layer than in the external layer (P = 0.03), but no inter-layer differences in Ca or P i concentration were evident. Lower concentrations of Ca, P i and F were observed in carious dentin than in sound dentin (P < 0.05). The results of this study suggest that the internal layer of sound dentin has a higher fluoride content than the external layer, and that carious dentin has lower concentrations of Ca, P i and F than sound dentin. (J Oral Sci 55, 133-137, 2013)

Down syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic disorder in humans, but its incidence in monozygotic twins is extremely rare. The aim of this study was to determine the factors associated with dental caries in a pair of monozygotic twin girls with DS, where one had caries experience and the other did not. Clinical examination, salivary Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) levels and their genotypic diversity, the biochemical composition of the dental biofilm, the frequency of sucrose consumption, and toothbrushing habits were assessed from the twin girls. Twin with caries experience showed higher levels of S. mutans in the saliva and lower concentrations of calcium, phosphate, and fluoride and higher concentrations of extracellular polysaccharides in the biofilm compared to her sister. Genotypic diversity of S. mutans was also higher in the twin with caries experience. Dental biofilm composition showed different patterns of cariogenicity between the two sisters, which may also by itself explain the difference in the dental caries between them.

To evaluate in vitro the effect of sonic vibration of an ultrasonic toothbrush in the removal of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) biofilm from human enamel.S. mutans dental biofilm was formed in vitro on human enamel blocks coated by salivary pellicle. The blocks were incubated with a suspension of S. mutans at 37°C for 24 or 72 hours. The blocks were divided to one of three conditions according to the different toothbrush action modes: ultrasound plus sonic vibration (U+SV), ultrasound-only (U) and no ultrasound and no sonic vibration (control). Samples were exposed to each mode for 3 minutes with the toothbrush bristles placed 5 mm away from the enamel block surface. The samples were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and quantification of S. mutans was performed.U+SV showed lower bacterial counts compared to U and control on the 72 hour-biofilm (P0.05). The SEM analysis revealed that U+SV and U disrupted the S. mutans chains in the 24- and 72-hour biofilm.

Objetivo: Avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana in vitrodos componentes (tirotricina, quinosol e tintura de malva) de um enxaguatório bucal contendo malva (Malvatricin®) sobre Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillusspp. e um poolde micro-organismos da cavidade bucal.Método: Para a verificação do potencial antimicrobiano do enxaguatório bucal contendo malva (Malvatricin®) e de seus diferentes componentes, a metodologia utilizada foi a da difusão em ágar-cilindro em placas. Utilizaram-se dez placas com ágar Brain Heart Infusion para cada micro-organismo e foram testadas as seguintes soluções: Malvatricin®, tirotricina, quinosol e tintura de malva. Como controle positivo foi utilizada uma solução de clorexidina 0,12%. As placas foram incubadas por 24 horas a 37°C em anaerobiose. Após 24 horas, mensuraram-se os diâmetros das zonas de inibição. Utilizou-se o teste de Kruskal-Wallis,seguido pelo teste de comparaçõesmúltiplas, quando indicado, para comparar o efeito de cada substância sobre os micro-organismos testados. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%.Resultados: Sobre Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacilluse um poolde micro-organismos da cavidade bucal, Malvatricin®apresentou valores de medianas 23,47; 8,61 e 11,23, respectivamente. O quinosol apresentou resultado semelhante ao de Malvatricin®, mostrando-se efetivo para inibir o crescimento microbiano de todos os micro-organismos (27,17; 9,33; 12,53). A tirotricina (0; 5,66; 0) e a tintura de malva (0; 0; 4,29) apresentaram pouca ou nenhuma atividade antimicrobiana. A clorexidina apresentou as maiores zonas de inibição frente a todos os micro-organismos testados (30,06; 15,54; 20,89). Conclusão: No modelo experimental proposto, o produto comercial Malvatricin® apresentou atividade antimicrobiana contra Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus spp. e sobre um pool de micro-organismos da cavidade bucal. Sugere-se que este efeito deve-se, principalmente, à ação da substância quinosol presente em sua composição. Objective: To evaluate the in vitroantimicrobial activity of the components (tyrothricin, hydroxyquinoline and Malva sylvestristincture) of a mouthwash containing Malva sylvestris (Malvatricin®) against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillusspp. and a pool of oral microorganisms. Method: In order to verify the antimicrobial potential of the Malva sylvestris-containing mouthwash (Malvatricin®) and its different components, was used the cylinder-agar diffusion plate methodology. Ten plates with Brain Heart Infusion agar were used for each microorganism and the following solutions were tested: Malvatricin®, tyrothricin, hydroxyquinoline and Malva sylvestristincture. The positive control was a 0.12% chlorhexidine solution. The plates were incubated for 24 hours at 37°C in anaerobiosis. After 24 hours, the diameters of bacterial growth inhibition zones were measured. The Kruskal-Wallis test and the multiple-comparisons test (when required) were used to compare the effect of each substance against the test microorganisms. The significance level was set at 5%. Results: Malvatricin®presented medians of 23.47, 8.61 and 11.23, respectively, against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillusspp. and a pool of oral microorganisms. Hydroxyquinoline showed similar result to Malvatricin®, being effective to inhibit the growth of all microorganisms (27.17, 9.33 and 12.53, respectively). Tyrothricin (0, 5.66, 0, respectively) and Malva sylvestristincture (0, 0, 4.29, respectively) showed little or no antimicrobial activity. Chlorhexidine produced the largest inhibition zones against the tested microorganisms (30.06, 15.54, 20.89, respectively).Conclusion: In the experimental model studied, the commercial product Malvatricin® showed antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus spp. and on a poolof microorganisms from the oral cavity. It is suggested that this effect is mainly related to the action of hydroxyquinoline present in its composition.

