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Visual stimuli design plays an important role in brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) based on visual evoked potentials (VEPs). Variations in stimulus parameters have been shown to affect both decoding accuracy and subjective perception experience, implying the need for a trade-off in design. In this study, we comprehensively and systematically compared various combinations of amplitude contrast and spectral content parameters in the stimulus design to quantify their impact on decoding performance and subject comfort. Specifically, three parameters were investigated: 1) contrast level, 2) temporal pattern (periodic steady-state or pseudo-random code-modulated), and 3) frequency range. We collected electroencephalogram (EEG) data and subjective perception ratings from ten subjects and evaluated the decoding accuracy and subject comfort rating for different combinations of the stimulus parameters. Our results indicate that while high-frequency steady-state VEP (SSVEP) stimuli were rated the most comfortable, they also had the lowest decoding accuracy. Conversely, low-frequency SSVEP stimuli were rated the least comfortable but had the highest decoding accuracy. Standard and high-frequency M-sequence code-modulated VEPs (c-VEPs) produced intermediates between the two. We observed a consistent trade-off relationship between decoding accuracy and subjective comfort level across all parameters. Based on our findings, we offer c-VEP as a preferable stimulus for achieving reliable decoding accuracy while maintaining a reasonable level of comfortability.

This study investigated the effects of additives on fermentation quality, in vitro digestibility and microbial communities of Korshinsk peashrub (Caragana korshinskii Kom.) silages at different maturity stages. Korshinsk peashrub was harvested at budding (S1) and blooming (S2) stages, and ensiled without additives (CON), or with 5% molasses (M0), or a combination of 5% molasses and either L. plantarum CLP (M1) or L. plantarum L694 (M2). Each treatment was triplicated and ensiled for 60 days. Delayed harvest increased water soluble carbohydrates (WSC), neutral detergent fibre (aNDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) in silages at S2 stage, whereas crude protein (CP) was lower in silages at S1 stage. Compared with the CON group, the additives treated silages had lower pH, greater lactic acid (LA), acetic acid (AA), and WSC concentrations (p <.05). Application of molasses alone or in combination with CLP had a noticeable effect on bacterial communities, with an increase in Lactobacillus in silages at both stages, whereas M2 silages presented more unfavourable microorganisms. Spearman's rank correlation analysis showed that LA concentration in silage was positively correlated with Lactobacillus relative abundance at both stages, while ammonia nitrogen (NH3‐N) concentration was positively correlated with the relative abundances of unclassified‐f‐Enterobacteriaceae and Enterobacter. In conclusion, delayed harvest could result in greater WSC and aNDF but lower CP in Korshinsk peashrub silage. Low WSC is the primary limiting factor affecting silage quality, and ensiling with molasses accelerated lactic acid fermentation in Korshinsk peashrub silage, providing a high‐quality forage resource for livestock production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead-free low-dimensional organic–inorganic hybrid metal halides (OIMHs) have been widely used in solid-state lighting (SSL) on account of their excellent photoluminescent properties and stability. Herein, we synthesized a new zero-dimensional (0D) antimony-based metal halide of (NII)2SbCl5 (NII+ = C12H17NH+, N-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl) isopropylimide Schiff's bases), which shows a broadband yellow emission peaking at 610 nm with a photoluminescence quantum yield of over ∼88% under 365 nm excitation, and its dual peak emission under excitation of 300–340 nm is ascribed to the radiative recombination from singlet and triplet self-trapped excitons (STEs) in [SbCl5]2−. A white light emitting diode (WLED) was assembled with a phosphor mixture in which commercial green and blue phosphors were mixed with the (NII)2SbCl5 phosphor, and it exhibits perfect white-light CIE coordinates of (0.32, 0.34), with a correlated color temperature (CCT) of 6071 K and a color rendering index (CRI) of 81.58. This indicates that 0D (NII)2SbCl5 is a promising yellow phosphor material for SSL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]