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2013; 23: 72–76 Background. It has been suggested that the widespread use of fluorides could interfere in the prevalence of clinically undetected occlusal dentine caries. Aim. The objective of this study was to determine the role of public water fluoridation and fluoride dentifrice on the prevalence of hidden caries in 8–10-year-old children. Design. Clinical and radiographic data on schoolchildren collected in an epidemiologic study in Porto Alegre, Brazil, at two moments, 1975 (n = 228) and 1996 (n = 213), were analysed. Only the first permanent molars were studied. Only children of the 1996 examinations had benefited from fluoridated water soon after birth and had regular access to fluoride dentifrices. The criterion applied for hidden caries, when data from 1975 to 1996 were compared, was clinical sound surfaces that presented a radiolucent zone in the dentine. Results. The prevalence of clinically sound surfaces and percentage of hidden caries was 0.51 and 26.4% in 1975 and 2.67 and 12.9% in 1996, respectively. The prevalence of hidden caries differed statistically between the two periods (P

Purpose: This investigation evaluated in a randomized controlled study the effect of different 1% chlorhexidine varnish (1%CHX-V) regimens on biochemical composition of the dental biofilm. Methods: Subjects with mutans streptococci ≥ 10 exp5 CFU/mL saliva, were allocated into 4 groups: A) single 1% CHX-V application; B) 1% CHX-V was applied once daily on 3 consecutive days; C) 1% CHX-V was applied 3 times with an interval of 4 days between each application; and D) placebo varnish was applied once daily on 3 consecutive days. Dental biofilm samples were collected at baseline and 1, 4, and 8 weeks after the final varnish application and evaluated for inorganic phosphate and insoluble polysaccharide concentrations. Results: No difference was observed between all groups during the different experimental periods in relation to biochemical composition. After 1 week, a significant increase was observed in inorganic phosphate concentration, returning to baseline values after 4 weeks. All groups showed a significant decrease in insoluble polysaccharide concentration for more than 8 weeks after treatment. Conclusion: Varnish application resulted in modification of the dental biofilm toward a less cariogenic one. Objetivo: Este estudo avaliou o efeito de diferentes posologias do verniz de clorexidina a 1% (V-CHX1%) na composição bioquímica do biofilme dental. Metodologia: Voluntários com níveis de Streptococcus mutans ≥ 10 exp5 UFC/mL saliva, foram divididos em 4 grupos: A - uma única aplicação do V-CHX1%; B: aplicações de 1x/dia do V-CHX1% durante 3 dias consecutivos; C: 3 aplicações de 1x/dia do V-CHX1% com intervalos de 4 dias entre elas; D: aplicações de 1x/dia do verniz placebo durante 3 dias consecutivos. Amostras de biofilme dental foram coletadas, no início e após 1, 4 e 8 semanas das aplicações dos vernizes, e analisadas quanto às concentrações de fosfato inorgânico (Pi) e polissacarídeos insolúveis (PI). Resultados: Não foram observadas diferenças, em relação à composição bioquímica, entre os grupos durante os diferentes períodos experimentais. Foi observado, após 1 semana, um aumento significativo nas concentrações de Pi, retornando aos valores iniciais após 4 semanas. Todos os grupos apresentaram uma redução significativa na concentração de PI por mais de 8 semanas após os tratamentos. Conclusão: A aplicação do verniz resultou em uma modificação do biofilme dentário tornando-o menos cariogênico.

The effect of a combination of topical fluoridation methods for inhibition of enamel demineralization in the face of a cariogenic challenge has not been clearly established. This in situ crossover study aimed to assess whether the addition of daily use of fluoride mouthrinse (FR) to that of fluoride dentifrice (FD) is equivalent to increasing the frequency of FD application in terms of the effect on enamel demineralization and fluoride content. Over 3 phases of 14 days each, 12 volunteers wore appliances containing enamel blocks exposed to a 20 % sucrose solution 8 times/day. During each phase the blocks underwent one of the following treatments: 2x/day FD, 2x/day FD + 1x/day FR, and 3x/day FD. The blocks were assessed for hardness and fluoride content. Three x/day FD did not differ from 2x/day + 1x/day FR, however it enhanced demineralization protection when compared to 2x/day FD. All treatments produced an increase in enamel fluoride content compared to no treatment (sound blocks) (p < 0.05), but the differences between them were not significant. The results of this study suggest that the daily use of fluoride mouthrinse combined with that of fluoride dentifrice has similar effects on enamel demineralization and fluoride content when compared to increasing the frequency of fluoride dentifrice use.

Objectives The current study undertakes a systematic review of the literature in order to assess how long different formulations (solutions, gels and varnishes) of chlorhexidine (CHX) reduce the level of mutans streptococci (MS) in the oral cavity. Sources A search of the PUBMED and LILACS databases was conducted through October 2005. Study selection Clinical studies evaluating the effects of CHX solutions, gels, or varnishes on MS levels were targeted ( n = 52). Conclusions The studies varied greatly in quantity of mouthwash solution used in rinsing, length of rinsing, and treatment frequency and period. CHX mouthwash solution had short-term effect on salivary MS. Most of studies evaluating CHX gel and varnish used a concentration of 1%. The 1% CHX gel showed a significant reduction through intensive treatment (3–4 daily applications over 2 days) or through daily application for 10 and 14 days. It cannot be asserted that 1% CHX varnish provides better results when applied intensively as compared to applications conducted at intervals of 1 or more months. Treatment using 1% CHX varnish displays large variations in the level and length of decreased MS levels. Despite variability in results, 40% CHX varnish has a greater effect on the period of decreased MS levels than does 1% CHX varnish. Studies did not show a statistically significant difference between the gel and the varnish. The effects of CHX treatment must be monitored, given sharp individual variability in response to this treatment.

Objective The aim was to investigate the effect of maltodextrin and sucrose association on the acidogenic and adherence profiles of cariogenic bacteria. Design Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Lactobacillus casei (L. casei) were cultivated in culture medium containing maltodextrin, sucrose, maltodextrin–sucrose mixture or glucose. Analyses of the acidogenicity and microbial adherence were conducted in triplicate for each microorganism and tested carbohydrate. Results For L. casei, maltodextrin, sucrose and maltodextrin–sucrose mixture showed lower acidogenic potential compared to glucose. When the microorganism was S. mutans, sucrose and maltodextrin–sucrose mixture presented higher acidogenic potential compared to maltodextrin and glucose. Microbial adherence analysis revealed higher adherence for S. mutans in presence of sucrose and maltodextrin–sucrose mixture compared to maltodextrin and glucose. For L. casei, all the carbohydrates showed similar adherence percentages. Conclusion The addition of maltodextrin to sucrose does not increase the cariogenicity of sucrose in terms of acidogenicity and adherence of the cariogenic bacteria.

The literature on the oral health status of Down syndrome (DS) patients is controversial. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the oral health status and levels of mutans streptococci (MS) in the saliva of DS children.This study was performed with 60 DS children and 71 non-DS children aged six to 12 years old. Caries experience, plaque index (PI), and gingival bleeding index (GBI) were recorded. Information about oral hygiene habits was obtained. Saliva samples were collected to determine MS levels.The prevalence of dental caries was similar in children with and without DS. DS children had lower PI and GBI values and a higher toothbrushing frequency. Supervised toothbrushing by parents or guardians was more frequent in DS children and associated with lower PI and GBI. High counts of MS in saliva were associated with caries experience in DS children.Down syndrome children had a similar caries experience, lower plaque index, and lower gingival bleeding index values compared to children without Down syndrome. However, DS children who had caries were more likely to display high counts of mutans streptococci in saliva than non-DS children with caries.

The oral condition of obese patients may change following bariatric surgery owing to adverse effects that cause alterations in the oral cavity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of bariatric surgery on the saliva of patients with morbid obesity. Whole saliva samples were collected from 27 patients with morbid obesity (BMI >40 kg/m2), prior to and 6 months after bariatric surgery. Stimulated salivary flow rate, pH, buffering capacity, and microbial levels of mutans streptococci, Lactobacillus spp., and Candida albicans were analyzed from saliva. Values of all salivary variables before and after bariatric surgery were within the normal range, except for the level of C. albicans, which was elevated at both times. An increase in the level of mutans streptococci was observed after bariatric surgery (p

The decline of dental caries in the industrialized countries can be attributed to widespread use of fluorides. The Japanese market share of dentifrices containing fluorides has increased from 12% in 1985 to 77% in 2000. For a fluoride dentifrice to be effective in the control of dental caries, an adequate concentration of the fluoride must be soluble. Several Japanese fluoride dentifrices have in their formulations calcium phosphate as an abrasive, which may react with fluoride. This study was designed to evaluate the availability and stability of fluoride in the most consumed dentifrices in Japan. The analyses were made when the dentifrices were purchased (fresh samples) and after one year of storage (aged samples) at room temperature (21.8 ± 3.6°C). Total fluoride and soluble fluoride was determined using an ion specific electrode. All dentifrices showed similar concentrations of total fluoride in fresh and aged samples in accordance with the Japanese Legislation (content of less than 1,000 ppm F). Some dentifrices, with dicalcium phosphate as abrasive, showed decreasing concent- rations of total soluble fluoride and increasing amounts of insoluble fluoride over time. Although most of the Japanese fluoridated dentifrices evaluated in this study contain unstable fluoride, they were found to have sufficient concentrations of soluble fluoride to be effective in preventing dental caries. (J Oral Sci. 45, 193- 199, 2003)

Objetivo: O presente estudo tem por objetivo avaliar a influencia da adicao de diferentes concentracoes de subnitrato de bismuto (SN) nas propriedades de materiais para base protetica. Metodos: Foi adicionada 0%, 1%, 2%, 5%, 10% e 20% de SN em peso em resina acrilica autopolimerizavel da marca Classico e submetidos aos ensaios de resistencia a flexao, microdureza Knoop, radiopacidade, analise antimicrobiana, rugosidade e caracterizacao em micro-Raman. O teste estatistico escolhido foi ANOVA de uma via e o teste de comparacoes multiplas de Tukey. O nivel de significância foi de 5% para todos os testes. Resultados: Os resultados de resistencia a flexao obtiveram valores acima do recomendado pela ISO 1567; quanto maior a concentracao da carga maior o valor de microdureza Knoop, sendo estatisticamente significante em 10 e 20%, p

The present study assessed the impact of bariatric surgery on the oral health. All of the patients who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass at Nossa Senhora da Conceicao Hospital between October 2009 and January 2011 were invited to participate. In this longitudinal study, oral examinations and interviews were conducted in two stages. A descriptive analysis, McNemar’s test, Student’s t test for paired samples, and the Wilcoxon test were performed. Thirty-nine patients completed the protocol. There was a statistically significant reduction in the number of medications taken daily, sensation of dry mouth, and increased stimulated salivary flow rate. The oral health of patients who underwent bariatric surgery improved; moreover, the sensation of dry mouth decreased.

OBJECTIVE: Tea has been considered a healthy alternative to other industrialized beverages. The objective of this study was to assess the erosive potential of teas commercially available in Brazil by pH and titratable acidity measures. METHODS: Eighteen teas available in Brazilian market were selected for this study (read to drink and brewed tea), and a brand of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis). Each product was analyzed for pH and titratable acidity. For comparison between different kinds of teas, the Student t test was used. RESULTS: The mean pH values for ready to drink teas ranged between 2.89 and 4.03, while for the brewed teas and yerba mate the values ranged between 6.75 and 7.89. The difference between the two groups was significant (p < 0.05). Regarding titratable acidity, the ready to drink teas showed mean values ranging between 3.77 ml and 12.68 ml. Brewed teas (including yerba mate) were not tested for titratable acidity because their pH values were greater than 7.0. CONCLUSION: Among the teas commercially available, ready to drink teas have lower pH values and higher titratable acidity compared to other teas. It suggests that they have an erosive potential. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o potencial erosivo de chás comercialmente disponíveis no mercado brasileiro através da avaliação dos valores de pH e de titrabilidade ácida. MÉTODOS: Foram selecionados dezoito chás disponíveis no mercado brasileiro (prontos para beber e para preparo em infusão), além de uma marca de erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis). Cada produto foi avaliado quanto ao seu pH e titrabilidade ácida. A comparação entre os tipos de chá foi realizado pelo teste t de Student. RESULTADOS: Os valores médios de pH dos chás prontos para beber variaram entre 2,88 e 4,03 enquanto que para os chás para preparo em infusão e erva mate os valores variaram entre 6,75 e 7,89. A diferença entre os dois grupos foi significativa (p < 0,05). Em relação à titrabilidade ácida os chás prontos para beber apresentaram valores médios variando entre 3,77 ml e 12,68 ml. Os chás para preparo em infusão (incluindo a erva mate) não foram avaliados quanto a titrabilidade ácida por terem apresentado valores de pH > 7,0. CONCLUSÃO: Dentre os chás comercialmente disponíveis, os chás prontos para beber apresentam os menores valores de pH e os maiores valores para titrabilidade ácida comparados aos demais chás. Estes achados sugerem um potencial erosivo para este tipo de chá.